The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
Preparation for delivery of mother, baby and midwife and equipmentsDR MUKESH SAH
In addition to their delivery bags, midwives “carry” many other invaluable tools ... family planning, delivery preparation, postnatal counseling and breastfeeding. ... With this equipment, we can recover 80% of newborns. ... “Midwifery feels good when both the mother and baby come out of the labor ward alive.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Preparation for delivery of mother, baby and midwife and equipmentsDR MUKESH SAH
In addition to their delivery bags, midwives “carry” many other invaluable tools ... family planning, delivery preparation, postnatal counseling and breastfeeding. ... With this equipment, we can recover 80% of newborns. ... “Midwifery feels good when both the mother and baby come out of the labor ward alive.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
what is labor and what is the normal?
what are the signs of labor?
what are the stages of labor?
what are the mechanism of labor?
what are the factors that affect the labor?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Overview
While it takes nine months to grow a full-term baby, labor and delivery occurs in a matter of days or even hours. However, it’s the process of labor and delivery that tends to occupy the minds of expectant parents the most.
Read on if you have questions and concerns around the signs and length of labor, and how to manage pain.
Signs of labor
Labor has started or is coming soon if you experience symptoms such as:
increased pressure in the uterus
a change of energy levels
a bloody mucus discharge
Real labor has most likely arrived when contractions become regular and are painful.
Braxton Hicks contractions
Many women experience irregular contractions sometime after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Known as Braxton Hicks contractions, they’re typically painless. At most, they’re uncomfortable and are irregular.
Braxton Hicks contractions can sometimes be triggered by an increase in either mother or baby’s activity, or a full bladder. No one fully understands the role Braxton Hicks contractions play in pregnancy.
They may promote blood flow, help maintain uterine health during the pregnancy, or prepare the uterus for childbirth.
Braxton Hicks contractions don’t cause the cervix to dilate. Painful or regular contractions aren’t likely to be Braxton Hicks. Instead, they’re the type of contractions that should lead you to call your doctor.
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours.
Parturition, commonly known as childbirth or labor, is a natural and complex process through which a pregnant mammal gives birth to her offspring. This transformative event marks the culmination of the pregnancy journey, as the developing fetus is ready to transition from the safety of the mother's womb to the outside world. It is a remarkable phenomenon that involves intricate hormonal, physiological, and behavioral changes in both the mother and the fetus. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating process of parturition, exploring its stages, hormonal influences, and the significance of this event in the continuation of species.
Parturition is a highly regulated process orchestrated by the intricate interplay of hormones. During pregnancy, the uterus provides a nurturing environment for the developing fetus, surrounded by the amniotic fluid. As the pregnancy reaches full term, the fetus secretes a hormone called cortisol, which stimulates the placenta to produce another hormone called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins play a crucial role in softening and thinning the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, preparing it for dilation. Additionally, the secretion of oxytocin, commonly referred to as the "love hormone" due to its role in bonding and social behavior, increases in response to fetal cortisol levels. Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions, initiating the labor process.
Parturition can be divided into three distinct stages: the latent phase, the active phase, and the placental phase. The latent phase is often the longest and least intense, characterized by irregular contractions that help in the gradual dilation and effacement of the cervix. During this phase, the expectant mother may experience a release of the mucus plug, known as the "show," indicating the progress of the cervical changes.
The active phase marks the onset of more intense and regular contractions. Oxytocin levels surge, and the contractions become stronger, more prolonged, and closer together. This stage leads to rapid cervical dilation and the eventual transition of the fetus into the birth canal. As the contractions intensify, the mother may experience increased discomfort and a strong urge to bear down and push. The amniotic sac may rupture, leading to the release of amniotic fluid, commonly referred to as the "breaking of water." This rupture also serves to facilitate the descent of the fetus.
The fetus's position and presentation are essential during childbirth. Ideally, the baby's head presents first as it is the largest and most efficient part to pass through the birth canal. In some cases, the baby may present in a breech position (feet or buttocks first) or in other less common positions, requiring additional medical attention and possibly a cesarean section.
