The document discusses the causes and consequences of the First War of Independence in 1857. The major causes included political, socio-religious, economic, and military factors such as British policies of expansion, disrespect shown to Indian rulers, economic exploitation, and ill-treatment of Indian soldiers. Key consequences were the end of East India Company rule, Queen Victoria's proclamation, rise of nationalism, and increased economic and racial exploitation of Indians under direct British rule.
War of Independence 1857 (Indian Revolt 1857)Haroon Khaliq
It is a power point work on the Indian mutiny of 1857 or the Indian attempt to gain self rule against British. If you do not get the concept from this work you can watch the video at last.
Causes of failure: The war of independence 1857Arifa
Causes of failure of the war of independence PROCLAMATION/DECLARATION OF 1857
The rulers of different states of Indo-Pakistan
The British succeeded
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Indian King, had no experience of fighting a war
British army was highly organized, trained, disciplined and experienced
War of Independence 1857 (Indian Revolt 1857)Haroon Khaliq
It is a power point work on the Indian mutiny of 1857 or the Indian attempt to gain self rule against British. If you do not get the concept from this work you can watch the video at last.
Causes of failure: The war of independence 1857Arifa
Causes of failure of the war of independence PROCLAMATION/DECLARATION OF 1857
The rulers of different states of Indo-Pakistan
The British succeeded
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Indian King, had no experience of fighting a war
British army was highly organized, trained, disciplined and experienced
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
war of independence : 1857
the revolt was the first independence war but the British said This is the rebellion, mutiny.this war is between the Indian soldiers and British Indian army .
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
war of independence : 1857
the revolt was the first independence war but the British said This is the rebellion, mutiny.this war is between the Indian soldiers and British Indian army .
Well this was another project given to me and my group members. We had to take a product and explain the Marketing mix and the influences and cultural shifts towards noodles consumption.
Project was presented by HEEMA JOSHI, NEETI JHA,. ABHIJEET ZAWARE AND MYSELF LOKESH BOGATI
I hjave designed the slides as per the theme of Maggi
Please follow me on slideshare for more Powerpoint presenatations :)
My email lbogati62@gmail.com
thank you :)
This presentation is based on the sepoy revolt of 1857 against the british colonial officers.This presentation gives a brief overview of the causes and the outcomes of the revolt.
Revolt of 1857
Reading Time: 10 Minutes
In the History of India, the year 1857 Has great importance. During this year, there occurred a major revolt in India, which shook the very foundations of British rule in India. The English had almost completed their conquests in India by 1856. They could not carry on their rule peacefully. These revolts broke out due to the dissatisfaction amongst the people against the government of the Company and its misrule.
The Revolt of 1857
Date- 10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858
(1 year and 6 months)
Location -India (Uttar Pradesh)
Result -British victory
1. Suppression of revolt
2. Formal end of the Mughal Empire
3. End of Company rule in India
4. Transfer of rule to the British Crown
Revolt of 1857 The 1857 Rebellion was a watershed moment in the British treatment of Indians The Indians were enraged at the Whites mistreatment and misbehavior against them The fundamental issue with Britishers was that they came to India solely to exploit the country s resources, which were hardly visible to the Indian authorities at the time
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3. Causes of the First War of Independence , 1857
1. Political Causes
2. Socio Religious Causes
3. Economic Causes
4. Military Causes
3
4. Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
1. British Policy of Expansion (Outright Wars,
Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse, Annexation
of Awadh)
2. Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah
3. Treatment given to Nana Saheb and Rani
Laxmi Bai
4. Absentee Sovereignty of the British
4
5. A. British Policy of Expansion: The British expanded
their political power in India four ways:
1. By Outright Wars: To expand their territory India, British fought
many wars. Example: War of Buxar (BBO), Anglo Mysore War, Third
Anglo Maratha War, Second Anglo-Sikh War etc.
2. System of Subsidiary Alliance: Lord Wellesley introduced this
system in which Indian States were brought under the British control
without annexing them. Under this system Indian rulers agreed to:
Accept British as Supreme Power,
End foreign relations and wouldn’t enter any alliance/wars,
British resident at their HQ & wouldn’t employ any European without
consulting,
Maintain British troops at their own cost,
Virtually lost Independence.
Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
5
6. 3. Doctrine of Lapse: Lord Dalhousie annexed many Indian states
using Doctrine of Lapse according to which heirs adopted without
consent of the Company could inherit only the private property of
the deceased ruler and his territory would come under the
Company’s rule. Example: In 1853 Ruler of Jhansi died without
natural heir. Widow Rani was retired and their adopted son Anand
Rao wasn’t recognised as successor to throne. Similary, States of
Satara, Nagpur, Udaipur etc had same problems.
