This document discusses the nature of the learner by examining the soul, mind, body, nervous system, muscles, and endocrine glands. It states that the human individual is composed of both soul and body, and that the soul and body exist in mutual dependence. It describes the soul as the principle of life and mental activity, and the mind as the source of conscious thought. It then explains the organization and functions of the nervous system, muscles, and endocrine glands that comprise the body and their relationship to mental processes.

1. THE NATURE OF THE LEARNER
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

2. The true notion of the human individual is
not the soul only, not the body only, but the
composite subject of soul and body which
constitutes the human person.
The soul and body exist in mutual
dependence.
It is essential that the teacher have and
accurate fundamental knowledge of both.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

3. THE SOUL AND MIND
 It is the ultimate internal principle by
which the body is animated
 It is the principle by which man
thinks, feels, and wills.
 It is the principle by which man lives
and moves, perceives and
understands.
 The soul does not differ from the
mind, for they are one and the same
reality
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

4.  The term soul is more comprehensive than the term
mind.
SOUL MIND
The term soul is used to
designate the principle and
substantial form of vital activity.
The term mind is used to signify
the source of mental activity.
The soul is the substantial form
of the body and communicates to
the body its very subsistence.
Mind is the ultimate internal
principle considered as the
subject of conscious or mental
states.
It is considered as the principle of
life itself.
It is considered as the source of
conscious life.
The soul is so united to the body
that through it the body receives
and possesses subsistence of
life.
It is the cause of life and the
functional activities of the body.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

5. THE BODY
 The body is the means of communication between
the outside world and the mind.
 It is necessary for the teacher to have a knowledge
of the organization of the body which is so
intimately connected with the mind.
 It is essential that educational psychology study
bodily conditions under which mental life actually
functions.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

6.  The reception of impressions from the outside
world, the organization and integration of nerve
impulses, their combination and distribution , their
facilitation and inhibition, are effected by the
nervous system.
 The nervous system is comprised of two divisions
cerebrospinal or central and the autonomic.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

7. CEREBROSPINAL OR CENTRAL
 The chief nerve centers of the
cerebrospinal are the spinal
cord and the brain masses.
 Spinal cord is the cylindrical
structure made up of a bundle
of nerve fibers and connections
which form a pathway to and
from the brain.
 Brain masses consist of those
parts of the cerebrospinal
division of the nervous system
which are contained within the
cavity of the skull
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

8.  The chief parts are the
medulla, the cerebellum,
and the cerebrum.
 Medulla is a direct
continuation of the upper
end of the spinal cord,
where the cord thickens on
entering the skull.
 The medulla contains nerve
centers which control and
regulate the rhythmic
processes of such vital
reflex functions as
respiration, digestion, and
the circulation of the blood.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

9.  The cerebellum lies back of
and above the medulla.
 It includes the coordination
of muscular movements, the
maintenance of equilibrium
 The activities of the
cerebellum do not enter
consciousness.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

10.  The cerebrum exceeds in size all other parts of the
brain.
 It occupies about two thirds of the cranial cavity and
forms one half of the weight of the brain.
 The cerebrum is composed of white and gray matters.
 The white matter consists mainly of nerve fibers and
constitutes the inner layer of the cerebrum.
 The gray matter, which is made up of nerve cells,
constituters the outer layers and is termed the cortex.
 The cortex contains three groups of areas which have
been assigned definite functions.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

11.  1. The sensory area are
transmitted neural
impulses stimulated in
the sense organs.
 2. The motor area are
initiated the movements
of skeletal muscles.
 3. The associating areas
are made the inner
connections between
sensory and motor
neuron.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

12. THE AUTONOMIC DIVISION
 It is composed of groups of nerves essentially
similar in construction to those in the brain masses
and in the spinal cord .
 It serves an important purpose in mental life, since
it is concerned with the control of the vital
processes of the body and is closely connected
with emotional response.
 RELATIONSHIP:
 The cerebrospinal division of the nervous system
governs the operation of the skeletal muscles.
Smooth muscles and the glands are directly
controlled by the autonomic division.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

13. THE MUSCLES
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

14.  Main motor organs of the body.
 Two types of muscles Skeletal
muscles and smooth muscles.
 Skeletal muscles which constitute a
considerable part of the body, and
vary in size from the large muscles in
the shoulders and legs to the small
ones attached to the eyes and vocal
organs.
 They are attached to the skeleton and
can, by alterations in form, bring
changes in the arrangement and
position of nearly all parts of the body.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

15.  smooth muscles function
in the operation of the
vital organs. They are
not affixed to the
skeleton, but surround
cavities tubes in the
body, as the blood
vessels and by their
movements control the
passage of substances
through these tubes.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

16. CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ENABLE MUSCLES TO
PERFORM THE FUNCTION THE FUNCTION OF
MOTION
 Irritability or Excitability- the
power to receive and respond
the stimuli.
 Contractibility – the power which
enables the muscles to change
shape so as to be come shorter
and thicker when they receive
impulses transmitted to them
through the motor nerves.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

17.  Extensibility- the power
which enables the muscle
to be stretched and or
extend its form.
 Elasticity- the power which
enables the muscle to
return to its original form.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

18. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla

19.  These glands secrete chemical substances which
play an important part in mental life and general
behavior as well as in growth, development and
physiological functions.
 These chemical substances are termed as
hormones.
 Hormone is a chemical substance, produced by a
specialized group of cells, which is transported to
some other area of the body where it has a specific
effect on a specific tissue.
By:Sem.PatrickJoyceRedulla