The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped with one nucleus, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, usually branched with one nucleus, and only found in the heart.
The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, controlling movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found within organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, controlling pumping. Muscles contract through interactions between the proteins actin and myosin, powered by ATP from cellular respiration. They enable functions like movement, posture, and heat generation. The major skeletal muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and gluteus maximus.
It's fun to learn MUSCULAR SYSTEM...
This is primarily a synthesis of the topic including the different types of Muscular System, their movement, functions, sample practical exercises, categories on how muscles got its names, examples of diseases and its causes and effects, and a fun trivia to motivate the class...
Enjoy! God bless you all :)
This document provides information about the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - and their functions, structures, and locations in the body. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle that enables movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in organs like the digestive system. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. The document describes muscle contraction, naming conventions for muscles, and some common muscular disorders.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
This document provides information on muscles, joints, and movement. It defines the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their functions. It describes muscle attachments via tendons and ligaments connecting bones. Various joints are defined, including hinge and ball-and-socket joints, and the basic movements they allow including flexion, extension, and rotation. Key muscles of the upper and lower body are identified along with their actions.
This document provides information on muscle tissue types, muscle structure, muscle attachments, muscle contractions, muscle fibre types and recruitment. It describes the actions of major muscles in the upper body (biceps, triceps, deltoid etc), core (rectus abdominis, external obliques etc) and lower body (gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings etc). It also discusses some considerations for special populations like young people, pregnant women and the elderly in relation to muscular changes.
This document provides information on muscle tissue types, muscle structure, muscle attachments, muscle contractions, muscle fibre types and recruitment. It describes the actions of major muscles in the upper body (biceps, triceps, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major), trunk (transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, erector spinae, external and internal obliques) and lower body (iliopsoas, gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior). It also discusses muscle changes that can occur in special populations like young people, pregnant women and older adults.
The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, controlling movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found within organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, controlling pumping. Muscles contract through interactions between the proteins actin and myosin, powered by ATP from cellular respiration. They enable functions like movement, posture, and heat generation. The major skeletal muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and gluteus maximus.
It's fun to learn MUSCULAR SYSTEM...
This is primarily a synthesis of the topic including the different types of Muscular System, their movement, functions, sample practical exercises, categories on how muscles got its names, examples of diseases and its causes and effects, and a fun trivia to motivate the class...
Enjoy! God bless you all :)
This document provides information about the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - and their functions, structures, and locations in the body. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle that enables movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in organs like the digestive system. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. The document describes muscle contraction, naming conventions for muscles, and some common muscular disorders.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
This document provides information on muscles, joints, and movement. It defines the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their functions. It describes muscle attachments via tendons and ligaments connecting bones. Various joints are defined, including hinge and ball-and-socket joints, and the basic movements they allow including flexion, extension, and rotation. Key muscles of the upper and lower body are identified along with their actions.
This document provides information on muscle tissue types, muscle structure, muscle attachments, muscle contractions, muscle fibre types and recruitment. It describes the actions of major muscles in the upper body (biceps, triceps, deltoid etc), core (rectus abdominis, external obliques etc) and lower body (gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings etc). It also discusses some considerations for special populations like young people, pregnant women and the elderly in relation to muscular changes.
This document provides information on muscle tissue types, muscle structure, muscle attachments, muscle contractions, muscle fibre types and recruitment. It describes the actions of major muscles in the upper body (biceps, triceps, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major), trunk (transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, erector spinae, external and internal obliques) and lower body (iliopsoas, gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior). It also discusses muscle changes that can occur in special populations like young people, pregnant women and older adults.
The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles that make up around 40% of body mass. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement. It has striations and contains fascicles and fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs, while cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood. Muscles contract through motor neurons stimulating the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Contraction enables functions like movement, posture, and heat production.