4. On the pretext of Alleged Misrule (Annexation of Awadh):
Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh on 13 Feb 1856 on the pretext of
Alleged Misrule. British broke their promises given to ruling chiefs.
People had to face more hardships, had to pay higher taxes &
revenues, problems of unemployment rose, property were
confiscated, 75000 sepoys were worst affected & didn’t like what
British did in Awadh
Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
6
7. B. Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah:
Bahadur Shah- A mughal ruler was under protection of
the Company but after his death, Lord Dalhousie
announced that ruler’s widow Zeenat Mahal and
successors cant use Red Fort as Palace and in 1956 Lord
Canning announced that the successors can’t use imperial
titles. This hurt sentiments of Muslims.
Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
7
8. C. Treatment given to Nana Saheb & Rani
Laxmi Bai
Baji Rao II- the last Peshwa was under the
protection of Company but after his death they
refused to pay the grant to the ruler’s adopted son
i.e. Nana Saheb. He was sent to Kanpur away from
Poona. He then travelled to different parts of country
to create awareness about British policies.
Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi- victim of Doctrine of
Lapse became bitter enemy of the British. Other
rules also had a doubt in the British.
Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
8
9. D. Absentee Sovereignty of the British (India’s
Wealth Drained to England)
India was being ruled by British from England.
Unlike other rulers like Mughals who spent the
revenue collected from India in India. But in case of
the British, Indians felt that wealth of India was
drained to England and wasn’t used for the welfare
of Indians.
Causes:
1. POLITICAL CAUSES
9
10. Causes:
2. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CAUSES
1. Interference with Social Customs: Sati, Widow Remarriage
Act, Western education to girls wasn’t welcomed by masses.
2. Apprehension about Modern Innovations like Railways
& Telegraphs: Indians misunderstood that telegraph poles were erect
to hand them and in railways higher castes were made to seat with lower
castes.
3. Policy of Racial Discrimination: Disrespect & Ill-treatment
was given to Indians.
4. Corruption in Administration: rich were allowed to go away
after crime and poor were looted & tortured.
5. Oppression of the Poor: Beating, Torture and Imprisonment
6. Fear regarding Western Education: Pandits and Maulvis
feared that it is done to convert their children to Christians.
7. Taxing religious places: lands belonging to temples and mosques
10
11. Causes:
3. ECONOMIC CAUSES
1. Exploitation of Economic exploitation
2. Drain of wealth
3. Decay of cottage industries and handicrafts
4. Growing unemployment
5. Inhuman treatment of Indigo cultivators
6. Poverty & Famines
7. Economic decline of Peasantry
8. Decline of landed Aristocracy
11
12. Causes:
3. ECONOMIC CAUSES
1. Exploitation of Economic exploitation:
India was forced to export cotton, silk at cheaper rate to England
Forced plantation of Indigo and Tea
Indians had to accept ready made British goods
Indian products had high import duties in England
Indian handmade products couldn't compete with machine made
British products.
Problem of unemployment increased
India had no agricultural surplus which raised the prices of raw
material in India
12
13. Causes:
3. ECONOMIC CAUSES
2. Drain of wealth:
After Battle of Plassey, British stopped bringing gold to India. Raw
material was bought in England from the surplus revenues of Bengal
and started looting India’ raw materials, resources and wealth. The
transfer of wealth from India to England is called Drain of Wealth.
3. Decay of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts:
Heavy duties killed Indian Cottage Industries and Handicrafts.
Imported British goods worsened their condition
Export of cotton and silk was ceased
Art of spinning and weaving was killed creating severe
unemployment
Absence of royal buyers- Princes, Zamindars etc.
13
14. Causes:
3. ECONOMIC CAUSES
4. Growing unemployment
5. Inhuman treatment of Indigo cultivators:
forced plantation of Indigo, other crops were destroyed if didn’t
follow the orders and cattle were taken away as punishment.
6. Poverty & Famines:12 Minor Famines, British didn’t bother
7. Economic decline of Peasantry: Peasants had to pay
heavy taxes & land revenues.
8. Decline of landed Aristocracy: Hereditary landlords
& Taluqdars’ 2000 estates were confiscated (who couldn't produce
evidences of ownership) and auctioned. Merchants and moneylenders
bought these estates and exploited tenants.
14
15. Causes:
4. MILITARY CAUSES
1. Ill treatment of Indian Soldiers
2. Lower Salaries
3. Deprivation of Allowances
4. Less Chances of Promotions
5. General Service Enlistment Act
6. Larger Proportion of Indians in the British
Army
7. Faculty distribution of Troops
8. Poor performance of British Troops
15
16. Causes:
4. MILITARY CAUSES
1. Ill treatment of Indian Soldiers: Indian soldiers
were ill treated, poorly fed & badly housed. Didn’t bother about their
sentiments and didn’t allow to keep beard, wear turbans etc.
