This document provides an overview of normal labor, including:
1. It defines labor and the three stages of labor, and discusses mechanisms and signs of labor onset.
2. Intrapartum monitoring of both mother and fetus is described, including vital signs, fetal heart rate monitoring, and use of the partogram.
3. Management of the three stages of labor is outlined, including pain relief, monitoring, second stage delivery techniques, and third stage placental delivery.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing
The PPT contains detailed information about Abnormal uterine action, its classifications, causes, sign and symptoms and management.
Labour induction
Induction of labour
Guidelines on induction of labour
Guidelines on labour induction
induction of labour is not risk free
prostaglandins for induction of labour
Bishop score
Cervical ripening techniques
mechanical and pharmacological induction of labour
Post dates induction
options for cervical ripening
oral vs. vaginal misoprostol
advantages diadvantages and techniques for induction of labour
gynecology & obstetrics
Labour induction methods
review of guidelines for labour induction
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing
The PPT contains detailed information about Abnormal uterine action, its classifications, causes, sign and symptoms and management.
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
Uterine rupture - All you need to know.Sandeep Das
This presentation gives the detailed information about uterine rupture - definition, epidemiology, classification, signs and symptoms, prevention and management.
A serious pregnancy complication in which the placenta detaches from the womb (uterus).
Placental abruption occurs when the placenta detaches from the inner wall of the womb before delivery. The condition can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, stomach pain and back pain in the last 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Depending on the degree of placental separation and how close the baby is to full-term, treatment may include bed rest or a Caesarean (C-section).
This topic contains definition, incidence, types, causes, diagnosis, mechanism, management of occipito posterior position and deep transverse arrest and manual rotation of occipito posterior position
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
Uterine rupture - All you need to know.Sandeep Das
This presentation gives the detailed information about uterine rupture - definition, epidemiology, classification, signs and symptoms, prevention and management.
A serious pregnancy complication in which the placenta detaches from the womb (uterus).
Placental abruption occurs when the placenta detaches from the inner wall of the womb before delivery. The condition can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, stomach pain and back pain in the last 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Depending on the degree of placental separation and how close the baby is to full-term, treatment may include bed rest or a Caesarean (C-section).
This topic contains definition, incidence, types, causes, diagnosis, mechanism, management of occipito posterior position and deep transverse arrest and manual rotation of occipito posterior position
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Quick review for Orthopedic Doctors, i present this presentation during my residency for orthopedic doctors in Nationa Guard Hospital - Al Ahsa- Saudi Arabis
i present this lovely topic at Notional Guard Hospital in Al-Ahsa in the Orthopedic department.
hope you enjoy
Fahad Al Hulaibi
Orthopedic Resident
NGH-A
General talk about Anterior Cruciate Ligament tear.
it presented during my orthopedic rotation in KFUH.
under supervision of Dr. Balwi "sport injuries consultant"
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Normal labor
1. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Higher Education
King Faisal University
College of Medicine
Normal Labor
By/
Fahad AlHulaibi Mansour Al Omair
Ahmed Al Awwad Abdulaziz Al Barrak
2. Objectives
By end of this Tutorial, you will be able to :
Diagnose The Onset Of Labor .
Define Stages Of Labor.
Understand The Mechanism Of
Normal Labor.
Monitoring The Mother & The Fetus During
Labor.
Understand Management Of Normal
Labor.
3. 30 months
-
24 months
=
6 months
Or
24 weeks
“age of viability”
4. Definition
Labor:
Is the process whereby the product of conception are
expelled from uterian cavity after 24th week of
gestation.
5. Definition
Premature labour:
labour occurring before the commencement of the 37th
week of gestation
Prolonged labour:
labour lasting in excess of:
24 hours in a primigravida
&16 hours in a multigravida.
6. Onset of labour
The onset of labour is defined as
the time of onset of regular, painful
uterine contractions, which produce
progressive effacement and
dilatation of the cervix.
false labour: where the onset of
painful contractions is not
associated with progressive
dilatation of the cervix.
7.
8. The clinical signs of the onset of labour include:
1. The onset of regular, painful contractions that
produce progressive cervical dilatation.
