1. The document discusses the concepts of theme and rheme in clauses and how they are used to understand how information is conveyed.
2. Theme refers to the element(s) that come first in a clause and what the clause is about, while rheme is the rest of the clause that provides more information about the theme.
3. There are different types of themes including unmarked topical, marked topical, textual, and interpersonal themes.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
The Edge of Linguistics lecture series from Prof. Fredreck J. Newmeyer
During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University.
Lecture 1: The Chomskyan Revolution
Lecture 2: Constraining the Theory
Lecture 3: The Boundary between Syntax and Semantics
Lecture 4: The Boundary between Competence and Performance
Lecture 5: Can One Language Be ‘More Complex’ Than Another?
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
Discourse and Genre (the relationship between discourse and genre) Aticka Dewi
We provide some questions to make the discussion clearer
1. What is discourse?
Discourse is the use of language in text and context
2. What is genre?
Genre in linguistics refers to the type and structure of language typically used for a particular purpose in a particular context.
3. What is relationship between discourse and genre?
Discourse analysis is genre analysis. When we analyze discourses, of course we will specify them into more specific types from the characteristics of each discourse. For exampleThe specific type of discourses is called as genre.
4. Why should we use genre to analyze discourse?
Discourse is language in use. It is huge and almost unlimited. So, when we want to analyze discourses, we need a limitation to limit the unlimited things. Here, we use an analogy for this statement. (slide 11,12)
Genre provides limit in discourse.
That is why genre is used to help us divining and analyzing the discourses.
5. How do we analyze discourse through genre?
Example: text “Forklift fatty Improving”.
----------
The text is taken from the newspaper report. As we see in the language features and structures, we can divine it into recount text. It is non fiction, because it is based on real event. And it is written. So, we can say that this discourse has written non-fiction recount genre.
But, we cannot make sure that a type of discourse always has the same characteristics, because discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous. Discourse is sometimes heterogeneous. Here, we provide two videos which have the same genre, but quite different in terms of language features and structures.
---------VIDEO
From the videos, we can feel that the first and the second videos are quite different. The structure in the first video is introduction (addressing, personal value), content (some important issues, e.g: financial issues, goals of America, ), closing (hope for American future, blessing). The language features used in the first video is more formal, present tense. The atmosphere created is formal.
From the second video, the structure is introduction (personal value without addressing), content (some goals), closing (. The language features used in the video is mixing, unclear and needs more understanding. The atmosphere created is a bit humorous.
Although they have different characteristics, they have the same genre in term of purpose, that is political genre.
From those videos, we can conclude that we cannot stick to an idea that a genre of discourse always has the same characteristics. AGAIN, discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
The Edge of Linguistics lecture series from Prof. Fredreck J. Newmeyer
During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University.
Lecture 1: The Chomskyan Revolution
Lecture 2: Constraining the Theory
Lecture 3: The Boundary between Syntax and Semantics
Lecture 4: The Boundary between Competence and Performance
Lecture 5: Can One Language Be ‘More Complex’ Than Another?
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
Discourse and Genre (the relationship between discourse and genre) Aticka Dewi
We provide some questions to make the discussion clearer
1. What is discourse?
Discourse is the use of language in text and context
2. What is genre?
Genre in linguistics refers to the type and structure of language typically used for a particular purpose in a particular context.
3. What is relationship between discourse and genre?
Discourse analysis is genre analysis. When we analyze discourses, of course we will specify them into more specific types from the characteristics of each discourse. For exampleThe specific type of discourses is called as genre.
4. Why should we use genre to analyze discourse?
Discourse is language in use. It is huge and almost unlimited. So, when we want to analyze discourses, we need a limitation to limit the unlimited things. Here, we use an analogy for this statement. (slide 11,12)
Genre provides limit in discourse.
That is why genre is used to help us divining and analyzing the discourses.
5. How do we analyze discourse through genre?
Example: text “Forklift fatty Improving”.
----------
The text is taken from the newspaper report. As we see in the language features and structures, we can divine it into recount text. It is non fiction, because it is based on real event. And it is written. So, we can say that this discourse has written non-fiction recount genre.
But, we cannot make sure that a type of discourse always has the same characteristics, because discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous. Discourse is sometimes heterogeneous. Here, we provide two videos which have the same genre, but quite different in terms of language features and structures.
---------VIDEO
From the videos, we can feel that the first and the second videos are quite different. The structure in the first video is introduction (addressing, personal value), content (some important issues, e.g: financial issues, goals of America, ), closing (hope for American future, blessing). The language features used in the first video is more formal, present tense. The atmosphere created is formal.
From the second video, the structure is introduction (personal value without addressing), content (some goals), closing (. The language features used in the video is mixing, unclear and needs more understanding. The atmosphere created is a bit humorous.