The muscular system is a complex network of tissues and organs responsible for movement, stability, and heat generation in the human body. Comprising more than 600 individual muscles, it enables various functions, including locomotion, posture maintenance, breathing, and circulation assistance. Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which are elongated cells capable of contracting and relaxing to generate force. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, facilitate voluntary movements, such as walking and lifting objects, under conscious control. Smooth muscles, found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels, perform involuntary functions like peristalsis and regulating blood flow. Cardiac muscle, exclusively present in the heart, sustains its rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The muscular system works in coordination with the skeletal, nervous, and circulatory systems to ensure efficient movement and overall bodily function. Regular exercise and proper nutrition are essential for maintaining muscular health and strength throughout life.
The anatomy and Physiology of the Muscular System .pdfaterbat07
The muscular system consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle that is attached to bones and controls voluntary movement. It has several microscopic structures including sarcomeres composed of actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other due to calcium release. There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body grouped into those that act on the head/neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. Examples include the masseter muscle for chewing and the biceps brachii for elbow flexion.
The document summarizes the three types of muscles in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and found in the limbs, cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, and smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs like the intestines. Each muscle type has distinct characteristics like fiber structure, nuclei number, and striation pattern. The document also discusses muscle contraction, types of responses, energy sources, and examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions.
The document defines three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and describes their characteristics. It then discusses the major muscles in the neck, face, back, and arms/legs. The neck muscles include the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, which control head movement and posture. Facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris control eye and mouth movement. Back muscles like the latissimus dorsi and erector spinae extend and control the spine.
The document summarizes the muscular system, classifying muscles as voluntary or involuntary and describing the three main types - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. It then discusses the muscles in different body regions, including the front and back limbs, trunk/head/neck, and provides a labeled diagram of cattle muscle groups. Key points covered are the functions of movement and life support, classifications of muscle types, and locations and actions of important muscles.
The document provides an introduction to the muscular system, including:
- The three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
- Skeletal muscle is voluntary and allows movement, while smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.
- Muscles are named based on size, shape, direction, location, number of origins, and action.
- The four major muscle groups are those of the head/neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities.
- Key functions of muscles include motion, posture, joint stability, and heat production.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
This document summarizes the three main types of muscle in vertebrates: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, found in limbs, and produces movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated but involuntary, found only in the heart. Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs. The document describes the structure, function, and characteristics of each muscle type in more detail. It also discusses muscle control and how muscles generate force through the sliding filament model of contraction.
Muscle tissue is composed of three main types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons and contracts to create movement at joints. Muscle contraction occurs when thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments in a repetitive process. Proprioceptors like muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs provide feedback to the brain about muscle length, tension, and joint position to enable coordinated movement. Reciprocal inhibition ensures opposing muscle groups contract and relax in synchrony during motion. Factors like genetics, prior activities, and yoga influence characteristic movement patterns.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons. It notes there are 206 bones in the adult human body and more in infants. The document outlines the two parts of the skeletal system, named the axial and appendicular skeletons, and describes the three types of joints. It also summarizes the components and functions of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissue.
L9 muscles of upper limb [Autosaved].pptxssuser31c469
The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and allow voluntary movement. They consist of bundles of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past each other, causing contraction. Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs around joints to enable movement. The muscular system includes three layers of skeletal muscles - superficial, intermediate and deep muscles of the forearm that flex the hand. Extensor muscles on the back of the forearm extend the hand. Intrinsic hand muscles control fine finger movements. Nerves stimulate muscle contraction while blood vessels supply muscles with oxygen and nutrients.
The document discusses the muscular system, describing four main types of vertebrate muscles and their functions. It focuses on axial muscles, including those in the trunk, tail, hypobranchial region, and tongue. In fish, axial muscles are segmented into myomeres, while tetrapods retain some evidence of segmentation. Epaxial muscles extend along the spine dorsally while hypaxial muscles include lateral body wall muscles and subvertebral muscles. Hypobranchial muscles originate in the pharyngeal region and migrate forward in tetrapods.
