This document provides information about sentences and their structure. It defines what a sentence is and explains that a sentence must contain a subject and a verb. It then describes the different parts of a sentence including the subject, verb, and object. The document goes on to discuss the different types of sentences such as positive, negative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences. It also covers punctuation, parts of speech, tenses, and other grammatical concepts.

1. SENTENCE
Ahsan Ejaz Akhtar
English Language Course

2. WHAT IS SENTENCE?
A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A
sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be
implied).
For example
1. I always speak the truth.
2. I am an intelligent girl.

3. PARTS OF SENTENCE
Usually there are three pasts of sentence:
1. Subject (A person who does something)
2. Verb (a word that denotes some action or state of subject
3. Object (a thing on which some action is done)
For example:
I. Subject | Verb | Object
I | write | a story

4. KINDS OF SENTENCES
1. Positive Sentences
2. Negative Sentences
3. Interrogative Sentences
4. Imperative Sentences
5. Exclamatory Sentences
6. Optative Sentences

5. KINDS OF SENTENCES
1. Positive Sentences
A sentence that makes a positive statement is called a positive
sentence.
o She is my class fellow.
o My sister lives with my parents.
o I know the answer.
o I want to leave now.
o My mother works at a bank.
o Anaya sings really well.

6. KINDS OF SENTENCES
2. Negative Sentences
A sentence that makes a negative statement is called a negative
sentence.
o She is not my class fellow.
o My sister do not lives with my parents.
o I don’t know the answer.
o I do not want to leave now.
o My mother do not works at a bank.
o Anaya sings not really well.

7. KINDS OF SENTENCES
3. Interrogative Sentences
A sentence that is used to ask about something or some fact is
called a Interrogative sentence.
o Is she an intelligent girl?
o Mister, can you spare a dime?
o Would you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
o What are you doing?
o There’s a game on today, isn’t there?

8. KINDS OF SENTENCES
4. Imperative Sentences
a Sentence that expresses some command, advise, request or makes some
prohibition is
called an imperative sentence.
o Please help me.
o Do Not Enter
o Please be quiet in the library.
o Let’s eat.
o Come with me.
o Be nice!
o Help me!

9. KINDS OF SENTENCES
5. Exclamatory Sentences
a Sentence that expresses emotions and feelings (grief, pleasure, surprise,
etc.)
o What a surprise!
o What awful weather!
o How noble of him to do that!
o Hurrah! We have won the match.
o Alas! He is dead.

10. KINDS OF SENTENCES
6. Optative Sentences
A Sentence that is used to express some pray or wish is called optative
sentence.
o May you be safe and protected from danger.
o May you be happy and peaceful.
o May you be healthy and strong.
o God bless you.

11. PUNCTUATION
Definition
Punctuation is the set of marks used to regulate texts and
clarify their meanings, principally by separating or
linking words, phrases, and clauses.
Marks of punctuation
include ampersands, apostrophes, asterisks, brackets, bullets, colons,
commas, dashes, diacritic marks, ellipsis, exclamation
points, hyphens, paragraph breaks, parentheses, periods, question
marks, quotation marks, semicolons, slashes, spacing, and strike-
throughs.

12. PUNCTUATION
Punctuation Marks
o Capital Letters (A.B) I love my parents
o Full Stop (.) Great man works hard.
o Question Mark (?) How are you?
o Exclamation mark (!) What a wonderful scene it is!
o Comma (,) Dear students, listen to me.
o Colon (:) Teacher: Ali, why are you late today?
o Parentheses ( ) He gave me a nice bonus (500Rs.).
o Apostrophe (‘) Don’t = Do not
o Inverted Commas (“ ”) She replied, “Your jokes are execrable.”

13. SPEECH AND PARTS OF SPEECH
Speech
Whatever we speak or say is called “speech”. Our speech consists of
meaningful group of words (Sentences).

14. PARTS OF SPEECH
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
8. Preposition

15. PARTS OF SPEECH
1. Noun
Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.
 Kinds of Noun:
There are five kinds of noun.
1. Common Noun boy, school, city, country etc.
2. Proper Noun Ali, Learners, Grammar school, Lahore, Pakistan etc.
3. Collective Noun class, team, people etc.
4. Material Noun gold, silver, cotton, milk etc.
5. Abstract Noun truth, childhood, theft etc.

