Structure of the Earth
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The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
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Structure of Earth and its Composition
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
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The document describes the four main layers of Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up over 80% of Earth's volume and is composed of iron-rich rock. Within the mantle are the lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid due to extreme pressure. Seismic waves have helped scientists determine the composition of Earth's layers.
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Update 26 June 2019: I have enabled the Download option and now everyone can download the "Types of corrosions" PPT and reuse the slides :) I wish I have done this earlier.
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Earth's layers power point notes
The Earth is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thin outer skin of the Earth, making up only 1% of its volume. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and divided into upper and lower sections. Within the Earth is the core, with the outer core being liquid iron and the inner core being incredibly hot solid metals.
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The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's spheres - the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes the lithosphere as the solid outer part consisting of the crust and upper mantle. It then discusses the composition of the atmosphere and its layers, as well as the composition and role of the hydrosphere in maintaining life and climate on Earth. It concludes by noting the importance of international cooperation to address pollution threatening the hydrosphere.
The Four Realms of the Earth
The document describes the four major realms that make up the Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It provides details on each realm:
The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle of the Earth. It is the rigid outer shell. The hydrosphere is all the water on, under, and over the Earth's surface, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water. The atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet, composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It is divided into four layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The biosphere encompasses all
Ns 1
The document describes the five main layers that make up the Earth:
1) The atmosphere is a gaseous envelope surrounding the planet.
2) The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth's surface, chiefly the oceans which cover 70.8% of the surface.
3) Below are three solid layers - the lithosphere, mantle, and core. The lithosphere extends 100 km deep and comprises the crust and upper mantle made of tectonic plates. The mantle extends to 2,900 km deep, and the core occupies the center.
Earth's interior
The Earth is composed of layered shells that can be defined by their chemical composition or rheological properties. The layers include a solid crust, highly viscous mantle, liquid outer core that is less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The Earth also has mechanical layers that differ in strength - the lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. The layers by composition are the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. Each layer varies in thickness, density, and chemical makeup.
Inside the earth
The Earth has three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into tectonic plates that slowly drift atop the mantle. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is made of hot, dense rock and drives plate tectonics through convection currents. At the very center of the Earth is the extremely hot core, with a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
Internal Structure of The Earth? Major Structural unit of the earth
The document summarizes the internal structure of the Earth in 3 main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, mostly composed of iron and nickel. The mantle, making up most of the Earth's mass, is solid but can slowly deform and is composed of silicate compounds. The crust is the coolest and thinnest layer, composed of silicate minerals.
Structure of the earth
The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth's main layers. It discusses that the Earth has an inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust varies in thickness and composition, with continental crust being thicker than oceanic crust. The mantle, made of solid hot rock, transfers heat via conduction and convection. The core is dense metal, mostly iron, and produces Earth's magnetic field through convection in the liquid outer core. Scientists determine this structure through geophysical surveys, seismic data, and properties of meteorites.
Structure and composition.pdf
The document summarizes the three main layers that make up the structure of the Earth:
1. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The oceanic crust is thinner, around 5-10 km thick, and composed mainly of basalt.
2. The mantle is the largest layer and makes up most of the Earth's volume. It is around 2900 km thick and can be divided into upper and lower mantle layers.
3. The core is the innermost layer and can be divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core which generates the Earth's magnetic field.
Basic petroleum geology [peter k. link] 1 exposición
This document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers as the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of the lithosphere, oceans, and continents. Below the crust is the mantle, made of iron and magnesium silicate minerals. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, made mostly of iron and nickel, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through rotation. Seismic waves provide information about the composition and properties of the different layers.
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF EARTH
The document summarizes the internal structure of Earth in three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and thinnest, divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle, making up 80% of the Earth's volume and divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core and liquid outer core composed primarily of iron and nickel.
Inside the Earth
The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth's interior. It describes the Earth as having four main layers from outermost to innermost - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the top solid rocky layer that makes up the continents and ocean floors. Below is the mantle, which constitutes 84% of the Earth's volume and is predominantly solid but behaves like a viscous liquid. Within the mantle is the Earth's liquid outer core followed by the inner solid core made of iron and nickel.
Earth Crust Presentation, Evidence through seismic study
The upper layer of earth is called Crust which is very thin to be imagine, through seismic study it can be resolved in to different characteristics.
Chap 2 earth's interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It discusses that Earth has a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust, and the Mohorovicic discontinuity separates the crust from the mantle. The mantle is divided into an upper and lower mantle by the Gutenberg discontinuity. The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. Earth's magnetic field is generated by convection currents in the liquid outer core.
Hawaii -Kilauea - Eruptions - Seismic Activity - The Earth's Core
Hawaii -Kilauea - Eruptions - Seismic Activity - The Earth's CoreClifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC
Hawaii's Most Active Volcano: Here's The Latest On Kilauea's Eruption
The Kilauea volcano is located in the southeastern part of the Big Island of Hawaii.
