We will discuss the following: RSA Key generation , RSA Encryption , RSA Decryption , A Real World Example, RSA Security.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7QWJ13dgGs&list=PLKYmvyjH53q13_6aS4VwgXU0Nb_4sjwuf&index=7
This presentation is based on the paper :
"A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems" by R.L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for conveying information security.
The goal of Cryptography is to allow the intended recipients of the message to receive the message securely.
The most famous algorithm used today is RSA algorithm
We will discuss the following: RSA Key generation , RSA Encryption , RSA Decryption , A Real World Example, RSA Security.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7QWJ13dgGs&list=PLKYmvyjH53q13_6aS4VwgXU0Nb_4sjwuf&index=7
This presentation is based on the paper :
"A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems" by R.L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for conveying information security.
The goal of Cryptography is to allow the intended recipients of the message to receive the message securely.
The most famous algorithm used today is RSA algorithm
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm was developed by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976.
This algorithm was devices not to encrypt the data but to generate same private cryptographic key at both ends so that there is no need to transfer this key from one communication end to another.
Diffie – Hellman algorithm is an algorithm that allows two parties to get the shared secret key using the communication channel, which is not protected from the interception but is protected from modification.
traditional private/secret/single key cryptography uses one key
Key is shared by both sender and receiver
if the key is disclosed communications are compromised
also known as symmetric, both parties are equal
hence does not protect sender from receiver forging a message & claiming is sent by sender
Public Key Cryptography and RSA algorithmIndra97065
Public Key Cryptography and RSA algorithm.Explanation and proof of RSA algorithm in details.it also describer the mathematics behind the RSA. Few mathematics theorem are given which are use in the RSA algorithm.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
This report to document the RSA code and how it works from encrypting certain message to how to decrypt it using general and private keys which will be generated in the given code.
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm was developed by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976.
This algorithm was devices not to encrypt the data but to generate same private cryptographic key at both ends so that there is no need to transfer this key from one communication end to another.
Diffie – Hellman algorithm is an algorithm that allows two parties to get the shared secret key using the communication channel, which is not protected from the interception but is protected from modification.
traditional private/secret/single key cryptography uses one key
Key is shared by both sender and receiver
if the key is disclosed communications are compromised
also known as symmetric, both parties are equal
hence does not protect sender from receiver forging a message & claiming is sent by sender
Public Key Cryptography and RSA algorithmIndra97065
Public Key Cryptography and RSA algorithm.Explanation and proof of RSA algorithm in details.it also describer the mathematics behind the RSA. Few mathematics theorem are given which are use in the RSA algorithm.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
This report to document the RSA code and how it works from encrypting certain message to how to decrypt it using general and private keys which will be generated in the given code.
Enhanced RSA Cryptosystem based on Multiplicity of Public and Private Keys IJECEIAES
Security is one of the most important concern to the information and data sharing for companies, banks, organizations and government facilities. RSA is a public cryptographic algorithm that is designed specifically for authentication and data encryption. One of the most powerful reasons makes RSA more secure is that the avoidance of key exchange in the encryption and decryption processes. Standard RSA algorithm depends on the key length only to protect systems. However, RSA key is broken from time to another due to the development of computers hardware such as high speed processors and advanced technology. RSA developers have increased a key length or size of a key periodically to maintain a high security and privacy to systems that are protected by the RSA. In this paper, a method has been designed and implemented to strengthen the RSA algorithm by using multiple public and private keys. Therefore, in this method the security of RSA not only depends on the key size, but also relies on the multiplicity of public and private keys.
Nowadays cloud computing is emerging technology which gives open resources on the internet. It is offering large amount of data to the users and distributed data over the network. Cloud computing denotes sharing of resources rather than having local servers to handle applications. It provides services to servers, storage and applications over the internet. And this cloud computing environment is used by all small and large company users. Since all the data is stored in the cloud, backing it up and restoring the same is relatively much easier than storing the same on a physical device. Cloud computing provide a convenient way to work group of people together on a common project or applications in an effective manner. there are also many factors supporting cloud computing like virtualization process, distributed storage, fast and inexpensive server, broadband internet access etc.