The document discusses the muscular system of aquatic vertebrates. It describes how lampreys have a more primitive muscular system compared to other vertebrates, with an eel-like body powered by axial musculature. Jawed fishes have a more advanced muscular system than lampreys but less complex than tetrapods. Their muscles include strap-like hypobranchial muscles that extend from the pectoral girdle to the visceral arches to open the jaws and pull down the gills.
1 GNM anatomy Unit _ 14 Muscular System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit XIV
Type, structure and functions of muscle
Origin, Insertion, and action of muscles
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscle cells or myocytes contain protein filaments called myofilaments actin & myosin that producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
Types of Muscles:
There are 3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle or “voluntary muscle” or striated Muscles is attached to bone, helps in movement & in maintaining posture.
Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle” or non striated muscles is found within the walls of organs and structures
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" found only in the heart.
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Skeletal muscle consist plasma membrane is called sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm & specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum that play important role in regulation of Calcium.
Cells contain many nucleus peripherally
It consist of number of elongated cells called muscle fibers or muscle cell , that consist of myofibrils (elongated protein molecules).
These Muscle fibers are arranged in bundle called fasciculi
Each muscle fibers covered by endomysium, each fasciculi covered by perimysium & the whole muscle is covered by epimysium.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or myoneural junction is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
Properties of skeletal muscle:
Excitability: this refers to muscle tissue being able to react to nervous stimulation.
Extensibility: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to lengthen when contracting
Elasticity: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to return to its normal resting length once it has been stretched.
Contractility: this refers to the capacity of a muscle to contract or shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones
Muscle contraction:
Muscle use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction.
In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves
Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with.
All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic contractions maintain constant force or tone in the muscle as the muscle length changes
Isometric contractions changes in force without changing the length of the muscle
Muscle tone is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest.
Function of skeletal muscles
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Constriction of organs and vess
This document provides an overview of prana and pranayama from classical yoga texts. It defines prana as the vital life force that sustains all of creation. Pranayama practices were developed by yogis to access the pranic field for balancing the body and controlling the mind to attain higher states of consciousness. The three stages of pranayama - inhalation, retention and exhalation - are used in different permutations and directions to produce various pranayama techniques. Pranayama aims to clear blockages in the nadis (energy channels) and awaken the chakras to utilize our full energy, mind and consciousness potential.
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The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles that make up around 40% of body mass. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement. It has striations and contains fascicles and fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs, while cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood. Muscles contract through motor neurons stimulating the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Contraction enables functions like movement, posture, and heat production.
The muscular system is a complex network of tissues and organs responsible for movement, stability, and heat generation in the human body. Comprising more than 600 individual muscles, it enables various functions, including locomotion, posture maintenance, breathing, and circulation assistance. Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which are elongated cells capable of contracting and relaxing to generate force. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, facilitate voluntary movements, such as walking and lifting objects, under conscious control. Smooth muscles, found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels, perform involuntary functions like peristalsis and regulating blood flow. Cardiac muscle, exclusively present in the heart, sustains its rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The muscular system works in coordination with the skeletal, nervous, and circulatory systems to ensure efficient movement and overall bodily function. Regular exercise and proper nutrition are essential for maintaining muscular health and strength throughout life.
The anatomy and Physiology of the Muscular System .pdfaterbat07
The muscular system consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle that is attached to bones and controls voluntary movement. It has several microscopic structures including sarcomeres composed of actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other due to calcium release. There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body grouped into those that act on the head/neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. Examples include the masseter muscle for chewing and the biceps brachii for elbow flexion.
The document summarizes the three types of muscles in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and found in the limbs, cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, and smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs like the intestines. Each muscle type has distinct characteristics like fiber structure, nuclei number, and striation pattern. The document also discusses muscle contraction, types of responses, energy sources, and examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions.
The document defines three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and describes their characteristics. It then discusses the major muscles in the neck, face, back, and arms/legs. The neck muscles include the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, which control head movement and posture. Facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris control eye and mouth movement. Back muscles like the latissimus dorsi and erector spinae extend and control the spine.