During the active phase, the mother's body releases endorphins, which act as natural painkillers and help the mother cope with the increasing intensity of contractions.
How to protect your eye?
With sunglasses? Mirror glasses? Tinted or polarized glasses?
What is right tint colour for you?
What are antireflection coat glasses?
what is the C-Section or Casarean delivery
Why does it done?
what are the risk and complications
how does it done
how to care of the mother after she back home?
What is the breastfeeding
why it is important ?
what's the advantages of it
whats the problems
what's the food should the mother eat or avoid during nursing
what is the Puerperium and Postpartum Period
what's the normal?
what's the abnormal Puerperium?
and what are the most common complications and how to manage it?
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) and Ectopic Pregnancysosojammoly
what is the Placental Abnormalities and
Hemorrhagic Complications during pregnancy
What is PPH and what is the management?
what is the ectopic pregnancy?
What is the normal placenta
what is the Placental Abnormalities and
Hemorrhagic Complications during pregnancy
What is APH
How to manage The Hemorrhage
I add more Information to the previous Slideshare of (Anemia)
I hope it will be more useful
What is Anemia in Pregnancy
how it affect the pregnancy
What are the types and risk factors
how to manage it
The 7 minute total body workout is a way to exercise to get maximum results with minimal investment. Just 12 exercises of 30 seconds and a brief 10 seconds period of rest.
Exercises can be done anywhere. You only need a chair and a wall. And of course motivation :)
Antenatal care is the clinical examination, observation, and follow up of the mother and fetus during pregnancy, for the purpose of obtaining the best possible health for the mother and child.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. The Labor
• Labor is the physiological process
in which products of conception
(the fetus, membranes, umbilical
cord, and placenta) is passed from
the uterus to the outside world
between 37 and 42 completed weeks
of pregnancy.
2
3. • The period begins with the onset of
regular uterine contractions (UCs)
and lasts until the expulsion of the
placenta; we called the Intrapartum.
• Delivery is the birth of baby itself.
• Delivery can occur in two ways,
vaginally or by a cesarean delivery.
3
4. Normal Labor Signs
1. Pre-labor (1 - 4 weeks before labor):
• Baby’s head drops down and
lightening feels
• Increased back pain and cramps
• Abdominal pain
• Joints feel looser
• Diarrhea
• Cervix effacement and dilation (opening
and thins out of cervix) 4
5. 2. Early labor (Hours before labor):
• Bloody show: vaginal discharge
becomes thicker and pink.
• Water breaks: rupture and break of
the amniotic sac.
• Uterine contractions (UCs): painful,
regular, strong contraction.
5
6. True vs. False Labor
6
FalseTrue
Irregular
Regular, become closer and
strongerContraction
May last 1 – 2 min.Last 30 – 60 sec.Timing
Upper abdomenLower abdomen and backContraction position
Go away with changing
position, walking, hot bath
Get stronger with changing
positionPosition
No changesDilation and effacementCervix
No significant changesDrops into pelvisFetus
7. Factors affecting Labor (5 P’s)
In every labor; there are five essential factors affect the
process. These are easily remembered as the five P’s:
1. Passenger: the fetus
2. Passageway: the pelvis and birth canal
3. Powers: the uterine contractions
4. Position: maternal postures and physical
positions
5. Psyche: the response of the mother
7
8. 1.Passenger (The Fetus):
The fetus relationship to the passageway is the major
factor in the birthing process. The relationship includes:
• Fetal skull and size
• Number of fetuses
• Position of feus
− Fetal lie: relationship of fetal spine to maternal spine;
longitudinal (vertical) or transverse (horizontal)
− Fetal presentation: part of fetus that enters pelvis first
− Fetal attitude: relationship of fetal body parts to each other;
flexion (normal) or extension (abnormal)
− Fetal position: fetal direction in the pelvis
− Fetal station: position of the baby's head relative to the lower
bone of pelvis called the ischial spines 8
13. 2. Passageway (The pelvis):
• The passage includes the bony pelvis, the soft
tissues of the cervix, and the vagina.
