1. By: Janet ParejaBy: Janet Pareja
For AP World HistoryFor AP World History
Signature SchoolSignature School
Evansville, INEvansville, IN

2. The Czar AbdicatesThe Czar Abdicates
Romanov dynasty forced toRomanov dynasty forced to
abdicateabdicate, Spring, Spring 19171917
 Social Unrest:Social Unrest:
- Food riots,- Food riots,
- Labor strikes,- Labor strikes,
- Military mutinies,- Military mutinies,
- other difficulties- other difficulties
stemming fromstemming from
World War & ineptWorld War & inept
Czar.Czar.

3. Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government
Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government beganbegan liberalliberal
reforms….reforms….
– Did not leave or end WWI immediatelyDid not leave or end WWI immediately
– No land reformsNo land reforms
– FamineFamine
……too little, too late…too little, too late…
Sorry… it is just a story 

4. The February RevolutionThe February Revolution
ProvisionalProvisional
Government -vs-Government -vs-
“Petrograd soviet”“Petrograd soviet”
(workers’ assembly)(workers’ assembly)
First of two Russian revolutionsFirst of two Russian revolutions
in 1917in 1917

5. The Soviet MeetsThe Soviet Meets
““PetrogradPetrograd SovietSoviet of Workersof Workers
and Soldier’s Deputies”and Soldier’s Deputies”
= Representative= Representative
Assembly ofAssembly of
WorkersWorkers
– Revolutionary councils organizedRevolutionary councils organized
by socialistsby socialists
– AppearedAppeared all overall over RussiaRussia
– Control of factories & segmentsControl of factories & segments
of the militaryof the military
Photo: The meeting of the soviet
after the revolution in Petrograd in
March 1917.

6. TheThe Red GuardRed Guard of the Petrogradof the Petrograd
Soviet Kept OrderSoviet Kept Order

7. German Role in the RevolutionGerman Role in the Revolution
1917-1917- GermanGerman high commandhigh command
brought Leninbrought Lenin and his band ofand his band of
revolutionariesrevolutionaries from Switzerlandfrom Switzerland
(exile) to Russia in a sealed(exile) to Russia in a sealed
train… very dramatic! Why didtrain… very dramatic! Why did
they do that? I thought fasciststhey do that? I thought fascists
hated communists?!hated communists?!
Hoping that the chaoticHoping that the chaotic
atmosphere of the revolutionatmosphere of the revolution
plus antiwar sentiment wouldplus antiwar sentiment would
hasten an end to Russianhasten an end to Russian
participation in the war…participation in the war… well, itwell, it
did, didn’t it?did, didn’t it?

8. Vladmir Ilyich LeninVladmir Ilyich Lenin
Revolutionary MarxistRevolutionary Marxist
BUT…believedBUT…believed working classworking class
incapableincapable of developing theof developing the
revolutionary consciousnessrevolutionary consciousness
necessary for effective politicalnecessary for effective political
action…action…

9. ““Vanguard of the RevolutionVanguard of the Revolution””
Lenin believed theLenin believed the People did not knowPeople did not know
HOW to organize the RevolutionHOW to organize the Revolution, so…, so…
– LeninLenin providedprovided the leadership…the leadership…
– LeninLenin providedprovided the well-organized, highlythe well-organized, highly
disciplined party…disciplined party…
Party to serve asParty to serve as catalyst & vehiclecatalyst & vehicle of the revolutionof the revolution
Party to be temporaryParty to be temporary: Bring about a socialist: Bring about a socialist
society over time, then would cease to exist, and thesociety over time, then would cease to exist, and the
People run their Communist society.People run their Communist society.

10. Lenin’s Bolshevik PartyLenin’s Bolshevik Party
Lenin’sLenin’s “April Theses”“April Theses”
– demanded power be given to the Soviet (assembly)demanded power be given to the Soviet (assembly)
– Russian withdrawal from World War IRussian withdrawal from World War I
““Peace, Land, and Bread”Peace, Land, and Bread”

11. ““Peace, Land and Bread”Peace, Land and Bread”

12. The October RevolutionThe October Revolution
Winter Palace,Winter Palace, now the homenow the home
of provisional government,of provisional government,
stormedstormed over night: Octoberover night: October
24, 1917.24, 1917.
Second Revolution that year!!Second Revolution that year!!
VirtuallyVirtually bloodlessbloodless insurrectioninsurrection
-- 24 hours24 hours..
Power passed to Lenin &Power passed to Lenin &
the Bolshevik Party.the Bolshevik Party.