The document summarizes the muscular system, classifying muscles as voluntary or involuntary and describing the three main types - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. It then discusses the muscles in different body regions, including the front and back limbs, trunk/head/neck, and provides a labeled diagram of cattle muscle groups. Key points covered are the functions of movement and life support, classifications of muscle types, and locations and actions of important muscles.
The document provides an introduction to the muscular system, including:
- The three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
- Skeletal muscle is voluntary and allows movement, while smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.
- Muscles are named based on size, shape, direction, location, number of origins, and action.
- The four major muscle groups are those of the head/neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities.
- Key functions of muscles include motion, posture, joint stability, and heat production.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
This document summarizes the three main types of muscle in vertebrates: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, found in limbs, and produces movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated but involuntary, found only in the heart. Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs. The document describes the structure, function, and characteristics of each muscle type in more detail. It also discusses muscle control and how muscles generate force through the sliding filament model of contraction.
Muscle tissue is composed of three main types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons and contracts to create movement at joints. Muscle contraction occurs when thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments in a repetitive process. Proprioceptors like muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs provide feedback to the brain about muscle length, tension, and joint position to enable coordinated movement. Reciprocal inhibition ensures opposing muscle groups contract and relax in synchrony during motion. Factors like genetics, prior activities, and yoga influence characteristic movement patterns.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons. It notes there are 206 bones in the adult human body and more in infants. The document outlines the two parts of the skeletal system, named the axial and appendicular skeletons, and describes the three types of joints. It also summarizes the components and functions of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissue.
L9 muscles of upper limb [Autosaved].pptxssuser31c469
The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and allow voluntary movement. They consist of bundles of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past each other, causing contraction. Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs around joints to enable movement. The muscular system includes three layers of skeletal muscles - superficial, intermediate and deep muscles of the forearm that flex the hand. Extensor muscles on the back of the forearm extend the hand. Intrinsic hand muscles control fine finger movements. Nerves stimulate muscle contraction while blood vessels supply muscles with oxygen and nutrients.
The document discusses the muscular system, describing four main types of vertebrate muscles and their functions. It focuses on axial muscles, including those in the trunk, tail, hypobranchial region, and tongue. In fish, axial muscles are segmented into myomeres, while tetrapods retain some evidence of segmentation. Epaxial muscles extend along the spine dorsally while hypaxial muscles include lateral body wall muscles and subvertebral muscles. Hypobranchial muscles originate in the pharyngeal region and migrate forward in tetrapods.
The document discusses the muscular system of aquatic vertebrates. It describes how lampreys have a more primitive muscular system compared to other vertebrates, with an eel-like body powered by axial musculature. Jawed fishes have a more advanced muscular system than lampreys but less complex than tetrapods. Their muscles include strap-like hypobranchial muscles that extend from the pectoral girdle to the visceral arches to open the jaws and pull down the gills.
1 GNM anatomy Unit _ 14 Muscular System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit XIV
Type, structure and functions of muscle
Origin, Insertion, and action of muscles
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscle cells or myocytes contain protein filaments called myofilaments actin & myosin that producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
Types of Muscles:
There are 3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle or “voluntary muscle” or striated Muscles is attached to bone, helps in movement & in maintaining posture.
Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle” or non striated muscles is found within the walls of organs and structures
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" found only in the heart.
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Skeletal muscle consist plasma membrane is called sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm & specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum that play important role in regulation of Calcium.
Cells contain many nucleus peripherally
It consist of number of elongated cells called muscle fibers or muscle cell , that consist of myofibrils (elongated protein molecules).
These Muscle fibers are arranged in bundle called fasciculi
Each muscle fibers covered by endomysium, each fasciculi covered by perimysium & the whole muscle is covered by epimysium.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or myoneural junction is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
Properties of skeletal muscle:
Excitability: this refers to muscle tissue being able to react to nervous stimulation.
Extensibility: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to lengthen when contracting
Elasticity: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to return to its normal resting length once it has been stretched.
