The document discusses different approaches to teaching grammar. It presents a framework for teaching grammar that focuses on form, meaning, and use. The framework can help teachers identify learning challenges and make clear decisions about how to teach grammar. Key aspects of the framework include analyzing grammatical structures based on their form, meaning, and appropriate social and linguistic use.

1. Summary of the article “Teaching Grammar” written by Diane Larsen-Freeman Ana Maria Menezes

3. “ Research has shown that teachers who focus students’ attention on form during communicative interactions are more effective than those who never focus on form.” Spada and Lightbown, 1993.

4. Grammatical structures not only have FORM , they are also used to express MEANING in context-approriate USE .

5. FORM/ STRUCTURE Morphosyntactic and lexical patterns Phonemic/ graphemic patterns MEANING/ SEMANTICS Lexical meaning Grammatical meaning USE/ PRAGMATICS Social context Linguistic discourse context Presuppositions about context

6. FORM How is it formed? MEANING What does it mean? USE When/ why is it used?

7. FORM ‘ s or s’ /z/~/s/~/ əz/ MEANING Possession Description Amount Relationship Part/ whole Origin/ agent USE ‘ s versus possessive determiner ‘ s versus of the ‘ s versus noun compounds POSSESSIVES

8. FORM Verb + particle Verb + particle + preposition Transitive/ intrans. Separable/ inseparable Stress and juncture patterns MEANING Literal Figurative Multiple meanings USE Informal discourse Principle of dominance PHRASAL VERBS

12. The framework helps teachers identify where the learning challenge lies.

13. And helps teachers make clear decisions about how to teach grammar.