2. Started with AGRICULTUREStarted with AGRICULTURE
Second LargestSecond Largest
transformationtransformation of life onof life on
planet!planet!
Began where the largestBegan where the largest
transformation left off…withtransformation left off…with
AGRICULTURE!AGRICULTURE!

3. 1.1. Agriculture Became anAgriculture Became an
Industry!Industry!
MachinesMachines 
 Production UPProduction UP
 Fewer Ag. Workers:Fewer Ag. Workers:
beginning of the end for thebeginning of the end for the
““family farm”family farm”
 Reaper – Cyrus McCormackReaper – Cyrus McCormack
 Cotton Gin – Eli WhitneyCotton Gin – Eli Whitney
 Tractor – John DeereTractor – John Deere
Benefit: the the Masses

4. Innovations:Innovations: IndustryIndustry
Cotton/Textile Industry:Cotton/Textile Industry:
 Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny,
Spinning mule, …power loom
 Sewing Machine – Isaac Singer
Bessemer ConverterBessemer Converter -- 18551855
(converted iron to steel)(converted iron to steel) Henry
Bessemer (Eiffel Tower made of iron, however)
Internal CombustionInternal Combustion
EngineEngine –– 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler
Gasoline EngineGasoline Engine
Portland CementPortland Cement
Vulcanized Rubber- CharlesVulcanized Rubber- Charles
GoodyearGoodyear
Revolutionary
Revolutionary NewNew
Products,
Products,
Materials, Methods
Materials, Methods
of Production!!
of Production!!
Benefit: the Masses

5. Innovations:Innovations: CommunicationCommunicationTelegraph – 1837
Samuel Morse
Telephone – 1876
Alexander Graham Bell
Radio - 1890’s
Marconi Guglielmo
Typewriter – late 1800’s
Christopher Latham Sholes
Camera – 1800’s
Johann Zhan, George Eastman
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
Communication!
Communication!
Benefit: the masses

6. Innovations: TransportationInnovations: Transportation
Steam Engine – James Watt
Steamboat – Robert Fulton
Steam Locomotive- 1815 -
George Stephenson
Pneumatic Tire (air filled)
Bicycle
Dirigible Airship
Hot-air balloon
Airplane
FASTFASTTRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
&COMMUNICATION!!
&COMMUNICATION!!
Benefit: the masses

7. “Industrialization” Continues:
More recently…
TelevisionTelevision
1927 – 14-yr-old Mormon boy,
Philo T. Farnsworth
ComputerComputer
 A lot of people involved! History records Charles Babbage as the first to
use them in a meaningful way.. “Difference Engine”- 1822.
 1930- Vannevar Bush –– 1st
general purpose analogue computer solved
differential equations & used in WWII to aim guns. Hand operated, no
electronic parts.

First completely electronic computer:First completely electronic computer: COLOSSUSCOLOSSUS
 England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret untilEngland, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret until
1970.1970.
 It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. & weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds.
 Took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.
Cell PhoneCell Phone
 Dr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phoneDr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phone
Benefit: the masses

8. Industrial Revolution BasicsIndustrial Revolution Basics
New Sources of EnergyNew Sources of Energy
Mechanization!Mechanization!
Increased standard of livingIncreased standard of living
New Work PatternsNew Work Patterns
New Social PatternsNew Social Patterns
Urbanization!Urbanization!
Effects of Change:Effects of Change:
 GB, USA, Russia, LatinGB, USA, Russia, Latin
AmericaAmerica
Write this down!!!Write this down!!!

9. EnergyEnergy
COALCOAL
 GB, Germany, USAGB, Germany, USA
STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship LinesSTEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines
linked Mercantilist /Imperial world
OILOIL (Later)(Later)
Benefit: the masses

10. WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?
Agricultural output high-Agricultural output high-
adopted new technologiesadopted new technologies
Large UrbanizedLarge Urbanized
Population; GuildsPopulation; Guilds
disableddisabled
Abundant coal & iron oreAbundant coal & iron ore
Less affected by EuropeanLess affected by European
wars (ie: Napoleon)wars (ie: Napoleon)
Infrastructure: NavigableInfrastructure: Navigable
rivers & canals, roads,rivers & canals, roads,
then railroads.then railroads.
Advanced banking &Advanced banking &
financial institutionsfinancial institutions
Supportive governmentSupportive government

