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The growth market broadband business model 5th Annual Mobile Network Evolution Conference, Singapore 23 March 2010. Dr. Kim Kyllesbech Larsen International Network Economics, Technology, T-Mobile.
Story.   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
High-speed internet access everywhere. CS Voice 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Note   Ultimate performance will depend on available spectrum bandwidth, carrier-aggregation and link-budget. 3G UMTS/HSPA NGMN  The mobile broadband evolution Voice GPRS UMTS HSDPA HSPA+ NGMN < 0.128 < 0.384 < 14  1 < 48+  1 < 200+  1 0.014  10 1  27  1,000  4,000  14,000 Speed in Mbps GPRS
Major NGMN Success Factors. Complete eco-system needs to be ready in time. High  throughput &  capacity ,[object Object],[object Object],Performance delivery on  today’s network grid Mobile high speed requires high speed backhaul “ Killer” experience. Legacy compatibility. Efficiency increase Backhaul. Eco system. Spectrum. 1400 MHz 1700 MHz 2700 MHz Sufficient and suitable spectrum for coverage & capacity 400 MHz Optimization Planning Operations I&C Potential savings Illustration ? 150 120 100 80 60 40 20 140
NGMN a natural evolution for legacy operators. The 3G legacy network. NGMN all-IP,  NGMN 3G evolutionary. PS CN NB NB GGSN SGSN IP networks SIM Backhaul IP and/or ATM PDN eNB eNB GW MME IP networks SIM IP Backhaul IMS NGMN is evolutionary, with much higher capacity (per Hz). ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Air: UL=SC-FDMA & DL=OFDMA Air: UL=BPSK & DL=QPSK HLR HSS
NGMN similar to, but also very different from WiMax. NGMN is all-IP and SIM-based WiMax is all-IP and SIM-less. IP Core RN IP Backhaul RN Internet ASN GW AAA HA PDN eNB eNB GW MME IP networks SIM IP Backhaul IMS NGMN for WiMax players is not obvious. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Air: UL=DL=OFDMA Air: UL=SC-FDMA & DL=OFDMA HSS
Mobile broadband traffic trends in (iPhone) Europe. Dongles amount to ca. 5% of 3G active base and drives up-to 70% of the data volume. Terminal type & usage. 3G traffic per (active) terminal.  1  1/3  250 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In relative usage Active terminals% Usage% (total volume) Dongles iPhone-like Handsets iPhone-like Dongles Handsets
Why NGMN in growth markets (and anywhere else). Higher efficiency. Better connected.  New business. Mitigate 3G capacity crunch. Growth markets in Asia. HH 1  2008: 30+%, 200+ mn and 2014: 50+% and 500+ mn. 2G    3G PC penetration Broadband access GPRS EDGE UMTS HSPA LTE 1 1:3 1:5 <1:300 <1:3000 today 1 Cost per Mega Byte.
Broadband wireless access vision. Technology enables Connected Life and Work … At home.  On the move. At work. Connecting the next 1 billion un-connected.
Asia growth markets at a glance.  Growth markets double digit growth. Technology adaptation. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2G 3G NGMN 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Countries included : China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand & Vietnam. Source : until 2014 based on Pyramid Research Dec 2009 projections. After 2014 technology diffusion modeling applied to the market dynamics consistent with previous period and user terminal adaptation rates. Note NGMN=LTE in Pyramid nomenclature. ILLUSTRATION
Speeding towards a 3G traffic jam? Customer adaptation. 2  15 MHz @ 1800 MHz spectrum. 2  10 MHz @ 2.1 GHz spectrum. 2G 3G 4G 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2008A 2010F 2012F 2014F 2016F 2018F 2020F 2022F 2024F Asian mobile operator with 13 million customers and ca. 15% market share. 0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 -40 -20 0 20 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 -20 -10 0 10 DL+UL DL / UL DL+UL DL / UL 3G capacity crunch 4G 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
The growth-market legacy mobile operator near-future.  The 3G traffic jam! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Empty 2G roads - in time? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How to perfect existing legacy spectrum. Re-farm own spectrum and/or acquire new spectrum for NGMN.   Spectral efficiency & capacity. Migration & re-farming. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Illustration 3G (2  10 @ 2100) 2G (2  15 @ 1800) 3G  2G Customer migration from 3G    NGMN Free 2G    NGMN (2  15 @ 1800) NGMN New Customers After some time 2G to 4G migration.
Legacy  mobile   operator
Legacy mobile operator migrating to NGMN. Business model – legacy. Saturation economics. Mobile (legacy-like) network. Top-line & margin pressure. Revenue Opex Ebitda SATURATION MODE 0 Legacy sites locations pre-LTE Radio nodes (GSM & UMTS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Voice ARPU Data ARPU Subscriptions - 6% + 8% + 10% Radio nodes (NGMN) Additional site locations due to capacity and NGMN. 10 th  of thousands of radio nodes and mix of technologies, coverage driven.
Legacy mobile operator migrating to NGMN (cont’). Threats. Opportunities. Weakness. Strength. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Greenfield   attacker   business   model
Greenfield BWA operator’s NGMN deployment. Business model - opportunistic. Growth economics. Broadband wireless access. Wireless DSL & nomadic growth. Revenue Opex Ebitda GROWTH 0 Subscriptions 2 – 4    Mobile ARPU 0 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- 2% to 4% 2mn+ LTE Nodes = site locations Capacity nodes & sites (LTE) Thousand radio nodes, 1-single technology covering urban areas, demand driven.
Greenfield BWA operator migrating to NGMN (cont’). Threats. Opportunities. Weakness. Strength. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Legacy Mobile vs. Greenfield BWA business model. Legacy mobile operator. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],BWA Greenfield operator.
Summary.  NGMN can mitigate the 3G traffic jam. NGMN  attacks  (poor) fixed broadband services with wireless DSL, nomadic & mobile services. Greenfield operators likely to become growth limited without additional spectrum.
Thank you very much! Acknowledgement: Michael Lai (P1 Malaysia), Minoo Abedi, Dirk Sch ö neboom, Stefan Wilhelm, Zhou Yi, Alan Yeo, Jordan Yeo, Denis Gautheret and many other talented colleagues in DTAG. Contact: [email_address] Tel: +31 6 2409 5202 http://nl.linkedin.com/in/kimklarsen
Backup … mobile economics in Asia growth markets.  Is a profitable NGMN business viable with very low ARPU conditions? Asia growth markets trends. South-East Asia ARPU. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ARPU Zone Nominal GDP per capita per month $0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $600 India China Nominal GDP per capita per month $0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $0 $200 $400 Countries included : China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand & Vietnam. Source : Pyramid Research Dec 2009. BWA ARPU Zone $36 EU mobile blend 2008 Ph DSL / Cable Mobile Prepaid Mobile Contract Mobile blend