Contractility: this refers to the capacity of a muscle to contract or shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones
Muscle contraction:
Muscle use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction.
In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves
Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with.
All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic contractions maintain constant force or tone in the muscle as the muscle length changes
Isometric contractions changes in force without changing the length of the muscle
Muscle tone is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest.
Function of skeletal muscles
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Constriction of organs and vess
This document provides an overview of prana and pranayama from classical yoga texts. It defines prana as the vital life force that sustains all of creation. Pranayama practices were developed by yogis to access the pranic field for balancing the body and controlling the mind to attain higher states of consciousness. The three stages of pranayama - inhalation, retention and exhalation - are used in different permutations and directions to produce various pranayama techniques. Pranayama aims to clear blockages in the nadis (energy channels) and awaken the chakras to utilize our full energy, mind and consciousness potential.
The document discusses core muscles and core stability. It defines the core as the center of the body that functions to stabilize the trunk during movement. The core includes muscles of the hips, torso, and shoulders. A strong, stable core is important for preventing injuries and improving performance by allowing the efficient transfer of force throughout the body. Rather than exercises like crunches that involve large ranges of motion, functional exercises are recommended to enhance core stability, including planks, Russian twists, and alternating heel touches. Proper form and technique are important when building core stability.
The document discusses the concept and components of physical fitness. Physical fitness is defined as the ability to perform tasks efficiently without undue fatigue and with extra reserve. The main components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, body composition, flexibility, muscular endurance, and muscular strength. Additional components include speed, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, and power. Each component is defined and examples are provided to illustrate how they relate to physical activities and sports.
This document defines and provides examples of the 12 components of fitness: agility, balance, cardio-vascular endurance, co-ordination, flexibility, muscular endurance, power, reaction time, speed, strength, static balance, and dynamic balance. It categorizes them as either health-related components (cardio-vascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, body type) or sport-related components (agility, speed, reaction time, balance, co-ordination, power) and provides definitions and examples for each component. The document concludes with homework assignments applying the components to specific sports.
This document discusses muscular strength and endurance. It defines muscular strength as the amount of force one can exert and muscular endurance as the number of times one can lift a weight without fatigue. It notes benefits like improved body composition, bone density, injury prevention, quality of life, and enhanced self-image. Additionally, it distinguishes between static and dynamic exercises as well as concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.
This document discusses two types of muscle contractions: isometric and isotonic exercises. Isometric exercises involve muscle contractions without shortening or movement of the muscle, while isotonic exercises involve muscle contractions and movement. Some examples of isometric exercises provided are quadriceps and hamstring sets, shoulder internal rotation, neck exercises, hip abduction, and planks. Isotonic exercises allow for continuous movement of muscles and joints using equipment like weights or resistance bands. Benefits of both types of exercises include improved strength, posture, circulation and bone density.
Karma Yoga refers to the path of union with God through selfless action. It involves detaching oneself from the fruits of actions and offering them to God, which helps purify the heart and sublimate the ego. According to the Bhagavad Gita, Karma Yoga is the selfless devotion of inner and outer activities as a sacrifice to God. The law of karma states that every action produces a reaction and leaves an impression, and through Karma Yoga one can free themselves from these impressions and attain moksha.
The document discusses the basic concepts of yoga, including different definitions of yoga from spiritual, social, and scientific perspectives. It covers the origins and traditions of yoga throughout history. Key topics include the benefits of yoga for physical, mental, and spiritual health. Misconceptions about yoga are addressed. Vedic literature and the four paths of yoga - Raja, Jnana, Karma, and Bhakti - are also summarized.
The document provides information on various vitamins including their definitions, classifications, sources, characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and Vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, K). Key groups discussed include the B complex vitamins, Vitamins C, A, D, E, and K.