13. New Bolshevik GovernmentNew Bolshevik Government
Needed time toNeeded time to
organize the neworganize the new
government, buildgovernment, build
economyeconomy
 Russia pulled outRussia pulled out
of WWIof WWI

14. Treaty of Brest- LitovskTreaty of Brest- Litovsk
RussiaRussia signs armistice with Germany:signs armistice with Germany:
WithdrawsWithdraws from World War Ifrom World War I
Gives Germans & Central Powers possession ofGives Germans & Central Powers possession of
– A huge chunk of Russian territory, including the BalticA huge chunk of Russian territory, including the Baltic
States, the Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and theStates, the Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and the
Ukraine)Ukraine)
– 1/3 of Russia’s agricultural land1/3 of Russia’s agricultural land
– 1/3 of Russia’s population1/3 of Russia’s population
– ¾ of Russia’s industries¾ of Russia’s industries

15. WHAT WAS LENIN THINKING??!WHAT WAS LENIN THINKING??!

16. Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk
Harsh &Harsh &
Humiliating termsHumiliating terms
Lenin consideredLenin considered
it necessary to getit necessary to get
out of war…out of war…
WHY? So he couldWHY? So he could
CONCENTRATE ONCONCENTRATE ON
BUILDING A RUSSIANBUILDING A RUSSIAN
(COMMUNIST) STATE!(COMMUNIST) STATE!

17. Challenges to Lenin’s Plan:Challenges to Lenin’s Plan:
Civil War!Civil War!
Dissident socialists:Dissident socialists: MensheviksMensheviks
(minority)(minority)
ConservativeConservative Anti-Communist (Anti-Anti-Communist (Anti-
Bolshevik)Bolshevik) officersofficers and troops –and troops –
““Whites”Whites” - loyal to the old regime- loyal to the old regime
Peasant bandsPeasant bands – out for whatever– out for whatever
benefit they could getbenefit they could get
Foreign military forcesForeign military forces – GB,– GB,
France, Japan, USA helped theFrance, Japan, USA helped the
Whites against the BolsheviksWhites against the Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks win…Bolsheviks win…

18. Reds vs. WhitesReds vs. Whites
The forces led by LeninThe forces led by Lenin
and the Bolsheviks wereand the Bolsheviks were
called thecalled the “Reds,” (red(red
has been the color ofhas been the color of
revolution since therevolution since the
French Revolution)French Revolution)
Forces opposed to himForces opposed to him
where termedwhere termed “White”
(white has traditionally(white has traditionally
been the color of royalty).been the color of royalty).

19. Civil WarCivil War
"Reds""Reds" (Bolshevik / revolutionary(Bolshevik / revolutionary
communists) andcommunists) and “Whites”“Whites” (monarchists,(monarchists,
conservatives, liberals & socialistsconservatives, liberals & socialists
opposed the Bolshevik Revolution).opposed the Bolshevik Revolution).
Nationalist andNationalist and anarchistanarchist movementsmovements
known as theknown as the “greens”“greens” played a small partplayed a small part
In addition, theIn addition, the EntenteEntente and some otherand some other
countries intervened on the side of the Whites,countries intervened on the side of the Whites,
which aggravated the civil war.which aggravated the civil war.

20. ““War CommunismWar Communism””
1918-19211918-1921
Bolshevik Economic policyBolshevik Economic policy
during Civil Warduring Civil War
Goal:Goal: supply towns & Red Army w/ weaponssupply towns & Red Army w/ weapons
& food:& food:
All largeAll large factoriesfactories controlled by government.controlled by government.
Production planned and organizedProduction planned and organized by government.by government.
DisciplineDiscipline for workers was strict, andfor workers was strict, and strikersstrikers
could be shot.could be shot.
Obligatory labor duty was imposed ontoObligatory labor duty was imposed onto "non-"non-
working classes".working classes".
Requisition of agricultural surpluses from peasantsRequisition of agricultural surpluses from peasants
in excess of absolute minimum forin excess of absolute minimum for centralizedcentralized
distributiondistribution andand rationingrationing among the remainingamong the remaining
population.population.
Private enterprise became illegalPrivate enterprise became illegal
Military-like control of railroadsMilitary-like control of railroads

21. ““Red Terror CampaignRed Terror Campaign””
During Civil War (1918 – 1920)During Civil War (1918 – 1920)
Secret PoliceSecret Police (Cheka)(Cheka)
– arrested, tried, and executed anti-Communists.arrested, tried, and executed anti-Communists.
– Reaction to assassination attempts, incl.Reaction to assassination attempts, incl.
against Lenin.against Lenin.
200,000200,000 opponents of the regime killed,opponents of the regime killed,
including the Romanovincluding the Romanov familyfamily to keep themto keep them
from being used by the Whitesfrom being used by the Whites
Beginning of theBeginning of the GULAG – exile in SiberiaGULAG – exile in Siberia,,
withwith 70,000 “dangerous dissidents” imprisoned70,000 “dangerous dissidents” imprisoned
by September, 1921.by September, 1921.
Whites instituted a similar campaign.Whites instituted a similar campaign.