Believe it or not, Kilauea has been erupting continuously since 1983, with only occasional pauses of quiet activity. This particular "episode" of the eruption began in the late afternoon of May 3, in a part of Leilani Estates, a subdivision near the town of Pahoa.
Officials said there is no way to predict how long the eruption will continue or what shape it will take. This eruption could be finished or could go on for a long time.
Kilauea is one of the most active and well-monitored volcanoes in the world. It's been erupting on and off for hundreds of thousands of years.
All of Hawaii is a tourist destination, but this particular eruption wasn't in an area where most tourists go. The homes at risk are in a subdivision near the town of Pahoa.
Source: USA TODAY. By Doyle Rice. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018
<https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/05/04/hawaii-volcano-eruption-kilauea-big-island/580466002/>
________________________
Kilauea Volcano Erupts, Spewing Lava and Gases Near Homes in Hawaii
Governor David Ige has issued an emergency proclamation and has called up the National Guard to help emergency workers with evacuation efforts.
Source: THE NEW YORK TIMES. By Meghan Miner Murray, Sabrina Tavernise and Maya Salam. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/us/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii.html>Q1-M1-PPT-Layers of The Earth.pptx
The document provides information about the Earth's core including:
- The core is the innermost layer of the Earth and is separated into a liquid outer core and solid inner core.
- The outer core is approximately 2,900 km below the Earth's surface, 2,250 km thick, and made of iron and nickel that is molten due to temperatures over 4,000°C.
- The solid inner core has a radius of 1,300 km and temperatures above 5,000°C that cause iron and nickel to remain solid due to extreme pressure.
- Convection currents in the outer core generated by Earth's rotation produce the planet's magnetic field, which protects the Earth from harmful
Interior of the earth
The document summarizes the internal structure of the Earth based on seismic wave studies. It describes the three main layers as the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost solid rocky layer, varying in thickness between continents and oceans. Below is the mantle, making up most of the Earth's volume, with the upper asthenosphere partially molten. The innermost layer is the core, divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core composed primarily of iron and nickel. Seismic waves have revealed details of each layer and helped determine the Earth has a liquid outer core, differing from the Moon's internal structure.
Layers of the earth (custodio)
The document describes the four main layers of Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest solid outer layer averaging 25 miles thick and composed mostly of oxygen, silicon, aluminum and iron. Below is the mantle, a dense hot semi-solid layer 1,802 miles thick composed of silicate minerals. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel between 4,000-5,000 degrees Celsius and 1,430 miles thick, generating Earth's magnetic field. Within is the inner core, the planet's hottest center at 5,000-7,000 degrees Celsius and solid iron 750 miles thick under immense pressure.
Differentiation of earth
This document summarizes the differentiation of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth initially formed as a molten mass and over time separated into layers with the heavier materials sinking to the center to form the core. The two main theories for this differentiation are homogeneous and heterogeneous accretion. Evidence from the Moon supports the Earth differentiating into layers early in its formation history around 4.5 billion years ago. The Earth is now composed of concentric layers that decrease in density from the iron-nickel core, to the silicate mantle, and finally the crust at the surface.
Layers of earth
The document summarizes the main layers and divisions of the Earth based on their chemical composition and physical properties. It is divided into three main layers:
1. The crust, which is the outermost solid layer and varies in thickness between continental and oceanic crust.
2. The mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and can be divided into the upper, lower, and D'' transition zones based on seismic properties.
3. The core, which is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, and makes up about 30% of the Earth's mass.
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2.2. internal layers.pptx, like crust, mantle and core
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Exponential functions
An exponential function has the form y = a · bx, where a and b are constants and b must be greater than 0. This document discusses exponential functions through examples and explanations. It explores how changing the constants a and b impact the graph of the function. It also introduces the equality property of exponential functions, which states that if the bases are the same, the exponents can be set equal to solve equations. Several examples demonstrate how to use this property to solve equations involving exponential functions.
Logarithms
This document discusses properties and laws of logarithms. It contains the following key points:
1. Logarithms represent exponents - the logarithm of a number is the exponent that the base must be raised to to produce that number.
2. Basic properties of logarithms include: logarithms are only defined for positive values; log 1 = 0 and log b = 1 for any base b; and the property that b^log(x) = x.
3. The product and quotient laws state that for logarithms with the same base, log(ab) = log(a) + log(b) and log(a/b) = log(a) - log(b).
Earth Zones
The document describes the different layers that make up the Earth's interior. The mantle is made up of three layers from outer to inner: the lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere. The outer core is composed of molten metal which drives the Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is a solid ball of iron and nickel alloy around 1,228 km in radius with temperatures as high as the sun's surface due to extreme pressure deep within the Earth.
layers of the earth
The document summarizes key information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the four major layers from the center out - the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust is divided into tectonic plates that move via three processes at their boundaries: convergent, divergent, and sliding. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur as results of this plate tectonic activity and the movement of molten rock within the Earth.