This document describes a physical fitness test that assesses several components of fitness. The test measures body composition through weight, height, BMI and waist circumference tests. It evaluates flexibility with the sit and reach and zipper tests. Cardiovascular endurance is assessed using the step test. Muscle strength is tested through 90-degree pushups, curl-ups and other exercises. Speed, power and agility are measured in events like the 40-meter sprint, basketball pass, standing long jump, and hexagon agility test. The document provides materials, procedures and scoring for each component of the physical fitness assessment.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe where it became popular in powder and liquid forms. The document also notes that modern chocolate production emerged in the 19th century with innovations that helped mass produce chocolate bars and other candies.
This document discusses the importance of breathing and respiration from both a scientific and yogic perspective. It covers:
1) The role of the respiratory system in exchanging gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells. Respiration occurs at the cellular and organism levels.
2) Yogic concepts of prana as the universal life force and different levels of pranic manifestation from minerals to humans. Pranayama involves controlling prana through breath control techniques.
3) Details of respiratory anatomy and the mechanics of breathing. It also discusses how pranayama techniques can balance the breath and expand awareness.
Posture is maintained through a balance of muscle contractions regulated by reflexes. The key reflex is the stretch reflex, where muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and signal the spinal cord to contract or relax muscles. There are two types of postural reflexes - static and statokinetic. Static reflexes maintain posture against gravity, while statokinetic reflexes allow for voluntary movement. Multiple areas of the central nervous system integrate these reflexes, including the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Vision and vestibular signals also provide important inputs. Together this network allows humans to maintain an upright stance through low levels of continuous muscle contraction adjusted by reflexes.
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The document discusses the skeletal system, including bone structure and types, bone growth and metabolism, and the 206 bones that make up the human skeleton. It describes how bones provide structure, support, and protection. Compact and spongy bone are discussed. The roles of red and yellow bone marrow are summarized. Joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles are also outlined. Assessment of the musculoskeletal system includes health history, physical exam of posture, gait, range of motion, and diagnostic tests such as x-rays. Common injuries like fractures, sprains, and strains are defined.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. Did you know that ?
- more than 50% of body weight
is muscle !
- And muscle is made up of
proteins and water
3.
4. The Muscular System
• Muscles are responsible for all movement
of the body
• There are three basic types of muscle
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
5. Info About Muscles
• Only body tissue able
to contract
• create movement by
flexing and extending
joints
• Body energy
converters (many
muscle cells contain
many mitochondria)
8. Classification of Muscle
Skeletal-
found in limbs
Cardiac-
found in heart
Smooth-
Found in
viscera
Striated, multi-
nucleated
Striated, 1
nucleus
Not striated, 1
nucleus
voluntary involuntary involuntary
9. Characteristics of Muscle
• Skeletal and smooth muscle are elongated
• Muscle cell = muscle fiber
• Contraction of a muscle is due to movement
of microfilaments (protein fibers)
• All muscles share some terminology
– Prefixes myo and mys refer to muscle
– Prefix sarco refers to flesh
10. Shapes of Muscles
• Triangular- shoulder, neck
• Spindle- arms, legs
• Flat- diaphragm, forehead
• Circular- mouth, anus
12. Skeletal Muscle
• Most are attached by tendons to bones
• Cells have more than one nucleus
(multinucleated)
• Striated- have stripes, banding
• Voluntary- subject to conscious control
• Tendons are mostly made of collagen fibers
• Found in the limbs
• Produce movement, maintain posture,
generate heat, stabilize joints
13. Structure of skeletal muscle
• Each cell (fibre) is long and cylindrical
• Muscle fibres are multi-nucleated
• Typically 50-60mm in diameter, and up
to 10cm long
• The contractile elements of
skeletal muscle cells are
myofibrils
14. Skeletal muscle - Summary
