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The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. Plates interact along boundaries where they collide, pull apart, or slide past one another, causing volcanism and earthquakes. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and one subducts under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide horizontally past each other. Plate tectonics theory explains the distribution of geological features such as volcanoes and earthquakes around the world.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to various geological phenomena. The Earth's crust is divided into major tectonic plates that move and interact along three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading. Convergent boundaries result in earthquakes and volcanoes through processes like subduction. Transform boundaries involve plates sliding past one another. Volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur at plate boundaries due to the stresses caused by plate interactions.
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1) A force is any push or pull that causes an object to change its motion or shape. Forces come in pairs - whenever one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back.
2) Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. Acceleration and net force always point in the same direction.
3) Newton's First Law says that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by a net unbalanced force.
Constructive Plate Boundaries Conservative Boundaries Bv
Constructive plate boundaries create new crust as plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the Eurasian and North American plates are diverging. Conservative boundaries involve plates sliding past one another without creating or destroying crust, often causing earthquakes, like at the San Andreas Fault where the Pacific and North American plates slide in the same direction at different speeds.
What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Geological, biological, and climate evidence support the theory of plate tectonics and that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Geological evidence includes the matching continental edges of South America and Africa and volcanic and earthquake activity. Biological evidence includes the fossil of Mesosauraus found in similar rock formations in both South America and Africa. Climate evidence includes matching deposits of limestone along the coasts of continents that were once joined.
El nino and La nina
This document discusses several key indicators and phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in the tropical Pacific:
(1) It describes the typical conditions during La Niña versus El Niño phases, including differences in sea surface temperatures, wind patterns, thermocline depth and precipitation across the eastern and western tropical Pacific.
(2) It explains how ENSO is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon, with interactions and feedbacks between the two systems either enhancing or suppressing the phases.
(3) It provides illustrations of the average December-February conditions and how the patterns differ and evolve during La Niña and El Niño episodes.
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in three main zones around the world. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, with the most common type occurring along faults. The San Andreas fault in California regularly produces earthquakes, including the 1906 quake in San Francisco. Volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface from underground chambers; the type of eruption determines the volcano's shape, such as cinder cones from explosive eruptions or shield volcanoes from fluid lava flows. Major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity encircle the Pacific Ocean, extend through the Mediterranean region, and follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the ocean.
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Plate tectonics
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to convection currents in the upper mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and can cause mountain building, and transform where plates slide past each other. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, and the modern theory of plate tectonics explains how plate motions and interactions have shaped Earth's surface over geological time through subduction, volcanism, earthquakes and mountain formation.
Earthquake program for older kids.
This is a powerpoint that I create for an Earthquake program I did a few years ago. It is a lot of information, but I took the time to stop after each idea and demonstrate with candy. For instance, after explaining how the plates move, everyone got a small candy bar, and used it to demonstrate how plates diverge, converge, and slide; and how land forms are created as a result of how they move.
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The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
Chapter 1 Plate Tectonics Power Point
The document discusses Earth's structure and plate tectonics. It describes how Earth formed layers with different densities, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they scrape past each other. Plate tectonics explains how continents have changed positions over billions of years and continue to move today.
Plate Tectonics.ppt
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed; convergent where plates crash together and can cause volcanic activity and mountain building; and transform where plates slide past each other and can cause earthquakes. The theory integrated the earlier concepts of continental drift, which proposed the slow drifting of continents, and seafloor spreading, which showed new crust was forming under the oceans. Together, these theories explained how plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface over millions of years through volcanic and seismic activity
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates crash together forming mountains or one plate slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The theory developed from the theories of continental drift proposing the splitting of Pangaea and seafloor spreading explaining the patterns of aging rocks in the oceans. Together these theories explained how plate motions and interactions at their boundaries shape the Earth's surface over millions of years.
Theory of Global Plate Tectonics.pptx
Tectonic plates are large slabs of rock that make up Earth's crust and upper mantle. They slowly move over time, interacting with each other in different ways along boundaries. There are three main types of boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they push together, and transform boundaries where they slide horizontally past each other. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates is responsible for geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
GOAL: To create a poster that explains the phenomena of blue sky using the concept of wavelength and frequency of visible light.
SITUATION: As the creative head in the science club of Macasandig National High School, you are tasked to create a poster showcasing the phenomena of blue sky on Science Club bulletin board.
PRODUCT: A creative poster explains the phenomena of blue sky. The poster should be in 1/8 illustration board.
faults generate earthquakes.
S8ES-IIa- 14
Objectives:
1. Describe what fault is and how these faults related to earthquakes.
2. Determine the extent of damage an earthquake can do in a particular location.
Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines more than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the Philippines on this day in 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250 students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.
All types of buildings, including several resort hotels in Baguio, known as the
Philippines’ Summer Capital, suffered tremendous damage. Most of the city’s 100,000
residents slept outdoors that evening and during the following week, afraid to return to
their homes amid the frequent aftershocks. For days, workers pulled bodies from the
demolished buildings in Baguio. The best estimate is that 1,000 bodies were eventually
recovered. At least another 1,000 people suffered serious injuries. Rescue efforts were
hampered severely because the three main roads into the city were blocked by landslides. Hundreds of motorists were stranded on the roads as well.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
The ground in the area of fault tends to remain not moving
because of frictional force between the two opposing plates (boxes). As stronger forces (rubber band) shakes up the fault, the friction (tape) can no longer hold up the plates (box) thus resulting to a slip in the plates t
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
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grade-10-plate-tectonics_compress.pdf
- 1. What is Plate Tectonics?
- 2. • If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
- 3. Plate Tectonics • The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions. • This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. • Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features. • The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
- 4. World Plates
- 5. What are tectonic plates made of? • Plates are made of rigid lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
- 6. What lies beneath the tectonic plates? • Below the lithosphere (which makes up the tectonic plates) is the asthenosphere.
- 7. Plate Movement • “Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection cells
- 8. What happens at tectonic plate boundaries?
- 9. • Divergent • Convergent • Transform Three types of plate boundary
- 10. • Spreading ridges – As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap Divergent Boundaries
- 11. Age of Oceanic Crust Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
- 12. • There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries – Continent-continent collision – Continent-oceanic crust collision – Ocean-ocean collision Convergent Boundaries
- 13. • Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas Continent-Continent Collision
- 14. Himalayas
- 15. • Called SUBDUCTION Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
- 16. • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes Subduction
- 17. • When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. • The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. • The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. – E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep! Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
- 19. • Where plates slide past each other Transform Boundaries Above: View of the San Andreas transform fault
- 21. …what’s the connection? Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics…
- 22. Volcanism is mostly focused at plate margins Pacific Ring of Fire
- 23. - Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots Volcanoes are formed by:
- 24. Pacific Ring of Fire Hotspot volcanoes
- 25. • Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate What are Hotspot Volcanoes? Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes.
- 26. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes. The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
- 27. …what’s the connection? Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics…
- 28. • As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe • At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur. Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe
- 29. Where do earthquakes form? Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes
- 30. Plate Tectonics Summary • The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core, mantle, crust) • On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe • Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere) • There are 2 types of plate • There are 3 types of plate boundaries • Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to the margins of the tectonic plates