Metamorphism occurs when rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure due to burial or intrusion. There are several types of metamorphism that produce different textures and minerals depending on factors like stress, fluids, time, and temperature/pressure conditions. Regional metamorphism results from tectonic forces building mountains and produces foliated rocks through recrystallization and deformation. Plate tectonics drives metamorphism through processes like subduction and burial that subject rocks to high pressures and temperatures.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
The term ophiolite was initially given to dark green shiny outcrops which composed of serpentines (serpentinite rocks)
later on become used not only to a single rock , but also to an association of related rock types which are found as a consistent of upper mantle rocks and oceanic crust.
ophiolite sequence
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Metamorphic rocks process of formation 2014aalleyne
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
c. Classify (metamorphic) rocks by their process of formation.
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
The term ophiolite was initially given to dark green shiny outcrops which composed of serpentines (serpentinite rocks)
later on become used not only to a single rock , but also to an association of related rock types which are found as a consistent of upper mantle rocks and oceanic crust.
ophiolite sequence
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Metamorphic rocks process of formation 2014aalleyne
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
c. Classify (metamorphic) rocks by their process of formation.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
A CAPS-based slide show on the Earth and Beyond Module for grade 9's.
The focus is on recapping the different spheres of the earth, looking at the Lithosphere, and discussing the rock cycle, ores and minerals.
Text comes from the DocScientia Workbooks for grade 9's.
Metamorphic Rocks ( Definition - Classification - Common Rocks ) Muhammad Mamdouh
presented for Dr | Magdy Basta
Faculty of petroleum and mining engineering, Suez University
Physical Geology Course ( 2016 - 2017 )
presented by : G7 - Members
1- INTRODUCTION In any introductory textbook on physical geology- the.pdfcontact28
1. INTRODUCTION In any introductory textbook on physical geology, the reader will find the
discussion on metamorphic rocks located after the chapters on igneous and sedimentary rocks,
and for very good reason. Metamorphic rocks form by the physical and sometimes chemical
alteration of a pre-existing rock, whether it is igneous or sedimentary. In some cases, even
metamorphic rocks can be altered into a completely different metamorphic rock. With igneous
rocks forming from the melt produced by any rock type and a sedimentary rock forming from the
weathered product of any rock type, the alteration of any rock to produce a metamorphic one
completes the components of what is known as the rock cycle. Basically, the rocks we encounter
today that we classify as either igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, could have belonged to a
different rock classification in the past, as rocks are recycled throughout geologic time, driven by
the motion of the tectonic plates. It is easy to see that increasing the temperature of a rock can
produce magma, and that rocks on the surface of the earth can break up into sediment that can
ultimately lithify into a sedimentary rock. But how can we alter a solid rock into a new rock,
without melting it or making it become sediment? All rocks are formed at certain temperatures
and pressures on or more commonly, beneath the earth's surface, and these rocks are the most
stable at the conditions under which they form. Therefore, changing the temperature and/or
pressure conditions may lead to a different rock, one that changed in order to be stable under new
extemal conditions. This new rock that forms in response to changes in its physical and chemical
environment is called a metamorphic rock; the word metamorphism means to change form, and
for rocks this means a recrystallization of minerals (crystals) under subsolidus (temperatures too
low for melt production) conditions. A metamorphic change can also occur if the rock's
composition is altered by hot, chemically reactive fluids, causing a change in the mineral content
of the rock. To distinguish between the pre-existing rock and the new metamorphic one, the term
protolith or parent rock is used to describe the pre-existing rock, and all metamorphic rocks have
at least one protolith that has altered during metamorphism. In this chapter you will learn that all
metamorphic rocks are identified by the mineral content and texture of the rock; for metamorphic
rocks, texture refers to the orientation of the minerals in the rock, although crystal size does
convey important information regarding the temperature conditions during metamorphism. To
summarize, metamorphism is the process by which a pre-existing rock (the protolith) is altered
by a change in temperature, pressure, or by contact with chemically reactive fluids, or by any
combination of these three parameters. The alteration process is a recrystallization event, where
the initial rock's minerals (crystals) have changed size.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. What is Metamorphism? (1)
Metamorphism is the change in form that
happens in Earth’s crustal rocks in response to
changes in temperature and pressure.
3. What is Metamorphism? (2)
There are six major factors in metamorphism:
Chemical composition.
The change in temperature.
The change in pressure.
The presence or absence of fluids.
How long a rock is subjected to high pressure or high
temperature.