22. GULAGGULAG
If the purpose of government is
to protect the country…
Then under what
circumstances SHOULD a
government try to subdue its
citizens if they oppose or
sabotage government
policies… implemented to
protect & secure the country?
“Dissidents”
Alexander
Solzhenitsyn

23. Does it need to be inDoes it need to be in
Siberia to be a Gulag?Siberia to be a Gulag?
Is there any other way to preserve the safety &
security of a country faced with extreme
dissidence and violence?

24. Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky
Created a strongCreated a strong
Red ArmyRed Army to battleto battle
counter-counter-
revolutionary forces.revolutionary forces.
Left Bolsheviks withLeft Bolsheviks with
a powerful and wella powerful and well
seasoned army…seasoned army…
made neighborsmade neighbors
nervous.nervous.

25. Lenin’sLenin’s NEW ECONOMIC POLICYNEW ECONOMIC POLICY
(NEP)(NEP)
– Early 1920’sEarly 1920’s
– Fairly successfulFairly successful
Lenin believedLenin believed
Russia was notRussia was not
ready for pureready for pure
Marxist communismMarxist communism
 allowed someallowed some
capitalist behaviorscapitalist behaviors

26. New Economic Policy (NEP)New Economic Policy (NEP)
NEPNEP::
– PeasantsPeasants could owncould own
farms & smallfarms & small
businesses & keep theirbusinesses & keep their
profit / produceprofit / produce (after(after
paying taxes to the state)paying taxes to the state)
– Policy generated morePolicy generated more
tradetrade..
– Production increasedProduction increased
and caught up to pre-warand caught up to pre-war
levels.levels.
Russian economy beganRussian economy began
to stabilize under Leninto stabilize under Lenin

27. Religion in the New StateReligion in the New State
Power of the RussianPower of the Russian
Orthodox Church = hugeOrthodox Church = huge
Karl MarxKarl Marx : Religion =: Religion =
“opium of the masses.”“opium of the masses.”
– In other words, to controlIn other words, to control
the poor, the rich usedthe poor, the rich used
religion.religion.
 Stamp out organizedStamp out organized
religionreligion
– Priests were arrested,Priests were arrested,
– Churches burnedChurches burned

28. Communism’s Place in SocietyCommunism’s Place in Society
Communist PartyCommunist Party
replacedreplaced
– ReligionReligion
– Nationalism / Patriotism inNationalism / Patriotism in
societysociety
 Totalitarianism: StateTotalitarianism: State
involved in all aspects ofinvolved in all aspects of
citizens’ lives.citizens’ lives.
Totalitarianism – theTotalitarianism – the
State is paramount!!!State is paramount!!!

29. The Kremlin, MoscowThe Kremlin, Moscow
and Lenin’s Tomband Lenin’s Tomb
21 January, 1924

31. Red SquareRed Square

32. Who to replace Lenin?Who to replace Lenin?
Lenin revered asLenin revered as
almost Christ-like: aalmost Christ-like: a
prophet of the future,prophet of the future,
and father of theand father of the
USSR.USSR.
Party had split intoParty had split into
two camps within thetwo camps within the
Politburo.Politburo.

33. Bukharin & Stalin v.Bukharin & Stalin v.
TrotskyTrotsky
LeonLeon TrotskyTrotsky, organizer, organizer
of theof the Red ArmyRed Army, believed, believed
that the country mustthat the country must
heavilyheavily industrializeindustrialize, and, and
led the “Left Opposition”.led the “Left Opposition”.
He wanted to buildHe wanted to build
weapons to resist theweapons to resist the
West should they try toWest should they try to
destroy Communism.destroy Communism.

