The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal, muscular and articular systems working together for body movement. The skeletal system includes bones and joints, with the axial skeleton forming the central core and appendicular skeleton in the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and attach muscles. There are several bone types classified by shape and composition. Bones are living tissues that continuously remodel through the actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The skeletal system can be affected by diseases like osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rickets/osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, developmental abnormalities, and bone tumors.

1. WELCOME

2. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Ms.jinchupaul

3. • The musculoskeletal
system is a combination
of the skeletal,
muscular and articular
systems of the body and
is responsible for the
movement and
locomotion of the body.

4. SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Bony framework
• Protects body
structures
• Forms cavities and
fossae
• Forms joints
• Gives attachment to
muscles

5. Skeletal system
• Parts
– Axial skeleton
– Appendicular skeleton

6. bone
• Bone is a strong and durable type of
connective tissue.

7. FUNCTIOS OF BONES
• 1. provision of frame work of the body
• 2.Giving attachment to muscles and tendons.
• 3.allowing movement of the body
• 4.Protecting the organs
• 5.Haemopoiesis
• 6.Mineral storage – {calcium phosphate}

9. Types of bones
CLASSIFICATION -I
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Irregular bones
• Flat bones
• Sesamoid bones
CLASSIFICATION –II
• Compact bone ( cortical
bone)
• Spogy ( trabecular /
cancellous bone)

10. Long bones
• has a shaft that is
longer than it is wide
• has two extremities
(ends) that are typically
expanded

11. Short bones
• No shaft or extremities • carpals

12. Irregular bones
• Vertebrae
• Some Skull bones

13. Flat bones
• Sternum
• Ribs
• Most skull bones

14. Sesamoid bones

15. Structure of bones
• Shaft is called diaphysis
• Extremities are called
epiphysis

17. Structure of compact bone

18. Bone cells
• Osteoblasts – bone
forming cells
• Osteocytes – mature
bone cells
• Osteoclasts – bone
destructing cells

19. Hormonal regulation of bone growth
• GH and thyroid hormones essential for bone
development
• Testosterone and oestrogens maintain bone
structure
• Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone control
calcium levels in bone.

20. FRACTURES
• Simple fracture – bone ends donot protrude
through the skin
• Compound fracture – bone ends protrude
through the skin
• Pathological fracture – fracture due to some
diseases.

21. BONE HEALING
1. Hematoma formation between the end of
bones and in surrounding tissues
2. Inflammatory reaction and development of
new capillaries
3. Callus formation ( new deposition of bone
and cartilage )
4. Maturation of callus
5. Reshaping of bone

22. DISEASES OF BONES
• 1. OSTEOPOROSIS
is a disease where increased bone weakness
increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the
most common reason for a broken bone
among the elderly. Bones that commonly
break include the back bones, the bones of
the forearm, and the hip

23. 2. PAGET'S DISEASE
this disease causes body to generate new
bone faster than normal, the rapid remodeling
produces bone that's softer and weaker than
normal bone, which can lead to bone pain,
deformities and fractures.
The cause of Paget's disease of bone is
unknown.

24. 3.RICKETS & OSTEOMALACIA
• Rickets is a skeletal disorder that’s caused by a
lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.... People
with rickets may have weak and soft bones,
stunted growth, and, in severe cases, skeletal
deformities.( IN CHILDREN)
• Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones
caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily
due to inadequate levels of available phosphate,
calcium, and vitamin . ( IN ADULT)

25. 4.OSTEOMYELITIS
• - Osteomyelitis is an infection and
inflammation of the bone or the bone
marrow. It can happen if a bacterial or fungal
infection enters the bone .

26. 5.DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
•
Developmental abnormalities may affect isolated
or multiple regions of the skeleton, or they may
involve a specific tissue system; the latter are
often hereditary. Examples of isolated
abnormalities are partial or total absence of the
collarbone, the radius (the long bone on the
thumb side of the forearm), and the thighbone;
congenital false joint in the shinbone (tibia); and
absence of a middle segment of a limb
(phocomelia). Treatment of these conditions is
difficult’

27. 6.TUMOR OF BONE
• Examples of benign bone tumors
include osteoma,osteoid
osteoma, osteochondroma, osteoblastoma,
enchondroma, giant cell tumor of bone,
aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia of
bone. Malignant primary bone tumors
include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's
sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other types.

28. THANK YOU