16. PARTS OF SPEECH
2. Pronoun
A word that is used as a noun in a sentence is called “pronoun”.
 Cases of Pronoun:
There are five kinds of pronoun.
1. Subjective Case I, it, we, you, he, she, they
2. Possessive Case my, our, your, his, her, their, its
3. Objective Case me, us, you, him, her, them, it

17. CHART OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

18. PARTS OF SPEECH
Subject Reflexive
Pronoun
I Myself
You Yourself
He Himself
She Herself
It Itself
We Themselves
You (Plural Yourselves
They Themselves
 Reflexive Pronoun

19. PARTS OF SPEECH
3. Adjective
A word that describes the quality of a noun or pronoun is called an adjective; as honest,
noble, beautiful.
Degree of Adjective
1. Positive degree He is a active boy.
2. Comparative He is more active than her.
3. Superlative He is the most active boy.

20. PARTS OF SPEECH
 Kinds of Adjective
I. Adjective of Quality
II. Adjective of Quantity
III. Adjective of Numbers
IV. Demonstrative Adjective
V. Description Adjective

21. PARTS OF SPEECH
4. The Verb
A word that expresses an action or state of a noun or pronoun is called a
“verb”
o Go, Take, Help
 Action Verbs
verbs which show actions; as teach, go, play, study etc.
o She teaches in school.
 Non-Action Verbs
The Verbs that do not show acting; is, am, are, was etc.
o she is a teacher.

22. PARTS OF SPEECH
 Kinds of Verb
1. The Transitive verb
2. The Intransitive verb
3. The auxiliary verb

23. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
 Voice
Voice is the form of a verb which shows whether the subjects does something
or has something done to it. In this way there are two voices in English;
1. The Active Voice
Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the
verb.
o Akram ate six shrimp at dinner.
o Nazia changed the flat tire.
2. The Passive Voice
In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.
o At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Akram.
o The flat tire was changed by Nazia.

24. PARTS OF SPEECH
5. The Adverb
An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an
adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with
the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.
o She was walking rapidly.
o The kids love playing together in the sandbox.
o Please come inside now.
o Hamid runs fast.

25. PARTS OF SPEECH
 Kinds of Adverbs
I. Adverbs of time
o I shall go to school tomorrow.
II. Adverbs of Place
o Wait here.
III. Adverbs of Manner, Quality or State
o She writes neatly.
IV. Adverbs of Frequency or Number
o He will read this book again.
V. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity
o He has almost finished his work.

26. PARTS OF SPEECH
 Kinds of Adverbs
VI. Adverbs of Cause
o How beautiful the baby was.
VII.Adverbs of Effect
o He was ill; therefore he did not come to school.
VIII.Adverbs of Belief or Disbelief
o Surely you have met him before.
IX. Adverbs of Comparison
o I am so tired.
X. The Relative Adverbs
o I do not know where he lives

27. PARTS OF SPEECH
6. Conjunction
A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a
sentence.
o Mohsin and Ahsan are brothers.
o Although he is old, yet he is strong.
o Unless you tell the truth, you must be punished.

28. PARTS OF SPEECH
7. Preposition
A word that show the position of one thing with regard to another
thing is called “preposition”.
o The book is on the table.
o It is time for rest.
o He beat the thief with a stick.

29. USE OF “IS”, “AM”, “ARE”, “WAS” &
“WERE”
 (is, am, are) are use in present tense
 I + am/was + Object (other words)
 He, She, It + Is/was + Object
 I am writing a book.
 He is a good girl.
 We are students.
 Use of (was, were).
 He was present in the class.
The children were happy.

30. USE OF “HAS”, “HAVE” & “HAD”
Subject Has/Have/Had Object
I, We, You, They Have Object
He, She, It Has Object
Subject Had Object
 Birds have wings.
 He has a book.
 We had new hockey sticks.

31. USE OF INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
 Use of what, who, where, which, why, whose etc.
 What is the time now?
 Why are you late today?
 Where do you live?

32. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
 A sentence that expresses some command, advice, request or
makes some prohibition is called an “Imperative Sentence”
 Keep Quiet.
 Go for a walk daily.
 Please, lend me this book.
 Always speak the truth.
 Never tell a lie.