But the major drawback is security in providing data over the internet. Each and every cloud searcher is raising a question to cloud provider that whether it contains security policies and procedures before hosting their applications. Due to poor security, there exists poor applications, data loss, hijacking, traffic etc. But the main issue is it does not have any security in distributing data. It becomes the main obstacle in cloud computing environment. So to enhance the security, so to protect the data, we proposed an algorithm called RSA algorithm. It is a new approach and it met the requirements of public key systems. By using this algorithm it will increase the data security This algorithm uses various data block size and various size keys. It has asymmetric keys for both encryption and decryption. It uses two prime numbers to generate the public and private keys. These two different keys are used for encryption and decryption purpose. This algorithm can be broadly classified in to three stages; key generation by using two prime numbers, encryption and decryption.
Many cryptographic asymmetric algorithms are available to solve data security issue in cloud. Algorithms hide data from unauthorized users. Encryption Algorithms have vital role in the data security of cloud computing. Examples of such algorithms are Diffie-hellman ,ECC,DSA,RSA etc. Since Diffie-helman algorithm is not for encryption or decryption but it enable two parties who are involved in communication to generate a shared secret key for exchanging information confidentially. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is only for smaller devices like cell phones. When Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is used, the process of creating the digital signature is faster than validating it. When RSA is used, the process of validating the digital signature is faster than creating it.RSA has two keys one public and the other is private, The public key is known to all, and the private key is kept secret and is mostly used in hybrid encryption schemes and digital signatures.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
ANALYSIS OF RSA ALGORITHM USING GPU PROGRAMMINGIJNSA Journal
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types. First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
Digital Signature Recognition using RSA AlgorithmVinayak Raja
• OBJECTIVE: Basically, the idea behind digital signatures is the same as your handwritten signature. You use it to authenticate the fact that you promised something that you can't take back later. A digital signature doesn't involve signing something with a pen and paper then sending it over the Internet. But like a paper signature, it attaches the identity of the signer to a transaction.
• PROBLEM SOLVED: Signer authentication , Message authentication, Non-repudiation , Message integrity
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot. Encryption does not itself prevent interference, but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
RSA is one of the most popular Public Key Cryptography based algorithm mainly used for digital
signatures, encryption/decryption etc. It is based on the mathematical scheme of factorization of very large
integers which is a compute-intensive process and takes very long time as well as power to perform.
Several scientists are working throughout the world to increase the speedup and to decrease the power
consumption of RSA algorithm while keeping the security of the algorithm intact. One popular technique
which can be used to enhance the performance of RSA is parallel programming. In this paper we are
presenting the survey of various parallel implementations of RSA algorithm involving variety of hardware
and software implementations.
Encryption is a technique that transforms a code from an understandable into an incomprehensible code. Many methods can be applied to an encryption process. One such method is RSA. RSA works by appointing on byte values. The value is obtained from character conversion to ASCII code. This algorithm is based on the multiplication of two relatively large primes. Applications of the RSA algorithm can be used in data security. This research provides RSA algorithm application on data security system that can guarantee data confidentiality. RSA algorithm is known as a very secure algorithm. This algorithm works with the number of bits in the search for prime numbers. The larger the bits, the less chance of ciphertext can be solved. The weakness of this method is the amount of ciphertext capacity will be floating in line with the number of prime numbers used. Also, to perform the process of encryption and decryption, RSA requires a relatively long time than other algorithms. The advantage of RSA is that complicated ciphertext is solved into plaintext.
Over this thesis, we did try to optimize tow major challenges of RSA policy:
1# Computational complexity.
2# Apology of unbreakability.
We use here multidimensional random padding scheme (MRPS) as an outer layer protection. RSA policy itself is inner or core layer but not ever unbreakable if additional layers are imposed. Here in this work, our MRPS scheme would able to ensure fully parametrized randomization process.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Empowering NextGen Mobility via Large Action Model Infrastructure (LAMI): pav...
Rsa Crptosystem
1.
2. Contents
Understanding Data & Information
What is Information Security?
What is Cryptography?
RSA cryptosystem
Introduction
Key generation Algorithm
Encryption & Decryption
Key Pair Generation Example
Implementation
Limitation
Conclusion
Reference
3. Understanding Data &
Information
What is Data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts
or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be
suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by
human or electronic machine.