11. 2.2. New Labor - SavingNew Labor - Saving
TechniquesTechniques
Artisan work replaced byArtisan work replaced by
MECHANIZATIONMECHANIZATION::
 Factories replaced Putting OutFactories replaced Putting Out
System/Cottage Industries/Proto-System/Cottage Industries/Proto-
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Benefit: the masses

12. Calico Cotton ProductionCalico Cotton Production
Cotton from American colonies.
1733 - John Kay’s Flying Shuttle:
faster of weaving process Pressure for faster
way to spin thread…make fabric…Power
Loom… Meanwhile, colonies independent and
demand was higher than EVER!
INDIA! First as trade partner,
later as colony.
Trade , Technology & ImperialismTrade , Technology & Imperialism
Tied Together!Tied Together!
Benefit: the masses

13. Revolution in Production Methods:Revolution in Production Methods:
Changed What was produced, WHO worked, HOW, and
WHERE… Write this down!!
InterchangeableInterchangeable
PartsParts
 Eli WhitneyEli Whitney
InterchangeableInterchangeable
PEOPLE: ProductionPEOPLE: Production
LineLine
 Henry FordHenry Ford
Steel technologySteel technology
 Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer Benefit: the masses

14. 3. Increased Standard ofIncreased Standard of
LivingLiving
Across ALL CLASSES!Across ALL CLASSES!
Faster Transportation & Lower PricesFaster Transportation & Lower Prices
 RRiissiinngg EExxppeeccttaattiioonnss!!
  Cheaper Consumer Goods over time forCheaper Consumer Goods over time for
massesmasses
Benefit: the masses

15. 6.6. UrbanizationUrbanization
MIGRATION!!MIGRATION!!
 To industrializing cTo industrializing c ountries, and fromountries, and from
countryside to city.countryside to city.
Large cities struggled to provideLarge cities struggled to provide
services:services:
 Water deliveryWater delivery
 Sewage disposalSewage disposal
 Police and fire protPolice and fire prot ectionection
 Public EducationPublic Education
 Health ServicesHealth Services
Benefit: the masses?

16. Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs DisappearedSeeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared
More Urban Dwellers!More Urban Dwellers!
UNSKILLEDUNSKILLED (From farms and(From farms and
abroad)abroad)
MoreMore EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE in city:in city:
housing, food... Saw &housing, food... Saw &
wantedwanted Consumer Goods.Consumer Goods.
ENTIRE FAMILYENTIRE FAMILY needed toneeded to
work just to get by.work just to get by.
Far from extended family,Far from extended family,
pressures buildpressures build ABUSE.ABUSE.
NO TIMENO TIME for rest, privacy;for rest, privacy;
expensive pastimes & vices.expensive pastimes & vices.
Benefit? Capitalists?

17. New Wealth & New PovertyNew Wealth & New Poverty
Middle ClassMiddle Class UrbanUrban
WorkingWorking PoorPoor
Managers,Managers,
Builders,Builders,
Retailers, Doctors,Retailers, Doctors,
Underemployed , Servants ,Underemployed , Servants ,
Uneducated/ UnskilledUneducated/ Unskilled

18. New Social ClassesNew Social Classes
AristocracyAristocracy
 Retained wealth, lost political powerRetained wealth, lost political power
New Aristocracy = Giants of IndustryNew Aristocracy = Giants of Industry
 Entrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – investedEntrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – invested
in new technologiesin new technologies
 Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!
 Lived in Suburbs or CountrysideLived in Suburbs or Countryside
Middle Class – stuck in the middleMiddle Class – stuck in the middle
 Managers, accountants, ministers, teachersManagers, accountants, ministers, teachers
lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.
 YearnedYearned to join the upper class; fearedto join the upper class; feared
falling to the working class.falling to the working class.
 Lived in SuburbsLived in Suburbs
Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!
 Factory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducatedFactory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducated
 Also poor farmers in countrysideAlso poor farmers in countryside

19. Women’s “Place” in SocietyWomen’s “Place” in Society
Middle Class:
 Emotional haven for husbands;
 refuge from rat race
 Moral center of family – church
 Charitable activities
 Judicious & frugal shoppers
Working Class:
 Mills, domestic servants…
 After marriage may not work
outside of home due to…?

20. 4.4. New Patterns of WorkNew Patterns of Work
(You already know this)(You already know this)
Rigid timetables,Rigid timetables,
Strict discipline,Strict discipline,
Fines,Fines,
Lack of Sanitation,Lack of Sanitation,
Lack of transportation,Lack of transportation,
Few breaks.Few breaks.
Child LaborChild Labor
Long hours ofLong hours of
tedious, dangerous worktedious, dangerous work ..
Benefit…?