Although they have different characteristics, they have the same genre in term of purpose, that is political genre.
From those videos, we can conclude that we cannot stick to an idea that a genre of discourse always has the same characteristics. AGAIN, discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. Clause as Message:
Theme and Rheme
A clause has a character of message,
giving it the status of communicative event.
That communicative character comes from one part of the
clause which is known as THEME;
Theme and rheme help us understand how information is
conveyed in clauses.
My sister goes to campus every morning.
Theme Rheme
In the example, the writer
wants to show us My sister
as something she talked
about.
Meanwhile, the rest of the clause, talks
about theme, gives more information about
the theme. This part is called Rheme.
3. Element(s) which come(s)
first in the clause.
What the clause is going
to be about.
looks backwards, relating
the current message to the
previous one.
Theme Rheme
The rest of the clause. Typically contain new
information
What I am saying about.
points both backward and forward by picking up
on information which is already available and
adding to it and by presenting new information.
5. A clause at least has one theme, That is the
topic of the clause, which is called as topical
theme
Based on ideational type, theme can be
identified as marked and unmarked one.
• usually identified as the SUBJECT of the clause
• found in the form of NOMINAL GROUP (pronoun,
proper, or common noun as head) and
NOMINALIZATION.
Unmarked
Topical Theme
• found in the form of COMPLEMENT or
CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUNCT
Marked
Theme
6. Unmarked Topical Theme
The coach praised his students for their teamwork
Unmarked Theme Rheme
Nominal Group
(Common Noun)
Susan read the poetry book quietly.
Unmarked Theme Rheme
Nominal Group
(Proper Noun)
What Mona did for Mulan was praiseworthy.
Unmarked Theme Rheme
Nominalization
7. Marked Topical Theme
The students the coach praised [ ] for their teamwork.
Marked Theme Rheme
Complement
Quietly Susan read the poetry book [ ].
Unmarked Theme Rheme
Adjunct
Under the tree Juli and Bryce met.
Unmarked Theme Rheme
Adjunct/Prepositional Phrase
8. usually found in the first string of themes.
include continuatives and/or conjunctive
adjunct, and conjunction
show the logical or temporal relationship
between what has just been said and what is
being said in the current clause.
9. a small set of words that signal a new move is
beginning
usually found in the beginning of the clause.
E.g. yes, no, well, oh, now, OK, right, of course
Continuatives
OK, but, we really should go home now.
Cont. Conj. Topical Rheme
Textual
Theme
10. Conjunctive Adjunct Conjunction
Conjunctive adjunct is freer
to move in a clause, while
Conjunction is more
restricted to being at the
beginning.
Adverbial groups of
prepositional phrases
that relates the clause
to the preceding text
by providing logical
link between
messages.
A word or group that
either links (paratactic)
or binds (hypotactic)
the clause in which it
occurs structurally to
another clause.
11. Type Examples
Additive Moreover, in addition,
besides
Adversative However, conversely
Concessive Nevertheless, despite
that
Causal Therefore, as a result
Conjunctive Adjuncts Conjunctions
In Paratactic In Hypotactic
and, or, nor,
either, neither,
but, yet, so, then,
for, etc
when, while
before, after, until,
because, if,
although, unless,
since, etc
12. Conjunctive
Of course, nevertheless, she is still part of the group [ ]
Cont. Conjunctive Topical Rheme
Theme
Conjunctions
Of
course,
nevertheless, since she is still part of the
group
Cont. Conjunctive Conjunction/
Structural
Topical Rheme
Theme
occur at the beginning of a
clause and carry the hypotactic
relation between clauses
Conjunctive adjunct can be
moved to the end of the clause
13. Usually called comment adjunct express the speaker’s judgment on
or attitude to the content of the message.
Modal adjuncts
include:
Are the ones that indicate something
about the relationship between
speaker and hearer.
probably, usually, obviously, to my mind,
frankly, believe me, seriously, please,
no doubt, presumably, in principle,
understandably, as expected, by chance
Well, as expected, he won the game again.
Cont. Modal Topical Rheme
Text. Interpersonal
Theme
14. are names or other terms of address used to get attention of
the hearer or reaffirm the speaker-hearer relationship.
For instance, personal name, my dear, honey, darling, and
any other address.
Only thematic if they occur before the Topical Theme, a
Finite verb, or a Modal adjunct.
Now, kids, you need to wake
up.
Cont. Voc. Topical Rheme
Text. Interp. Topical
Theme
Kids go to school every
morning.
Topical Rheme
Theme
Here, kids is interpersonal
theme as it is used as vocative
while the topical theme is you.
kids in this clause is the
subject of the clause and
functions as topical theme.