2. The exhibition of a vaginal show - the passage of
blood stained mucus.
3. Rupture of the fetal membranes - may occur at the
time of onset of contractions or it may be delayed
until the delivery of the fetus.
9. Stages of labour
The First Stage
• onset of labour
start
• Cervix reached full
end dilatation
10. The Second Stage
• Cervix reached full
start dilatation
• expulsion of the fetus
end
11. The Third Stage “Placenta Stage “
• delivery of the child.
start
• expulsion of placenta.
end
12. The classic signs of placental separation :
1. show of bright blood.
2. apparent lengthening of the umbilical cord
3. elevation of the uterine fundus within the abdominal
cavity .
14. Mechanism of Normal labour
Engagement of the head normally occurs before the
onset of labour in the primigravid woman but may not
occur until labour is well established in a multipara.
Only 2/5th of the head will be palpable per
abdomen
Zero station on vaginal examination
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Mechanism of labour
1. Descent of the head provides a measure of the
progress of labour
Descent occurs throughout
labour
22. 2. Flexion of the head occurs as it descends and
meets the pelvic floor, bringing the chin into contact
with the fetal thorax.
Flexion produces
a smaller diameter
of presentation
(suboccipitobregmatic
diameter)
23. 3. Internal rotation:
The head rotates as it reaches pelvic floor and the
occiput normally rotates anteriorly from the lateral
position towards the
pubic symphysis
24. 4. Extension: The acutely flexed head descends to
distend the pelvic floor and the vulva, and the base
of the occiput comes into contact with the inferior
rami of the pubis.
The head now extends until
it is delivered. Maximal
distension of the perineum
and introitus accompanies
the final expulsion of the
head, a process that is
known as crowning.
25. 5. Restitution:
Following delivery of the head, it rotates back to be
in line with its normal relationship to the fetal
shoulders
6. External rotation: When the
shoulders reach the pelvic floor,
they rotate into the
anteroposterior diameter of the
pelvis. This is accompanied by
rotation of the fetal head so that
the face looks laterally at the
maternal thigh.
26. 7. Delivery of the shoulders: The anterior shoulder
is delivered first by traction posteriorly on the fetal
head so that the shoulder emerges under the pubic
arch.
The posterior shoulder is
delivered by lifting the head
anteriorly over the perineum.
This is followed by rapid
delivery of the remainder of
the trunk and the lower limbs
36. Auscultation
The heart rate should be recorded every 15 minutes
in the first stage and after each contraction in the
second stage, using a Pinard fetal stethoscope
Cardiotocography is not required when the labour
is classified as low risk.
However, there are specific indications for electronic
fetal monitoring.
37. Indications for continuous electronic
fetal monitoring
Maternal
Previous caesarian section
Pre-eclampsia
Post-term pregnancy
Prolonged rupture of the membranes
Induced labour
Diabetes
Antepartum haemorrhage Other maternal medical
diseases
39. Cardiotocogram
Components:
Base line fetal heart rate
Base line variability
Accelerations
Decelerations
Uterine Contractions
40.
41. Fetal Heart Rate
Normal Range
110-160 beats/min
More than 160 is tachycardia
Less than 110 is bradycardia
42. Baseline Variability
Normal Range
6-25
Increased (more than 25)
Early Hypoxia
Prolonged pregnancy
Decreased (less than 6)
Latehypoxia
Sleep
Vibro-acoustic stimulation
43. Accelerations
Transient increase in heart rate more than or equal
to 15 beats for more 15 seconds.
Assuring of good fetal health if present
44. Decelerations
Transient decrease in heart rate more than or equal
to 15 beats for more 15 seconds.
Normally not present.
Types (in relation to uterine contractions)
Early
Late
Variable
45. Early Decelerations
They are synchronous with uterine contractions.
The nadir of the deceleration occurs at the peak of
the contraction and the decrease in heart rate is
generally less than 40 beats/min.
46. Cont.
These decelerations are generally due to head
compression and are commonly considered to be
physiological.
They are a common form of deceleration seen in
labour
47. Late Decelerations
The onset of the slowing of heart rate occurs well
after the contraction is established and does not
return to the normal baseline until at least 20
seconds after the contraction is completed.