• Voluntary movement
of skeletal parts
• Spans joints and
attached to skeleton
• Multi-nucleated,
striated, cylindrical
fibres
15. Smooth Muscle
• No striations
• Spindle shaped
• Single nucleus
• Involuntary- no conscious control
• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
16. Smooth muscle
• Lines walls of viscera
• Found in longitudinal or
circular arrangement
• Alternate contraction of
circular & longitudinal
muscle in the intestine
leads to peristalsis
18. Structure of smooth muscle
• Spindle shaped uni-nucleated cells
• Striations not observed
• Actin and myosin filaments are present(
protein fibers)
19. Smooth muscle - Summary
• Found in walls of
hollow internal
organs
• Involuntary
movement of
internal organs
• Elongated, spindle
shaped fibre with
single nucleus
20. Cardiac Muscle
• Striations
• Branching cells
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
• Usually has a single nucleus, but can have
more than one
21. Cardiac muscle
• Main muscle of heart
• Pumping mass of heart
• Critical in humans
• Heart muscle cells
behave as one unit
• Heart always contracts
to it’s full extent
22. Structure of cardiac muscle
• Cardiac muscle cells (fibres) are
short, branched and
interconnected
• Cells are striated & usually have 1
nucleus
• Adjacent cardiac cells are joined
via electrical synapses (gap
junctions)
• These gap junctions appear as
dark lines and are called
23. Cardiac muscle - Summary
• Found in the heart
• Involuntary rhythmic
contraction
• Branched, striated
fibre with single
nucleus and
intercalated discs
24. Muscle Control
Type of
muscle
Nervous
control
Type of
control
Example
Skeletal
Skeletal Controlled
by CNS
Voluntary Lifting a
glass
Cardiac Regulated
by ANS
Involuntary Heart
beating
Smooth Controlled
by ANS
Involuntary Peristalsis
25. Types of Responses
• Twitch-
– A single brief contraction
– Not a normal muscle function
• Tetanus
– One contraction immediately followed by
another
– Muscle never completely returns to a relaxed
state
– Effects are compounded
26. Where Does the Energy Come
From?
• Energy is stored in the muscles in the form
of ATP
• ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose
during Cellular Respiration
• This all happens in the Mitochondria of the
cell
• When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is
unable to contract because of lack of
Oxygen
27. Fast Twitch and Slow Twitch
Fibers
Fast Twitch vs Slow Twitch
28. Exercise and Muscles
• Isotonic- muscles shorten and movement
occurs ( most normal exercise)
• Isometric- tension in muscles increases, no
movement occurs (pushing one hand
against the other)
29. How are Muscles Attached to
Bone?
• Origin- attachment to immovable bone
• Insertion- attachment to a movable bone
• Muscles are always attached to at least 2
points
• Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
31. Muscle Attachments
• The origin is on the clavicle and sternum.
• The insertion is on the skull.
• When the muscle contracts it will shorten
the distance between the origin and
insertion.
• The head will move when this muscle
contracts.
37. More Types of Movement……
• Inversion- turn sole of foot medially
• Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally
• Pronation- palm facing down
• Supination- palm facing up
• Opposition- thumb touches tips of fingers
on the same hand
38. The Skeletal Muscles
There are about 650 muscles in the
human body. They enable us to
move, maintain posture and generate
heat. In this section we will only
study a sample of the major muscles.
40. Sternocleidomastoideus
• Sometimes called the sternocleitomastoid.
• It is the same neck muscle shown on the previous
slide.
• This muscle has two origins.
– The first origin is on the sternum manubrium.
– The second origin is on the clavicle.
• The insertion is on the mastoid process of the skull.
• Contraction of both sternocleidomastoideus muscles
will flex the head. If just one of the muscles contracts,
the head will rotate.
42. Masseter
• The masseter is one of major chewing
muscles.
• The origin of the masseter is on the
zygomatic arch.
• The insertion is on the mandible.
• Contraction of the masseter will elevate the
jaw.
44. Temporalis
• The temporalis is another chewing muscle.
– Note how it attaches on the side of skull.
• It also elevates the mandible.
• You do not need to know the insertions and
origins for this muscle
46. Trapezius
• The trapezius is a large muscle in the upper back.
• It attaches to the skull, shoulder and vertebrae of
the back.
• When this muscle contracts it will cause the head
to extend.
• It will also move the scapula.
• The direction the scapula moves depends on
which part of the trapezius contracts.
