The document provides an overview of the English language, including its alphabet, letters, vowels and consonants. It discusses words, syllables, sentences and their parts. It also summarizes the eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection - and provides details on their types and usage. Gender, articles, infinitives, participles and gerunds are also covered briefly.

1. ENGLISH
ALPHABET:
Alphabet of a language consist of letters which are used in writing a language. The English alphabet
consist of twenty-six 26 letters.
LETTERS:
Letters are written or printed symbol's which represents particular sounds in a language.
There are two types of letters;
1. Capital letters
2. Small letters
The letters are further divided into two categories;
1.Vowels
2. Consonants
VOWELS:
These letters are pronounced without contact of the tongue, teeth, or lips. The five letters (a, e, i, o, u)
are vowels.
CONSONENTS:
No vowel letters are called consonants.
WORDS AND SYLLABLES:
A word is an articulate sound which has some meaning, but a syllable is the part of the word that can be
sounded at once. For example 'principal' is a word, it has three syllables , Prin-ci-pal. But every syllable
must have at least one vowel
SENTENCE:
A group of words which gives complete sense is called sentence.
e.g. This is a fan.
You are a student.
PARTS OF SENTENCES:
There are three parts of sentences;
Subject + Verb + Object
KINDS OF SENTENCES:
There are five kinds of sentence;
1.Assertive sentences
2.Interrogative sentences
3.Imperative sentences
4.Exclamatory sentences
5.Optative sentence
PARTS OF SPEECH
There are 8 parts of speech;
1.NOUN
2.PRONOUN
3.ADJECTIVE
4.VERB
5.ADVERB
6.PREPOSITION

2. 7.CONJUCTION
8.INTERJECTION
NOUN
A noun is the name of person, place or thing.
KINDS OF NOUN:
There are five kinds of noun.
1.COMMON NOUN:
A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.
E.g. Boy, Chair, Book, Doctor, Fan, Teacher, Dog, City
TYPES OF COMMON NOUN:
There are two types of common noun;
1.Countable common noun
2. Uncountable common noun
2.PROPER NOUN:
A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place.
E.g. Holy Quran, Aslam, Lahore.
3.COLLECTIVE NOUN:
A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken together or spoken of as one whole.
E.g. Army, Family, Class, Team.
4.MATERIAL NOUN:
A material noun is a noun that denotes the matter or substance of which things are made.
E.g. Gold, Copper, Silver, Milk, Grain, Water, Cotton. e.t.c
5.ABSTRACT NOUN:
An abstract noun is a noun that denotes some quality, state or action.
E.g. Bravery, Truth, Honesty, Wisdom. e.t.c
NUMBERS OF NOUN:
In English there are two numbers of noun;
1. Singular
2. Plural
PRONOUN
A word which is used to avoid the repetition of a noun is called pronoun.
E.g. I, we, you e.t.c
KINDS OF PRONOUN:
There are eight kinds of pronoun;
1. PERSONAL PRONOUN:
A personal pronoun is used for the name of a person.
E.g. I go to school daily.
I like you.
KINDS OF PERSONAL PRONOUN:
1.First person
2.Second person
3.Third person
2. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:
The word which are made from the addition of self or selves are called reflexive pronoun.
E.g. Do it yourself.
I shall do it myself.

3. 3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
A pronoun which is used to talk about any noun or at the place of noun is called demonstrative pronoun.
E.g. This is my book.
This, That, These, Those, e.t.c
4. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN:
A pronoun which shows that things or persons are separate or together is called distributive pronoun.
E.g. each, either, neither, one another
5. INDEFINITE PRONOUN:
A pronoun which is used for non-specific persons or nonspecific things.
E.g. One should do once duty.
There is some milk in the jug.
6.RELATIVE PRONOUN:
A pronoun which shows relation in sentence is called relative pronoun.
E.g. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
7. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
The pronoun which is used to ask question is called interrogative pronoun.
E.g. Who are you?
8.EXCLAMATORY PRONOUN:
.......................................................................
ADJECTIVE:
An adjective is a word that qualifies the meanings of a noun or pronoun.
E.g. Milk is white.
Crow is black.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE:
There are six kinds of adjectives.
1. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY:
The adjective which shows the quality of a person or thing.
E.g. He is an honest man.
She is very beautiful.
2. ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY:
The adjectives which shows the quantity of noun.
E.g. Give me some sugar.
He has much milk.
3. ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER:
The adjectives which shows how many persons or things are meant.
E.g. All the boys are present.
I have many books.
4.DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE:
The adjective which shows that which and what thing is meant.
E.g. this, that, these, those, some, such.
5. DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE:
The adjectives which refer to each one of a number.
E.g. Each of you will pay 200RS.
Each man should do his duty.
6. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE:
The adjective which are used with noun to ask question.
E.g. Whose book is this?