21. Factories Replaced Putting OutFactories Replaced Putting Out
SystemSystem
Centralized location.Centralized location.
ConstantConstant ManagerialManagerial
Supervision.Supervision.
Gulf between owner,Gulf between owner,
management, worker.management, worker.
Pace & structure ofPace & structure of
work changed.work changed.
Artisan class inArtisan class in
jeopardyjeopardy 
Luddites.Luddites.

22. Reaction to Change?Reaction to Change?
1. Luddites!1. Luddites!

23. Fewer FarmersFewer Farmers
Food more nutritiousFood more nutritious
MachinesMachines – more power to do more work faster,– more power to do more work faster,
so didn’t need so many Farm Workers.so didn’t need so many Farm Workers.
Increased populationIncreased population
 due to decreased mortality (not increased births)due to decreased mortality (not increased births) 
 needed to leave the farm… move to the city.needed to leave the farm… move to the city.
Worked with extended family, at home, receivedWorked with extended family, at home, received
guests, tookguests, took breaks…time was their ownbreaks…time was their own…Began…Began
to hireto hire seasonal farm workersseasonal farm workers ..
Did not see or want consumer goodsDid not see or want consumer goods
Fresh air, sanitaryFresh air, sanitary

24. 5. Rising5. Rising
CompartimentalizationCompartimentalization
LONGER, LONLIER
WORK DAYS
Separation of Work Life
& Home Life for the first
time
Separate spheres for
men, women, children
Nuclear family
What was the effect?

25. Compartmentalization ofCompartmentalization of
ModernModern SOCIETYSOCIETY
TrainTrain Rise ofRise of
SuburbSuburb
 Workers watchedWorkers watched
rich get richerrich get richer atat
their expensetheir expense::

26. DEMOGRAPHY
• What can it tell us about a society?
• To what extent is it PREDICTIVE?
“Using Math in Social Studies”
See Class Demography Hand-out

27. Charting Population InformationCharting Population Information
““Population Pyramid”Population Pyramid”
 Sex, Age “cohorts”Sex, Age “cohorts”
Traditional Population

28. The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?

29. Explanation?Explanation?
Ramifications?Ramifications?
INDUSTRIAL
Pre-Industrial

30. What Generalizat ions can we make?

31. Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition
USA, UK
thing happens to population
as nations industrialize… What ? W

33. Too much change…Too much change…
Too FAST!Too FAST!
1. Mainstream Reform:1. Mainstream Reform:
Britain, USBritain, US
2. Dreamers:2. Dreamers:
Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists
Evolutionary SocialistsEvolutionary Socialists

34. 2. Artists,2. Artists,
andand
NovelistsNovelists
likelike
CharlesCharles
DickensDickens
andand
SinclairSinclair
LewisLewis
exposedexposed
thethe squalidsqualid
life inlife in
industrialindustrial
cities…cities…

35. 6.6.Reaction to Abuses ofReaction to Abuses of
Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:
Reform MovementReform Movement
Britain:Britain:
Slave Trade
outlawed,1807
Slavery outlawed in England, 1833
Factory Act of 1883Factory Act of 1883
 Limiting work hours
 Restricting children from working in factories
 Safer, cleaner factories
Socialist
SocialistAnswer
Answer
Benefited the Masses

36. 7. USA – Reaction to Abuses7. USA – Reaction to Abuses
Labor Movement:Labor Movement:
Left market mostly free to police itself
Some government oversight & regulation
Labor UnionsLabor Unions
Slavery outlawed
NeedNeed
Consumers,Consumers,
Not SlavesNot Slaves!!
CAPITALIS
CAPITALISTT
Answer
AnswerBenefitted the Masses
& Protected the Capitalists

37. Other Reactions toOther Reactions to
Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:
8.8. Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists ::
Restructure societyRestructure society  equitableequitable..
Robert OwenRobert Owen – changed squalid– changed squalid
Scottish town ofScottish town of New LanarckNew Lanarck intointo
model industrial communitymodel industrial community
 Raised wagesRaised wages
 Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17;Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17;
 spacious housing;spacious housing;
 Store that sold goods at FAIR pricesStore that sold goods at FAIR prices
 100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent
to school, not factoryto school, not factory
 Blue Print for Socialists/ProgressivesBlue Print for Socialists/Progressives

38. 9. Revolutionary &9. Revolutionary &
Evolutionary Socialists:Evolutionary Socialists:
Karl MarxKarl Marx (1818-1883)
 German economist & philosopher; lived
in poverty
 Seeking to uncover “natural laws” of society
 Das Kapital
 Communist Manifesto (with Engels)
 ““History of all hitherto existing society isHistory of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggle”the history of class struggle”
 Capitalism exploits workers… When they finally realize this,
 Workers will revolt and take control of production (example:
Luddities?)…Dialectical Materialism.