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The growth market mobile broadband business model

  • 1. The growth market broadband business model 5th Annual Mobile Network Evolution Conference, Singapore 23 March 2010. Dr. Kim Kyllesbech Larsen International Network Economics, Technology, T-Mobile.
  • 2.
  • 3. High-speed internet access everywhere. CS Voice 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Note Ultimate performance will depend on available spectrum bandwidth, carrier-aggregation and link-budget. 3G UMTS/HSPA NGMN The mobile broadband evolution Voice GPRS UMTS HSDPA HSPA+ NGMN < 0.128 < 0.384 < 14 1 < 48+ 1 < 200+ 1 0.014  10 1  27  1,000  4,000  14,000 Speed in Mbps GPRS
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Why NGMN in growth markets (and anywhere else). Higher efficiency. Better connected. New business. Mitigate 3G capacity crunch. Growth markets in Asia. HH 1 2008: 30+%, 200+ mn and 2014: 50+% and 500+ mn. 2G  3G PC penetration Broadband access GPRS EDGE UMTS HSPA LTE 1 1:3 1:5 <1:300 <1:3000 today 1 Cost per Mega Byte.
  • 9. Broadband wireless access vision. Technology enables Connected Life and Work … At home. On the move. At work. Connecting the next 1 billion un-connected.
  • 10.
  • 11. Speeding towards a 3G traffic jam? Customer adaptation. 2  15 MHz @ 1800 MHz spectrum. 2  10 MHz @ 2.1 GHz spectrum. 2G 3G 4G 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2008A 2010F 2012F 2014F 2016F 2018F 2020F 2022F 2024F Asian mobile operator with 13 million customers and ca. 15% market share. 0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 -40 -20 0 20 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 -20 -10 0 10 DL+UL DL / UL DL+UL DL / UL 3G capacity crunch 4G 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Legacy mobile operator
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Greenfield attacker business model
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Summary. NGMN can mitigate the 3G traffic jam. NGMN attacks (poor) fixed broadband services with wireless DSL, nomadic & mobile services. Greenfield operators likely to become growth limited without additional spectrum.
  • 22. Thank you very much! Acknowledgement: Michael Lai (P1 Malaysia), Minoo Abedi, Dirk Sch ö neboom, Stefan Wilhelm, Zhou Yi, Alan Yeo, Jordan Yeo, Denis Gautheret and many other talented colleagues in DTAG. Contact: [email_address] Tel: +31 6 2409 5202 http://nl.linkedin.com/in/kimklarsen
  • 23.

Editor's Notes

  1. Very often, it is claimed – especially from Femtocell equipment vendors – that Femtos enable ‘huge savings” in the macro network and only by this make the business case! So, we decided to take a closer look! Please mind: The DFP data demand (Kim Larsen) has been used as input. Further we used the Network Economic RAN and Femto cost model for this calculation. Please also mind that this is a strategic analysis, i.e. that the modelled cost increase due to traffic demand is not aligned with local budgets (click)
  2. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  3. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  4. … to summarize….
  5. … to summarize….
  6. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  7. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  8. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  9. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  10. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  11. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  12. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  13. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  14. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  15. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  16. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  17. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)
  18. … to summarize….
  19. Thank you very much….
  20. We assume that only those “heavy users” will get a Femto. (Please mind that this is an important assumption. As in reality not every heavy user is likely to accept a Femto – he may not like the concept or does not have the necessary broadband subscription– our cost saving calculations should be regarded as an upper limit ! Now we know the number of Femtos, which need to be deployed in each year. We look into the Femto cost model (click – Femto TCO curve is blinking) and get the cost of Femto deployment for each year. As even with a deployment of Femtocells, the traffic in the macro network will continue to grow, we again have to look in RAN model and calulate the increase in TCO of the Macro network compared to the base year, this time however including the offload effect of Femtos. (click – Macro TCO curve - incl. Femto – is blinking) The upgrade costs of the Macro network which occur despite Femto deployment have to be added on top of the costs of the femto deployment itself. These total costs incurred by Femtos can now be compared to the costs without Femtos (thus the Macro upgrade costs stand alone) So - (click: animation starts – bottom graph appears)