They are indicative of fetal hypoxia.
48. Variable Decelerations
Variable decelerations vary in timing and
amplitude, hence their name.
An early deceleration where the heart rate falls by
more than 40 beats/min is also classified as a
variable deceleration.
Types:
Mild:Total duration is >30 sec, or FHR >80 bpm
Moderate: FHR 80-70 bpm
Severe: FHR <70 bpm for more than 1 min
49. Cont.
The commonest cause is cord compression and the
changes may be considered to be pathological if
the cord compression is persistent
50. Uterine Contractions
Tocodynamometer
A pressure-sensitive tocodynamometer is placed around
the maternal abdomen.
The tocodynamometer measures only the frequency of
contractions, not their intensity or strength.
Intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC).
Thismethod allows internal monitoring of contractions.
IUPC measures both the frequency and strength of
contractions.
51.
52. Electrocardiogram
The fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) can be recorded
from scalp electrodes or by the placement of
maternal abdominal electrodes.
53. Two items are important:
Acidosis(T wave and QRS height)
Asphyxia (PR interval and RR interval)
The fetal ECG can also be used to identify the
nature of fetal arrhythmias.
54. Scalp stimulation test
The examiner rubs the fetal scalp during a digital
examination.
An acceleration is usually seen in the FHR tracing of the
uncompromised, nonacidotic fetus. The presence of an
acceleration is associated with an intact ANS and a
fetal scalp blood pH greater than 7.20.
If an acceleration is not obtained after scalp
stimulation, fetal scalp blood can be sampled to
measure the fetal pH or one can progress to immediate
surgical delivery.
55. Fetal scalp blood sampling
The fetal scalp is visualized through the dilated
cervix, and blood is collected in heparinized
capillary tubes
The normal fetal capillary pH is 7.25 to 7.35 in the
first stage of labor.
A fetal scalp pH greater than or equal to 7.20 is
reassurance that the fetus is not acidotic. Labor can
proceed for 20 to 30 minutes.
A pH of less than 7.20 may represent significant
acidosis. Delivery is thus indicated by vaginal delivery,
if possible, or cesarean delivery.
56. Others
Vibroacoustic stimuli (VAS). Fetus is stimulated by noise
for 1 second.
The presence of fetal accelerations in response to VAS is
considered reassuring.
The fetus is restimulated if no accelerations occur within 10
seconds. The VAS test may be repeated up to four times.
Normal fetal oxygen saturation: ranges between 35%
and 75%, If the fetal oxygen saturation remains above
30% during labor, fetal metabolic acidosis is excluded.
57. Partogram
Partogram is a graphical record of key data
(maternal and fetal) during labour entered against
time on a single sheet of paper.
58. Components
Fetal Parameters:
FHR
Statusof membranes or Amniotic Fluid
Moulding
Caput
59. Progress of Labor:
Cervical dilatation
Station of head
Uterine contractions: Frequency & Duration
Oxytocin:
Concentration /L
Infusion rate
Any other medicine & IV fluid
64. General principles of the management of
the first stage of labour :
• Observation and intervention if the labour becomes
abnormal by partogram .
• Pain relief during labour and emotional support for
the mother ( Narcotic agents , inhalational analgesia
and regional analgesia )
• Adequate hydration throughout labour.
65. Fetal monitoring in labour
• Fetal cardiotocography
• Basal heart rate
• Transitory changes
• The fetal electrocardiogram
• Fetal acid-base changes
• Scalp blood sampling
66. Management of the second stage
Delivery of the head .
Controlled descent .
Minimizing perineal damage.
Clamping the cord .
Evaluation of Apgar score.
67. Evaluation of the Apgar score
0 1 2
Colour White Blue Pink
Tone Flaccid Rigid Normal
Pulse Impalpable <100 >100
beats/min beats/min
Respiration Absent Irregular Regular
Response Absent Poor Normal
68. Management of the third stage
Recognition of placental
separation.
Assisted delivery of the
placenta with cord traction.
Routine use of oxytocic
agents with crowning of the
head.
69. References:
Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4th Ed