34. Stalin takes power….Stalin takes power….
A vicious power struggleA vicious power struggle
emerged for control of theemerged for control of the
Party and the country.Party and the country.
Trotsky ends up exiled inTrotsky ends up exiled in
Mexico City, and is laterMexico City, and is later
assassinated on Stalin’sassassinated on Stalin’s
order…order…
Visited with Castro & Che in Mexico

35. ““The Great Purge”The Great Purge”
Peak of terror underPeak of terror under
Stalin:Stalin: 1936 – 19381936 – 1938
– SystematicSystematic killing ofkilling of
government “enemies”government “enemies”
– Labor campsLabor camps to punishto punish
anyone who opposed himanyone who opposed him
– Doctoring of “the truth”Doctoring of “the truth”
even in photoseven in photos
http://www.newseum.org/berlinwahttp://www.newseum.org/berlinwa
ll/commissar_vanishes/index.hll/commissar_vanishes/index.h
tmtm

36. ““The Great TurnThe Great Turn””
RadicallyRadically overhauledoverhauled
industry & agricultureindustry & agriculture
in the USSR.in the USSR.
Stalin consideredStalin considered
Lenin’s NEP too slowLenin’s NEP too slow
&& too capitalistictoo capitalistic..
STALINISM

37. 1. Rapid Militarization1. Rapid Militarization
Russia vulnerable to attack from rivals - aRussia vulnerable to attack from rivals - a
backward agrarian economy…backward agrarian economy…

38. 2.2. Rapid IndustrializationRapid Industrialization – why?– why?
– In MARXISM,In MARXISM, socialism could only exist insocialism could only exist in
a highly industrialized statea highly industrialized state, with majority of, with majority of
the population workers.the population workers.
– BUT inBUT in 1928 only 20% of the Russian1928 only 20% of the Russian
population were industrial workers, so morepopulation were industrial workers, so more
had to be added immediately. The rest of thehad to be added immediately. The rest of the
population needed to work efficiently topopulation needed to work efficiently to
provide food for industrial & military workers!provide food for industrial & military workers!

39. 3. Collectivization of Agriculture3. Collectivization of Agriculture
MaximizeMaximize agriculturalagricultural
production:production:
– Feed factory workers in citiesFeed factory workers in cities
– Feed growing militaryFeed growing military
– Feed Agricultural workersFeed Agricultural workers
– Resistance from peasants &Resistance from peasants &
wealthy rural farmers.wealthy rural farmers.

40. Stalin’s Five Year PlansStalin’s Five Year Plans
A series ofA series of three Five Yearthree Five Year
PlansPlans massivelymassively expandedexpanded
the Soviet economythe Soviet economy
Many newly independentMany newly independent
countries followed theircountries followed their
modelmodel::
– Revolutionary regimes andRevolutionary regimes and
post-colonial states in thepost-colonial states in the
developing world. Ie: China,developing world. Ie: China,
CubaCuba

41. Stalin’s ProblemsStalin’s Problems
Collectivization unpopularCollectivization unpopular
Mass starvation whenMass starvation when
crops werecrops were
commandeered to feedcommandeered to feed
government workers ingovernment workers in
military, cities andmilitary, cities and
collectives.collectives.
Purges: Terror tactics,Purges: Terror tactics,
secret police, bogussecret police, bogus
trials, assassinations...trials, assassinations...

42. ““Cult of Personality”Cult of Personality”
Extreme concentration of power in his person,Extreme concentration of power in his person,
and little concern for the lives of individualand little concern for the lives of individual
people.people.
Stalin tried toStalin tried to crush all oppositioncrush all opposition by establishingby establishing
aa ruthless securityruthless security apparatusapparatus 
– PurgesPurges
– Famine,Famine,
– Gulags & deportations.Gulags & deportations.

43. De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization
Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, Stalin's, Stalin's
successor, denounced Stalin’ssuccessor, denounced Stalin’s
mass murders and cult ofmass murders and cult of
personalitypersonality
Freed millionsFreed millions of political prisonersof political prisoners
Emphasized commercial goodsEmphasized commercial goods overover
coal & steel productioncoal & steel production 
– Raised individual living standardsRaised individual living standards
dramaticallydramatically
– Maintained high economic growth.Maintained high economic growth.
Loosening of controls overLoosening of controls over
satellite countries in Eastern Europesatellite countries in Eastern Europe