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data so that it has
some meaningful values to the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and
actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must
be accurate, complete and in time.
4. What is Information Security?
Information Security is simply the process of keeping
information secure, protecting its confidentiality
availability, integrity, and non-repudiation.
Information Security Goals
Confidentiality - protecting information from being
disclosed to unauthorized parties.
Integrity - protecting information from being changed by
unauthorized parties.
Availability - to the availability of information to authorized
parties only when requested.
Non-repudiation - to confirm that the data is not
abandoned
5. What is Cryptography?
It is the art of protecting information by transforming it
(encrypting it) into an unreadable format, called cipher
text.
Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (or
decrypt) the message into plain text.
Cryptography systems can be broadly classified into
1. Symmetric Key System
Uses a single secret key to encrypt and decrypt
Ex-Data Encryption Standard(DES)
2. Asymmetric Key system
Uses a public key(known to everyone ) for encryption
and a private key(known to recipient) for decryption.
Ex-RSA, ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm), DSA (the Digital Signature Algorithm)
6. RSA Cryptosystem
RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography.
RSA stands for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard
Adleman(the publishers of the algorithm)
The RSA cryptosystem assumes that multiplying two
numbers is a simple process.
But factoring the products back into the original two
numbers is quite difficult to do computationally.
The difficulty increases as we use larger and larger
numbers.
7. Introduction
The system works on a public and private key system. The
public key is made available to everyone.
With this key a user can encrypt data but cannot decrypt it.
The only person who can decrypt it is the one who
possesses the private key.
It is theoretically extremely difficult to generate the private
key from the public key.
This makes the RSA algorithm a very popular choice in data
encryption
8. Key Generation Algorithm
Choose two large random prime integers:
Take p and q
Compute n and φ(n):
n = pq and φ(n) = (p-1)(q-1)
Choose an odd public exponent e, 1 < e < φ(n) such that:
gcd(e, φ(n)) = 1
Compute the private exponent d, 1 < d < φ(n) such that:
ed ≡ 1 (mod φ(n))
9. Key Generation Algorithm
The public key is (n, e) and the private key is (n, d)
The values of p, q and φ(n) are private.
e is the public or encryption exponent.
d is the private or decryption exponent.
10. Encryption & Decryption
Encryption
The encryption operation in the RSA cryptosystem is
exponentiation to the e th power modulo n:
c = ENCRYPT (m) = me mod n
The input m is the message.
The output c is the resulting cipher text.
Decryption
The decryption operation is exponentiation to the d th
power modulo n:
The message m can be found form the cipher text C by the
equation
m = DECRYPT (c) = Cd mod n
11. Key Pair Generation
Example
Take Primes:
p = 5, q = 11
Compute n:
n = pq = 55
Compute φ(n):
φ(n) = (p-1)(q-1)=40
Choose Public exponent e = 3:
Check gcd(3,40)=1
Compute Private exponent d:
d = 1/3 mod 20 = 7
12. Message Encryption Decryption
M M2 mod n M3 mod n C2 mod n C6 mod n C7 mod n
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 8 9 14 2
3 9 27 14 49 3
4 16 9 26 31 4
5 25 15 5 15 5
6 36 51 16 26 6
7 39 13 4 9 7
8 9 17 14 49 8
9 26 14 31 36 9
13. Implementation
This technique is widely being used on the
internet, military, government sites in addition to banks
and other financial institutions.
Also it is being used for
Disk encryption
Safe transformation of E-mail
Authentication process
Electronic Commerce
14. Limitation of RSA
Though so far RSA has not been broken but certain
attention must be given in the following cases
Not using small primes.
( because N could be easily factorised)
Not using primes that are very close.
(root of N will reveal how close they are)
Two people must not use the same N.
(if the two public exponents are co-prime, then the
message may be retrieved)
Message should not be observable of e th power.
(if the value of e is very small, then it is easy to find m)
15. Conclusion
It is one of the most heavily used asymmetric cryptographic
algorithms in the world make it the envy and the favorite of
many security professionals.
While the mathematics behind the algorithm are simple
enough to be relatively easily understood, the complexity
of dealing with very large prime numbers and the factoring
of even larger numbers into those primes is what makes
this encryption standard so resilient.