4. Which way they went?
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE:
There are three degrees of adjective;
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
VERB
A verb is a word used about the activity of a person or a thing.
E.g. She cooks food.
I read a book.
KINDS OF VERB:
I. According to action:
According to action there are two kinds of verb;
A) PRINCIPAL VERB:
A verb which shows the action of noun or pronoun is called principal verb.
B) AUXILIARY OR HELPING VERB:
Helping verb links the subject with an "adjective" or "noun". They also help to make a sentence negative
or interrogative.
II. According to object:
According to object there are two kinds of verb;
A) TRANSITIVE VERB:
A verb which has an object is called transitive verb.
E.g. We eat rice.
I killed a snake.
B) INTRANSITIVE VERB:
A verb which does not have object is called an intransitive verb.
E.g. Dogs bark.
Birds fly.
ADVERB
An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
E.g. I walk slowly.
He is very old.
KINDS OF ADVERB:
There are five kinds of adverb;
1.Adverb of time.
2. Adverb of place.
3.Adverb of manner.
4.Adverb of quantity or degree.
5.Adverb of number or frequency.
PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word which used before a noun or a pronoun to show its relations with another
person’s or things.
E.g. The book is on the table.
above, below, ahead, behind, on, in, to, into, at, from, whit, by, for, under, up, down, beneath, beside,
e.t.c.

5. CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word used for joining one word to another or one sentence to another sentence.
E.g. Nadeem and Ali are friends.
Either or, neither nor, but, and, through, than, then, although, yet, however, since, for, therefore, hence,
thus, because, that, e.t.c.
INTERJECTION
An interjection is used to express some feelings of the mind.
E.g. Oh! , Aha!, Ha! ha! , Oho!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Oops!, What a bravo!, Shit!, e.t.c.
______________________________________
GENDER
There are four kinds of gender;
1.Masculine
2.Feminine
3.Common gender
4.Neutral gender
MASCULINE:
The noun which is used for male is called masculine.
FEMININE:
The noun which is used for female is called feminine.
COMMON GENDER:
The noun which is used for male and female both is called common gender.
E.g. baby, child, friend e.t.c.
NEUTRAL GENDER:
The noun which is used for non-living things which are not male or female is called neutral gender.
E.g. chair, tree, pencil, e.t.c.
ARTICLE
There are two kinds of article;
1. Definite article.
2. Indefinite article.
DEFINITE ARTICLE
The use of "THE"
Definite article is used before a noun when we talk about something or someone definite, or people know
which thing or person we mean.
E.g. The cow is a pet animal.
He is the student who stole my pen.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
The use of "A" and "AN"
Indefinite article is used with singular countable nouns.
E.g. A boy, A girl, An inkpot, e.t.c.
INFINITIVE
An infinitive is a basic form of verb such as "be", "make" or " go" usually used with "to" in the form "to
be" ,"to make", "to go", e.t.c.
E.g. He is to go to school daily.
PARTICIPAL OR VERBAL ADJECTIVE
Participle is that form of verb which partakes of the nature both of verb and of an adjective.

6. E.g. Running water is not dirty.
1. Present participial = first form + ing
2. Past participial = 3rd form
3. Perfect participial = having + 3rd form
GERUND OR VERBAL NOUN
A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in "ing" and has the force of a noun and a verb.
E.g. I like playing.
Running is the best exercise.
PUNTUATION
Punctuation marks are marks or stops which divide a long sentence or a passage into small parts to
enable to reader to understand the meaning properly.
1. FULL STOP (.):
2. COLON (:):
3. SEMI COLON (;):
4.COMMA (,):
5. QUESTION MARK (?):
6. EXCLAMATORY MARK (!):
7. APOSTROPHE ('):
8. DASH (_):
9. HYPHEN (-):
10.INVERTED COMMAS (" "):
11. PARENTHESIS ( ):
WORD FORMATION:
Word formation is the method by which words are formed.
1.PREFIX:
Prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of the word to form a new word.
e.g.
un + happy = unhappy
mis + lead = mislead
tri + cycle = tricycle
multi + color = multicolor
2.SUFFIX:
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters added to the end of the word to form a new word.
e.g.
fear + full = fearful
3.COMPUND WORDS:
When one word is added to another, the new word is called compound word.
e.g.
sun + set = sunset
day + dream = daydream
ROOT WORDS:
The words which combines to form a new word are called root words
e.g.
fear, happy, lead, cycle e.t.c, are root words in upper examples.