44. Poland, Hungary…Poland, Hungary…
Loosening of Soviet Control of PolandLoosening of Soviet Control of Poland – 1956– 1956
– Wladyslaw Gomulka elected - almost triggered a Soviet invasionWladyslaw Gomulka elected - almost triggered a Soviet invasion
when Polish Communists elected him without consulting thewhen Polish Communists elected him without consulting the
Kremlin first.Kremlin first.
– Khrushchev backed down due to Gomułka's widespreadKhrushchev backed down due to Gomułka's widespread
popularity.popularity.
– Poland remained a member of the Warsaw Pact, but the SovietPoland remained a member of the Warsaw Pact, but the Soviet
Union intervened less frequently in Polish domestic and externalUnion intervened less frequently in Polish domestic and external
affairs.affairs.
Hungarian RevolutionHungarian Revolution – 1956– 1956
– Brutally suppressed by Soviet troopsBrutally suppressed by Soviet troops..
– About 25-50,000 Hungarian insurgents and 7,000 Soviet troopsAbout 25-50,000 Hungarian insurgents and 7,000 Soviet troops
were killed, thousands more were wounded, and nearly awere killed, thousands more were wounded, and nearly a
quarter million left the country as refugees.quarter million left the country as refugees.
– Public opinion blow to the Communists in international opinion.Public opinion blow to the Communists in international opinion.

45. Prague SpringPrague Spring - Czechoslovakia- Czechoslovakia
12 years after Hungarian tragedy12 years after Hungarian tragedy
Alexander DubcekAlexander Dubcek launched alaunched a
“democratic socialist revolution”“democratic socialist revolution”
– Supported Prague SpringSupported Prague Spring liberalliberal
movementmovement
– Promised peoplePromised people “socialism with a“socialism with a
human face”human face”
Put down by Soviet army, EastPut down by Soviet army, East
German, Bulgarian, Polish…German, Bulgarian, Polish…
Brezhnev Doctrine.Brezhnev Doctrine.

47. Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine
““USSR reserves the right to invade anyUSSR reserves the right to invade any
socialist country deemed to be threatenedsocialist country deemed to be threatened
by internal or external elements.”by internal or external elements.”
Reasserted SovietReasserted Soviet
control of Easterncontrol of Eastern
BlocBloc

48. Policy of “Policy of “DétenteDétente””
Late 1960’s – reduction in hostilities / relaxation ofLate 1960’s – reduction in hostilities / relaxation of
cold war tensionscold war tensions 
SALTSALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks– Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
– 1972 & 19791972 & 1979
Demise of Détente – Nixon & ReaganDemise of Détente – Nixon & Reagan
– US recognition of People’s Republic of ChinaUS recognition of People’s Republic of China
– US sells weaponry to PRCUS sells weaponry to PRC
– US into Vietnam, and aid to Afghanistan’s fightUS into Vietnam, and aid to Afghanistan’s fight
against USSRagainst USSR

49. Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev
Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation
Arms race with USA (Reagan’s StarArms race with USA (Reagan’s Star
Wars)Wars)
Restructured Soviet Union &Restructured Soviet Union &
unilaterally pulled out of Coldunilaterally pulled out of Cold
WarWar
– Brezhnev Doctrine outBrezhnev Doctrine out – each– each
country make own decisionscountry make own decisions
 collapse / overthrow of Sovietcollapse / overthrow of Soviet
regimes: Poland, Bulgaria,regimes: Poland, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia,Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Romania, East GermanyRomania, East Germany

50. ““Velvet RevolutionVelvet Revolution””
Swept Communists out ofSwept Communists out of
office and restoredoffice and restored
democracy in 1990.democracy in 1990.
9 November, 1989 – Traffic9 November, 1989 – Traffic
between East & West Berlinbetween East & West Berlin
openedopened
– East Berliners tore down theEast Berliners tore down the
wallwall

51. GORBACHEVGORBACHEV
PerestroikaPerestroika ––
““Restructuring” /Restructuring” /
decentralizing ofdecentralizing of
Soviet economySoviet economy
GlastnostGlastnost ––
““Opening” of SovietOpening” of Soviet
society to publicsociety to public
criticism andcriticism and
admission of pastadmission of past
mistakesmistakes

52. Boris YeltzinBoris Yeltzin
Dismantled the CommunistDismantled the Communist
PartyParty
Pushed Russia toward market-Pushed Russia toward market-
oriented reformsoriented reforms
------------------------------------------------
Soviet flag replaced by RussianSoviet flag replaced by Russian
flagflag
– 26 December, 199126 December, 1991
Yeltzin replaced by Putin,Yeltzin replaced by Putin,
whose policies were morewhose policies were more
repressive…repressive…

53. Dmitry MedvedevDmitry Medvedev
On 7 May 2008, DmitryOn 7 May 2008, Dmitry
Medvedev took office as thirdMedvedev took office as third
President of the RussianPresident of the Russian
FederationFederation..
Pres. Singh, Medvedev, Hu Jintao, Lula

54. The Soviet Union hadThe Soviet Union had
become an “Empire…”become an “Empire…”
The “Revolution” was over.The “Revolution” was over.