39. ““From each according to ability; to eachFrom each according to ability; to each
according to need.”according to need.”
““Religion is the opiate of the masses.”Religion is the opiate of the masses.”
“The workers of the world have nothing to lose, but their
chains. Workers of the world unite!”
““Democracy is the roadDemocracy is the road
to Socialism.”to Socialism.”
“…Great social changes are impossible without
feminine upheaval. Social progress can be
measured exactly by the social position of the
fair sex…”
“The Internationale:” “The International
Working class shall free the human race…”

40. 10. IMMIGRATION10. IMMIGRATION
ImmigrantsImmigrants arrived in Americas toarrived in Americas to
dodo ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!
 50 Million from 1800 – 1920 to50 Million from 1800 – 1920 to
North & South AmericaNorth & South America
Industrial Revolution drew people ….

41. MassiveMassive Migration to NewMigration to New
WorldWorld
1800 – 19201800 – 1920
50 Million Europeans50 Million Europeans
North & SouthNorth & South
AmericaAmerica
Fled:
 Irish potato famine
 Anti-Semitism in Russia
 Poverty, joblessness, poor working
conditions everywhere… but in the USA!
Why so WELCOME??

42. Russia:Russia:
RadicalizationRadicalization
Brutal Industrialization
Policies of Czar &
Boyars
Insurrection- 1905 – vs.
Industrialization
“Soviets” – representative
councils created by workers
1905 Czarist Reforms
-Constitution,
-Nat’l Assembly- “Duma”
-Legalized trade unions &
Pol Parties
Too many wars, too many
losses! Too much abuse!
1917 Bolshevik Revolution –1917 Bolshevik Revolution –
LeninLenin
The most radical group led t he movement
f or “Peace, Land, Bread”
11.11.

43. 12. Latin AmericaIndependence Struggle had decimated countryside.
Liberal vs. ConservativeConservative Factions in conflict.
Regional conflicts & divisions.
CAUDILLOSCAUDILLOS – military
strongmen- protectors of order &
property (Santa AnaSanta Ana – Mexico)
CreolesCreoles owned most land & means of production-
1% - Confiscated land from poor w Government help
ArmyArmy - Some Mixed Race – social mobility
ProfessionalsProfessionals - teachers, shopkeepers, artisans,
doctors, lawyers, office workers- 8%
90%90% = Mixed race, indigenous – impoverished, small
subsistence farms in rural areas; laboring in mines or
on haciendas of wealthy, later railroads, ports, few
factories.

44. Mexico: Revolution!Mexico: Revolution!
Dictator Porfirio DíazDictator Porfirio Díaz
Pancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata
 Peasant armies – seized land from hacendados
 10% population killed.
Transformed Mexico:
 - Constitution 1917
 - Universal Suffrage
 - Some redistribution of land
 - Stripped the Catholic Church of land in
 Mexico, & public education
 - Workers’ rights – minimum wage, 8-hr day
 - Restricted foreign ownership of property

45. Latin America:
“Dependent“Dependent
Development”Development”
Raw Materials shipped abroad
 Silver- Mexico; Copper- Chile; Tin- Bolivia; Nitrates &
guano- Chile; Rubber – Amazon;sisal – Mexico;
Bananas – Central America; Beef – Argentina; Cacao
– Ecuador; Coffee- Brazil; Sugar - Cuba
Europeanizing the elite population
Indirect Colonialism: Foreign
Investment
 - GB (Argentina), USA (Mexico) – railroads - to
transport raw materials to coasts
Direct Intervention:
 - Repeated US military intervention in support of
 American corporate interests in Central America for
 United Fruit Company, and in Cuba, Haiti, DR,
 Nicaragua, Mexico.
 - Panama Canal controlled by US.

46. THE ENDTHE END
Be sure to watch for our next feature presentation,
coming soon to a screen near you:
““Oh, that crazyOh, that crazy
Imperialism!”Imperialism!”
Starring Great Britain! In the role that
made her infamous!
…and introducing… UNCLE SAM as
United States of America! in his first
imperialist role outside of the
Americas!
With special guest appearances by France, BELGIUM, and
newly industrialized newcomers Germany and Japan!
Oh, That Crazy
Imperialism!