Electrochemistry
This document summarizes key concepts from an electrochemistry chapter, including:
- Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of electrons. Voltaic cells harness redox reactions to produce electric currents.
- Standard reduction potentials indicate the tendency of half-reactions to gain or lose electrons under standard conditions.
- Electrochemical cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate voltage. Applications include batteries, electrolysis, corrosion prevention, and pH meters.
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Structure of the Earth
- 1. 1
- 2. Structure of the Earth 2
- 3. The inner core is a solid section of the Earth and is unattached to the mantle, being suspended by the molten outer core. This solidified state is the result of a very intense pressure-freezing process that occurs in most liquids when temperature decreases or pressure increases. The outer core of Earth is a scorching hot, electrically conductive liquid in which convection takes place. This inner layer in mutual combination with the rotational motion of the Earth creates a dynamo effect where a force ield of electrical currents is generated. This field is also known as Earth's magnetic field, which is responsible for the functioning of mechanical and biological compasses. This field also causes a subtle jerking motion in the Earth's daily rotation. In terms of the physical aspects of the outer core, the layer is dense, but not as dense as pure molten iron, evidencing the presence of multiple impurities having a lighter chemical makeup. According to scientists, about 10% of this layer is composed of sulfur and/or oxygen due to the fact that these two elements are abundant in the cosmos and dissolve readily in molten iron. Structure of the Earth 3
- 4. Structure of the Earth 4
- 5. The outer core is in the range of 200 to 300 kilometers (125 to 188 miles) thick and represents about 4% of the mantle-crust mass. This layer is sometimes identified as part of the lower mantle due to its geographical nature. However, studies on seismic discontinuities suggest that this "D" layer might differ chemically rom the lower mantle lying above it. Structure of the Earth 5
- 6. Structure of the Earth 6
- 7. Looking at the lower mantle, its chemical omposition includes silicon, magnesium, and oxygen. Most likely, it probably also contains some iron, calcium, and aluminum. This layer is comprised of 72.9% of the antle-crust mass, making the Earth abundant in the chemical elements of silicon, magnesium and oxygen, the layer's primary components. Structure of the Earth 7
- 8. Structure of the Earth 8
- 9. Higher up, we encounter the upper mantle. Through excavations in volcanoes, scientists have found that this part of the crust composes of 15.3% of the total mantle-crust mass and is made of crystalline forms of Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3. The upper mantle makes up 10.3% of the Earth's mass, extending a depth of 6-250 miles (10-400 kilometers). A relatively large portion when compared to the other interior layers. This layer is not completely made of solid minerals for scientists speculate that the asthenosphere could be partly liquid molten. Structure of the Earth 9
- 10. Structure of the Earth 10
- 11. The next layer, the Transition region comprises 7.5% of Earth's mass with a depth of 250- 406 miles (400-650 kilometers). This layer is also known as the mesosphere and is 11.1% of the mantle-crust. It is made of mainly basaltic magmas with amounts of calcium, aluminum and garnet (an aluminum-bearing silicate mineral). The layer becomes dense when the garnet mineral cools but is buoyant and light when subject to heat due to the low melting points. Structure of the Earth 11
- 12. Structure of the Earth 12
- 13. The outer most layer, the crust, is categorized into two parts, the Oceanic crust and the continental crust. The Oceanic crust is the smallest part of Earth, only 0.099% of its mass and reaching a small depth of 0-6 miles (0-10 kilometers). In the beginning of time, it was possible that this area did not exist for through frequent volcanic activity does only the crust form. Evidence of this is marked by the oceanic ridge system, which is a 25,000 mile (40,000-kilometer) array of many volcanoes which creates layer after layer of new crust at the rate of 17 km3 per year. The ocean floor is covered in basalt originating from volcanic activity and as a matter of fact, Iceland and Hawaii are two island systems that emerged from the accumulated basalt. Structure of the Earth 13
- 14. Structure of the Earth 14
- 15. Continental crust: The second smallest area of the Earth is the Continental crust, making up only 0.374% of the Earth's mass and extending a short depth of 0 - 31 miles (0-50 kilometers). Looking at the percent by composition, the continental crust makes up only 0.554% of the mantle-crust mass. The layer is composed primarily of crystalline rocks made of low-density buoyant minerals dominated mostly by quartz (SiO2) and feldspars (metal-poor silicates). This is the outer part of the Earth composed essentially of crystalline rocks. The continental crust and the oceanic crust are also referred to as the lithosphere because of the cool and rocky conditions that exist in its chemical composition. Structure of the Earth 15
- 16. Omar Hafez Mohamed Salah Eslam Sabry 1 2 Structure of the Earth 16