15. are small set of finite auxiliary verbs construing primary tense or
modality.
My
dear,
Rue, seriously didn’t we come to agreement
already?
Voc. Voc. Modal Finite Topical Rheme
Interpersonal Topical
Theme
16. More about Theme
In a hypotactic clause complex, if the dependent
clause comes first then the dependent clause is
treated as the Theme for the whole clause complex.
If the dependent
clause
comes
first
Conj. Topical Rheme
Theme
Theme
then it is the theme for
the whole Complex
Conj. Topical Rheme
Theme
Theme
17. These take the form it + be + …
It was those male students {{who helped the grandma.}}
Theme Rheme Theme Rheme
Theme Rheme
It is important {{that the drivers Put on safety
belt.
Theme Rheme Str/Conj. Topical Rheme
Theme Rheme
Theme Rheme
18. Polar: the Finite which precedes the Subject is thematic
if the Subject is also the Topical Theme.
Theme and Mood
Theme in Interrogatives
Did you sleep on the coach last night ?
Fin. Subj. Rheme
Theme
In Marked Topical Theme case, if the finite comes after
the marked topical theme, so it is not thematic.
Last night, did you sleep on the coach?
Topical Rheme
Theme
19. In Wh-Interrogatives, the Wh-element alone is thematic.
Where are you heading to?
Theme Rheme
Theme in Interrogatives
Two ways of treating Theme in Imperative clauses:
either as Rheme
only
or treat the
Process as Theme
Read the instructions carefully
Rheme
Read the instructions carefully
Theme Rheme
20. Theme in Exclamatives
Wh- element +
nominal group
Wh-element +
adverbial group
How fast he drives
Theme Rheme
What an unforgettable
moment
it is
Theme Rheme
21. Theme Patterns
1. Theme Pattern based on Deterding
and Poedjosoedarmo (2001:126-128)
2. Theme Pattern based Paltridge
(2000:140-143)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Reiteration
/Constant
Zigzag/
Linear
Multiple/
Split
Theme and rheme are used to highlight information. Based
on the theme and rheme organization in the texts, there are
classifications of theme pattern.
22. Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme 3 Rheme 3
The topic found in
the first clause
becomes the
theme in the
second
The theme in the
second clause becomes
the theme in the third.
The most important technological advance of the 20th century is the
computer. Computers now not only sit on desktops in offices and at
home; they also regulate temperature in our homes, control the function
of washing machines and automobiles.
The words in highlight is the topic of each clause.
1. Theme Pattern based on Deterding
and Poedjosoedarmo (2001:126-128)
23. Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme 3 Rheme 3
Theme 4 Rheme 4
The topic of the first
clause is introduced in
the first theme
Then becomes
the second, third,
and fourth theme
of each clause
Noam Chomsky, author of Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,
revolutionized linguistics. He also happens to be well-known for
his political views. In fact, he is better-known to laymen for his
political views than he is for his revolutionary linguistic ideas.
24. Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme 3 Rheme 3
Theme 4 Rheme 4
The rheme of each
clause becomes the
theme of the next
clause.
The museum is located in the centre of town near the square.
This square is a common destination of tourist buses. The
buses, all belonging to the Island Tour Bus Company, are driven by
the tour guides. These guides get off at each stop with the
passengers and explain the sights to them.
25. Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme 3 Rheme 3
Theme 4 Rheme 4
The topic of every
clause is found in
the rheme.
Everybody likes Mamma Mia. Kids like Mamma
Mia. Teenagers love Boogie Burgers. Parents love
Boogie Burgers. Grandparents love Boogie
Burgers.
usually found in
advertisement,
which emphasizes
on the repetition in
the rheme to make
the topic easier to be
memorized.
27. Theme Rheme
The bat is a nocturnal animal.
It lives in the dark.
There are long nosed bats and moused
eared bats.
Bats hunt at night.
They sleep in the day and very shy.
It shows that the bat as the theme becomes the
theme in the second, third, fourth, and the fifth.
28. Theme 1 Rheme 1
Theme 2 Rheme 2
Theme Rheme
The American Psychological specifies a documentation format
required
by most psychology, sociology,
communication, education and
economics instruction.
This format includes parenthetical documentation
in the text that refers to an alphabetical
reference at the end of the chapters.
It shows that
the rheme 1
becomes the
theme 2
30. Theme Rheme
When Japanese people write their language
they use a combination of two
separate alphabets as well as
ideograms borrowed from Chinese.
The two alphabets are called hiragana and katakana.
The Chinese ideograms are called kanji.
Hiragana represents the 46 basic sounds that are
made in the Japanese language.
Katakana represents the same sounds as hiragana
but is used mainly for words borrowed
from foreign languages and for sound effects.
Kanji are used to communicate an idea rather
than a sound.