2. Lower Salaries: Indian soldiers were paid eight times less
salaries than British soldiers.
3. Deprivation of Allowances: British empire was
spread across the nation and soldiers had to serve in areas away from
their homes without extra payment and additional Bhatta (foreign
service allowance) Free post facility for Sepoys was also taken off.
4. Less Chances of Promotions: All higher posts were
reserved for British (irrespective of their performances). Indians
soldiers had thin chances of promotions. They couldn’t go above the
post of Subedar. With promotions future of Indian soldiers was bleak
(miserable)
16
17. Causes:
4. MILITARY CAUSES
5. General Service Enlistment Act: It was considered as
Taboo for Brahmin to cross the sea. In spite of that British sent
Indians overseas on duty. Didn’t bother about the sentiments.
6. Larger Proportion of Indians in the British Army:
in 1856, 2,38,000 Indian soldiers worked in British army as
compared to 45,322 British Soldiers.
7. Faulty distribution of Troops: Strategic important places
like Delhi & Allahabad had no British armies and was held by only
Indian soldiers. When England was busy fighting wars outside Indian
soldiers decided to strike British.
8. Poor performance of British Troops: Without support
of Indian soldiers, British army was weak this fact was realized by the
Indian soldiers. Also in various other wars British had to face defeat
this broke the myth that British were invincible.
17
18. 1. End of East India Company’s Rule
2. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
3. End of Mughals and Peshwas
4. Relations with Princely States
5. Policy of Divide and Rule
6. Widening Gulf between Hindus and Muslims
7. Racial Antagonism
8. Increased Racial Bitterness
9. Religious Changes
10. Foreign Policy
11. Changes in the Army
12. Economic Exploitation
13. Rise of Nationalism
CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
18
19. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
End of the East India Company’s rule:
Crown took over the charge from Company
Secretary of State for India was appointed who reported to British
Parliament.
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation: 1 Nov, 1958 at Allahabad
the transfer of governance was done. Lord Canning became the first
Viceroy of India. Promised not to intervene in social and religious
matters, would bring equality, pardon soldiers, best for Indian
industries etc.
End of Mughals and Peshwas: Bahadur Shah II went to
Yangon and Nana Saheb went to Nepal. Two foes of British came to an
end.
19
20. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
Relations with Princely States: Policy of Annexation
and Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned.
Policy of Divide & Rule: After 1858, British started
Divide and Rule Policy. Caste against Caste, Princes
against people and Hindus against Muslims.
Widening Gulf between Hindus and Muslims:
British sowed seeds of hatred among Hindus & Muslims.
Racial Antagonism: British believed that they were
superior and maintained distance from Indians.
Railways, Parks, Hotels etc had seats “Reserved for
Europeans Only’
20
21. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
Increased Racial Bitterness: British believed that
Indian aren’t trust worthy and remodeled the structure of
Indian government based on the idea of a superior race.
Religious changes: British rulers declared that they
would not intervene in religious affairs, customs and
traditions.
Foreign Policy: India foreign policy was decided by
British with two aims: a) protection of its Indian empire
and b) expansion of British economic & commercial
interests.
21
22. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
Changes in Army: to avoid another uprising Indian army
was reorganised after 1858 in following manner:
1. No. of Indian troops was decreased to 1,40,00 and No. of
European troops was increased to 65,000.
2. European troops were kept in key locations.
3. Policy of excluding Indians from officer positions was
strictly followed.
4. Weapons were never placed under the charge of Indians.
5. Divide and Rule policy was practiced during the
recruitment in the army. Discouraged nationalism
through caste/religion discrimination in regiments.
6. Soldiers weren’t allowed to read newspapers & journals.
22
23. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
Economic Exploitation:
i. India became a colony to export raw material and import
finished goods.
ii. Salaries of soldiers, military officers, Council members
was taken from India’s resources
iii. Peasants were bankrupt/poor during British rule. (Indigo
peasants)
iv. Indian cottage industries and handicrafts collapsed
v. Indians had to pay heavy taxes, revenues and dividend to
British.
23
24. Rise of Nationalism:
i. Uprising of 1857, paved way for the Rise of the
National Movement.
ii. Sacrifices made by Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb,
Mangal Pandey inspired Indians.
iii. Started a tradition of resistance to the British rule.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
24
25. Drawbacks of First War of Independence
25
Lack of planning, organisation and leadership
Lack of common cause
Lack of participation from all sections of the society
Lack of resources
Lack of nationwide dimensions
Beginning of the movement before the fixed date (May
31, 1857)