• The trapezius may elevate or depress the scapula.
48. Latissimus Dorsi
• The latissimus dorsi is a large muscle in the back.
– It is often referred to as a lat.
• It has origins on the vertebrae, ilium ribs and
scapula.
• The insertion is on the humerus.
– When it contracts it moves the humerus.
• It can extend, adduct and rotate the arm medially.
• This is the main muscle used in movement such as
pounding a nail with a hammer.
50. Deltoid
• The deltoid covers the shoulder and has the shape
of a delta.
• It has origins on the scapula and clavicle.
– The deltoid inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of
the humerus.
• Contraction of the deltoid will adduct the arm.
• If only the anterior fibers of the muscle contract it
will flex the arm.
• Contraction of the posterior fibers will extend the
arm.
52. Pectoralis Major
• The pectoralis major is a large muscle in the
pectoral region of the body.
• It has origins on the clavicle and sternum.
– The insertion is on the greater tubercle of the
humerus.
• Contraction of the pectoralis major will flex the
arm.
• It will also adduct and rotate the arm medially.
• The pectoralis major is used in movements such a
climbing, throwing and doing pushups.
54. Biceps Brachii
• The biceps brachii is located on the anterior side of the
upper arm.
• It is often just called the biceps.
– There is a biceps femoris in the leg we will study
shortly.
• The biceps has two origins. One origin is on the
corocoid process and the other on the Glenoid cavity of
the scapula.
• The “bi” in biceps refers to the two origins.
– It inserts on the radial tuberosity.
• Contraction of the biceps will cause flexing at the elbow
joint.
56. Triceps Brachii
• The triceps is on the back of the upper arm.
• It has three origins.
• Two origins are on the back of the humerus
and one on the scapula.
• The triceps inserts on the olecranon.
• Movement of the triceps will extend the
elbow joint.
58. Rectus Abdominus
• Rectus abdominus is a long muscle in the
abdomen.
• The muscle originates on the pubis.
• It inserts on the xiphoid process of the
sternum and also on cartilage of the ribs.
• When rectus abdominus contracts it will
flex the abdomen.
60. External Oblique
• Another muscle in the abdomen is the
external oblique.
• It has muscle fibers that run in an oblique
direction across the abdomen.
• Contraction of the external oblique will
compress the abdomen.
62. External Intercostals
• There are two groups of muscles that run
between the ribs.
• The first are the external intercostals.
• They will elevate the ribs.
66. Diaphragm
• This is an inferior view of the diaphragm.
• This muscle separates the abdominal cavity
from the thoracic cavity.
• When it contracts it will cause inspiration.
70. Gluteus Maximus
• The large muscle on the posterior side of
the body at the top of each leg is the gluteus
maximus.
• The gluteus maximus originates on the
ilium, sacrum and coccyx.
• It inserts on the gluteal tuberosity of the
femur.
• This muscle will extend and rotate the thigh
laterally.
72. Rectus Femoris
• Rectus femoris is located on the anterior
side of the thigh.
• It originates on the ilium.
• The insertion is on the patella and the tibial
tuberosity.
• When rectus femoris contracts it will flex
the thigh and extend the lower leg.
76. Sartorius
• Sartorius is a long, strap like muscle.
• It originates on the anterior superior iliac
spine of the ilium.
• The insertion is on the medial side of the
tibia.
• Contraction of the sartorius flexes the thigh
and rotates the thigh laterally.
• This is the muscle used when crossing the
legs to sit on the floor.
78. Biceps Femoris
• Biceps femoris is one of the hamstring
muscles.
• The origin is on the ischial tuberosity.
• Biceps femoris inserts on the tibia and
fibula.
• This muscle extends the thigh and flexes the
lower leg.
80. Gastrocnemius
• Gastrocnemius is commonly called the calf
muscle.
• It originates on the distal end of the femur.
• The insertion is on the calcaneus bone of
the foot.
• It will cause plantar flexion of the foot and
also flex the lower leg.