33. TENSES
 The word “Tense” means time. The “Tense” of a verb shows the time
of an action of event. There are three main tense in English.
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

34. KINDS OF TENSES
 A tense that shows a work is done or not. It also shows the mode of
an action in this respect there are four forms of a tense.
1. Present Tense
I. Present Indefinite Tense
II. Present Continuous Tense
III. Present Perfect Tense
IV. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

35. KINDS OF TENSES
1. Past Tense
I. Past Indefinite Tense
II. Past Continuous Tense
III. Past Perfect Tense
IV. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Future Tense
I. Future Indefinite Tense
II. Future Continuous Tense
III. Future Perfect Tense
IV. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

36. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
 A verb that refers to the present time is said to be in the present
tense; as I read. We write, you play, etc.
 This tense is used to express actions that takes place at the present
moment. It is also use to express a habit, custom, universal truth or a
quotation. Ahmed runs fast. The sun sets in the west. etc.
o People come and go.
o Affirmative: I write a letter.
o Negative : I do not write a letter.
o Interrogative : Do I write a letter.
o Negative Interrogative : Do I not write a letter.

37. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
 A tense that expresses an action that is going on at the time of
speaking is called present continuous tense; as birds are chirping, I
am drinking milk, etc
o Affirmative : I am drinking milk.
o Negative : I am not drinking milk.
o Interrogative : Am I drinking milk.
o Negative Interrogative : Am I not drinking milk.

38. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
 A tense that shows that an action has been completed recently is
called present perfect tense ; we have won the match, the rain has
started, etc.
o Affirmative : He has completed his work.
o Negative : He has not completed his work.
o Interrogative : Has he completed his work.
o Negative Interrogative : Has he not completed his work

39. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
 A tense that shows that something started in the past and is
continuing at the present time ; You have been living, I've been
working on this report, etc.
o Affirmative : Nadeem has been waiting for his friend.
o Negative : Nadeem has not been waiting for his friend.
o Interrogative : Has nadeem been waiting for his friend?
o Negative Interrogative : Has nadeem not been waiting for his friend?

40. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
 A tense that indicates an act or habitual action in the past is called
past indefinite tense ; we went to the zoo, you finished this work, etc.
o Affirmative : I drank milk.
o Negative : I did not drink milk.
o Interrogative : Did I drink milk?
o Negative Interrogative : Did I not drink milk?

41. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
 A tense that expresses an action going on at same time in the past
is called past continuous tense; the birds were flying, they were
smelling flowers, etc.
o Affirmative : She was singing a song.
o Negative : She was not singing a song.
o Interrogative : Was she singing a song?
o Negative Interrogative : Was she not singing a song?

42. PAST PERFECT TENSE
 A tense that indicates that an action was completed (finished or
"perfected") at some point in the past before something else
happened ; the train had left before I reached, we went to school at
8’o clock, etc.
o Affirmative : Ali had completed his work.
o Negative : Ali had not completed his work.
o Interrogative : Had ali completed his work?
o Negative Interrogative : Had ali not completed his work?

43. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
 A tense that indicates a continuous action that was completed at
some point in the past ; Ahsan has been eating a tablet, Hashim has
been making presentation, etc.
o Affirmative : She has been singing a song.
o Negative : She has not been singing a song.
o Interrogative : Has she been singing a song?
o Negative Interrogative : Has she not been singing a song?

44. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
 A tense that is used to express an action which has not
occurred/happened yet and will occur/happen after sometime in
future; I shall help you, They will stay here, etc.
o Affirmative : I shall go to Lahore tomorrow.
o Negative : I shall not go to Lahore tomorrow.
o Interrogative : Shall I go to Lahore tomorrow?
o Negative Interrogative : Shall I not go to Lahore tomorrow?

45. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
 A tense that expresses an action that will keep going on, at
sometime in the future is called future continuous tense; the birds
will be chirping, he will be getting ready for school, etc.
o Affirmative : I shall be writing a letter.
o Negative : I shall not be writing a letter.
o Interrogative : Shall I be writing a letter?
o Negative Interrogative : Shall I not be writing a letter?

46. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
 A tense that indicates that an action will have been completed
(finished or "perfected") at some point in the future; he will have gone
to school, the train will have arrived, etc.
o Affirmative : I shall have completed my work.
o Negative : I shall have not completed my work.
o Interrogative : Shall I have completed my work?
o Negative Interrogative : Shall I have not completed my work?