• The maternal pelvis is the greatest determinant in
the vaginal delivery of the fetus.
• During the first stage of labor, the cervix opens
(dilates) and thins out (effaces) to allow the baby
to move into the birth canal.
• The cervix must be 100 percent effaced and 10
centimeters dilated before a vaginal delivery.
13
16. 3. Powers:
• Powers refer to the involuntary Uterine
Contractions (UCs) and voluntary pushing of
fetus.
• Contractions are a tightening and relaxing of the
muscles in the abdomen and the back.
• Uterine Contractions have two major goals:
1. To dilate the cervix
2. To push the fetus through the birth canal
• After each contraction there is a uterine
relaxation that allows blood flow to the uterus.
16
17. 4. Position:
Maternal position during labor and birth.
5. Psyche:
The psychological state of the mother and her
response. We should give her the support and
health care, and allow the family to give her
the support.
17
19. Mechanism of Labor
In the normal labor; there are series of changes in position
and attitude of the fetus to accommodate himself to the
pelvic to pass easily through the birth canal:
1. Engagement
2. Descent
3. Flexion
4. Internal rotation
5. Extension
6. External rotation
7. Expulsion
19
20. 1. Engagement
The greatest diameter of the fetal head passes
through the pelvic inlet.
2. Descent
Movement of the fetus through the birth canal
during the first and second stages of labor
3. Flexion
The chin of the fetus moves toward the fetal chest
which reduce the fetal head diameter from nearly 12
to 9.5 cm.
20
22. 4. Internal rotation
The rotation of the fetal head until the longest
diameter of the fetal head match the longest
diameter of the maternal pelvic.
22
23. 5. Extension
The fetal head passes beneath the synthesis
pubis and passes out of the birth canal making
the crowning.
23
24. 6. External rotation (Restitution)
After the head has delivered, the shoulders
rotate internally to fit the pelvis.
24
26. The Stages of Labor
1. 1st stage (cervix dilation): begins with onset of
labor and ends with complete cervical dilation.
2. 2nd stage (baby delivery): begins with complete
dilation of cervix and ends with delivery of baby.
3. 3rd stage (placenta delivery): begins after
delivery of baby and ends with delivery of
placenta.
4. 4th stage (postpartum): begins after delivery of
the placenta and is completed 4 hours later.
26
27. First stage:
• This is the onset of labor to complete
dilation of cervix.
• A typical pattern for the latent phase
contractions begins by lasting about 40
seconds and coming every ten minutes. By
the time; the contractions will last for more
than a minute and come every 30 seconds.
27
28. First stage:
• This stage divided into two phases:
1. Latent phase: contractions become
frequent, very strong, and painful. Cervix
dilates about 4 cm.
2. Active phase: dilatation of the cervix from 6
to 10 centimeters. Contractions become
regular, longer, more severe, and more
frequent In most cases, the active phase is
shorter than the latent phase.
28
30. Second stage:
• It starts when the cervix is completely opened
and ends with the delivery of the baby.
• The second stage is often referred to as the
"pushing" stage when the mom push the baby
outside to the world.
• When the baby's head is visible at the opening of
the vagina, it is called "crowning."
• The second stage is shorter than the first stage,
and may take between 30 minutes to 3 hours for
a woman's first pregnancy.
30
32. Third stage:
• Is the delivery of the placenta; which
occurs after the birth of the baby and the
umbilical cord is clamped.
• Once the baby has been delivered, it may be
left for two to three minutes before cut the
umbilical cord.
• The mother may experience some bleeding.
• This stage usually lasts just a few minutes
up to a half-hour.
32
36. Fourth stage:
• The hour to four hours after delivery, and
sometimes for about six weeks, or with the
stabilization of the mother.
• The baby should be assessed and the
mother should have regular assessments
for uterine contraction, vaginal bleeding,
heart rate and blood pressure, and
temperature, for the first 24 hours after
birth.
36