Whether the rock is simply compressed or is twisted
and broken during metamorphism.
4. Chemical Composition of Original
Rock
The greatest factor in determining the mineral
assemblage of a metamorphic rock.
The chemical composition of the original rock
controls the mineralogy of the metamorphosed
rock.
5. Temperature And Pressure (1)
The heat source is Earth’s internal heat.
Rock can be heated by burial or by nearby
igneous intrusion.
Burial is inevitably accompanied by an increase
in pressure due to the weight of the overlying
rocks.
An intrusion may be shallow, resulting in low
pressure, or deep, resulting in high pressure.
8. Temperature And Pressure (2)
Low-grade metamorphism is the result of
metamorphic processes that occur at
temperatures from about 100o
C to 500o
C, and at
relatively low pressures.
High-grade metamorphism is the result of
metamorphic processes at high temperatures
(above 500o
C), and at high pressure.
10. Stress
Stress is applied pressure that results in
deformation in a solid, and the development of
new textures.
Uniform stress occurs if pressure is equal in all
directions.
Differential stress occurs if pressure is different
in different directions.
Texture is controlled by differential versus
uniform stress.
15. Fluids and Metamorphism (1)
Sedimentary rocks have open spaces between
their grains filled by a watery intergranular
fluid.
This fluid:
Is never pure water.
Always contains small amounts of dissolved gases and
salts.
Contains traces of all the mineral constituents in the
enclosing rocks.
16. Fluids and Metamorphism (2)
Some of the fluid in sedimentary rock is retained
surface water buried with the rocks.
Some of the fluid is released when hydrous
minerals (containing water in the formula) such
as clays, micas, and amphiboles, decompose and
lose water as the temperature increases on
burial.
17. Fluids and Metamorphism (3)
When the temperature and pressure change in a
rock that is undergoing metamorphism, so does
the composition of the intergranular fluid.
The intergranular fluid is an important
transporting medium.
18. Fluids and Metamorphism (4)
When intergranular fluids are absent,
metamorphic reactions are very slow.
When pressure increases due to burial of a rock,
and as metamorphism proceeds, the amount of
pore space decreases and the intergranular fluid
is slowly squeezed from the rock.
19. Fluids and Metamorphism (5)
Any fluid that escapes during metamorphism
will carry with it small amounts of dissolved
mineral matter.
Minerals precipitated in a facture are called a vein.
Metamorphic changes that occur while
temperatures and pressures are rising (and
usually while abundant intergranular fluid is
present) are termed prograde metamorphic
effects.
20. Fluids and Metamorphism (6)
Metamorphic changes that occur as temperature
and pressure are declining (and usually after
much of the intergranular fluid has been
expelled) are called retrograde metamorphic
effects.
21. Role of Time in Metamorphism
Coarse-grained rocks are the products of long
sustained metamorphic conditions (possibly over
millions of years) at high temperatures and
pressures.
Fine-grained rocks are products of lower
temperatures, lower pressures or, in some cases,
short reaction times.
22. The Upper And Lower Limits Of
Metamorphism
At the lower end, metamorphism occurs in
sedimentary and igneous rocks that are
subjected to temperatures greater than about
100o
C, usually under pressures of hundreds of
atmospheres, caused by the weight of a few
thousand meters of overlying rock.
At the upper end, metamorphism ceases to occur
at temperatures that melt rock.
23. Role of Water in Determining the
Limits of Metamorphism
The water present controls the temperature at
which wet partial melting commences and the
amount of magma that can form from a
metamorphic rock.
When a tiny amount of water is present, only a
small amount of melting occurs.
Migmatites are composite rocks that contain an
igneous component formed by a small amount of
melting plus a metamorphic portion.
24. How Rocks Respond To
Temperature and Pressure Change In
Metamorphism
Lower-grade Metamorphism: Slaty Cleavage.
the newly forming sheet-structure minerals create
foliation that tends to be parallel to the bedding
planes of the sedimentary rock being metamorphosed.
Higher-grade Metamorphism: Schistosity.
At intermediate and high grades of metamorphism,
grain size increases.
Foliation in coarse-grained metamorphic rocks is
called schistosity (the parallel arrangement of coarse
grains of the sheet-structure minerals).
27. Mineral Assemblage Change
As temperature and pressure rise, one mineral
assemblage “morphs” into another.
Each assemblage is characteristic of a given rock
composition.
29. Metamorphism of Shale and Mudstone
Slate (low grade):
The low grade metamorphic product of shale.
Phyllite (intermediate grade):
Pronounced foliation, larger mica grains.
Schist and gneiss (high grade):
Schist is a coarse-grained rock with pronounced
schistosity.
Gneiss is a high grade, coarse grained rock with
layers of micaceous minerals segregated from layers
of minerals such as quartz and feldspar.
30. Metamorphism of Basalt
Greenschist has pronounced foliation like
phyllite, but also a very distinctive green color
because of its chlorite content.
Amphibolite and granulite.
When greenschist is subjected to intermediate-grade
metamorphism, amphibole replaces the chlorite.
Foliation is present in amphibolites, but is not
pronounced because micas and chlorites are usually
absent.
At the highest grade of metamorphism, amphibole is
replaced by pyroxene and an indistinctly foliated rock
called a granulite develops.
33. Metamorphism of Limestone
Marble is the metamorphic derivative of
limestone.
Coarsely crystalline.
Pure marble is snow white.
Pure grains of calcite.
Many marbles contain impurities that result in
various colors.
34. Metamorphism of Sandstone
Quartzite is the metamorphic derivative of
quartz.
It is derived from quartz sandstone by filling of
the spaces between the original grains with silica
and by recrystallization of the entire mass.
35. Types of Metamorphism (1)
There are four types of metamorphism:
Cataclastic metamorphism
Dominated by mechanical deformation.
Contact metamorphism
Dominated by recrystallization due to contact with
magma.
38. Types of Metamorphism (2)
Burial metamorphism
Dominated by recrystallization aided by water.
Regional metamorphism
Both mechanical deformation and chemical
recrystallization.
39. Cataclastic Metamorphism
Mechanical deformation of a rock can occur with
only minor chemical recrystallization.
Usually localized and seen in igneous rocks when
a coarse-grained granite undergoes intense
differential stress.
Grain and rock fragments become elongated and
a foliation develops.
40. Contact Metamorphism (1)
Occurs when bodies of hot magma intrude into
cool rocks of the crust.
Vapors given off by the intruding magma play a
role.
Mechanical deformation is minor or absent.
42. Contact Metamorphism (2)
Rock adjacent to the intrusion becomes heated,
developing a metamorphic aureole.
Hornfels.
Aureoles reach more than 100 m in thickness.
Metamorphism that involves a lot of fluid and a
large change in rock’s composition is called
metasomatism.
43. Burial Metamorphism
When buried deeply in a sedimentary basin,
sediments may attain temperatures of a few
hundred degrees Celsius, causing burial
metamorphism.
Zeolites are group of minerals with fully
polymerized silicate structures containing the
same chemical elements as feldspars, plus water.
As temperatures and pressures increase, burial
metamorphism grades into regional
metamorphism.
44. Regional Metamorphism—A
Consequence of Plate Tectonics
Regional metamorphism results from tectonic
forces that build mountains.
It results from pronounced differential stresses
and extensive mechanical deformation in
addition to chemical recrystallization.
Regional metamorphism produces greenschists
and amphibolites.
48. Metasomatism
Metasomatism is the process in which rock
compositions are distinctively altered through
exchange with ions in solution.
Metasomatic fluids may carry valuable metals
and form mineral deposits.
50. Plate Tectonics And Metamorphism (1)
There are five geologic settings where plate
tectonics encourages metamorphism:
Burial metamorphism.
Subduction (blueschist and eclogite metamorphism).
Regional metamorphism.
Zone where wet fractional melting starts.
Contact metamorphism.
52. Plate Tectonics And Metamorphism (2)
Burial metamorphism occurs today in the sediment
accumulated in ocean-floor trenches, such as those off
the coasts of Peru and Chile.
When oceanic crust with a covering of sedimentary
rocks is dragged down by a rapidly subducting
plate, pressure increases faster than temperature,
subjecting the rock to high pressure but relatively low
temperature.
This is observed today along the subduction margin of the
Pacific Plate where it plunges under the coast of Alaska and
the Aleutian Islands.
53. Plate Tectonics And Metamorphism (3)
Regional metamorphism: where continental crust is
thickened by plate convergence and heated by rising
magma, greenschist and amphibolite facies
metamorphic condition occur.
Examples include the Appalachians, Alps, Himalayas, and
Andes.
If the crust is sufficiently thick, when 10 percent or
more of the crust has melted the magma so formed
will rise forming stock or batholith.
As the granitic magma formed by wet partial melting
rises, it heats and metamorphoses the rocks with
which it comes in contact.