The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution, including fossils that show transitions between species over time, comparisons of DNA that show closer genetic relationships between species that shared more recent common ancestors, homologous structures that imply common descent, and vestigial structures that have no function but provide evidence of ancestral traits. It also describes how scientists use the layers in which fossils are discovered to determine the relative ages of different species and the order in which they lived.
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Based on NCERT class 9 Science Chapter 7 'Diversity in Living Organisms'. Describes how the classification is being made on the category of plants, animals, fungi, microbes etc. made by Vivek Ranjan Sahoo
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Based on NCERT class 9 Science Chapter 7 'Diversity in Living Organisms'. Describes how the classification is being made on the category of plants, animals, fungi, microbes etc. made by Vivek Ranjan Sahoo
This presentation was given in February 2013 by Management Sciences for Health staff members Laura Lartigue, Jeremy Malhotra, Marie Maroun, and Willow Gerber to MSH staff on both the SIAPS and LMG projects. The “sweets” in the title refers to the awesome pumpkin bread made by former MSH staff member Marie Maroun that was served with coffee to project staff who took part in the presentation. :)
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. What characteristics of the following animals improve
their ability to survive?
Change Over Time
ADAPTATION: a
characteristic that improves
an individual’s ability to
survive and reproduce in a
particular environment.
3. What is a species?
Change Over Time
SPECIES: a group of
organisms that are closely
related and can mate to
produce fertile offspring.
4. What is a species?
Change Over Time
A mule is the offspring of
a male donkey and a
female horse. Mules are
not fertile. Are horses
and donkeys from the
same species?
5. Do species change over time?
Change Over Time
The planet is
4.6 billion
years old. In
this time,
many
species
have died
out, and
many new
species
have
appeared.
The processes that have
transformed life on Earth from
its earliest forms to the vast
diversity that characterizes it
today is known as
EVOLUTION.
6. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of any
organism from the remote past
Fossil evidence may be one of two types
• Direct or body fossils (bones, teeth,
shells, leaves, etc.)
• Indirect or trace fossils (footprints,
tooth marks, burrows, etc.)
7. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
Fish to
amphibians
Fossils show a
chronological (time)
sequence in which
characteristics appear
and develop in
complexity
8. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
Fossils have been discovered
of many types of organism
that no longer exist, e.g.
trilobites and dinosaurs.
In most cases no fossils can
be found of organisms that
do exist today.
This suggests that the
ancestral species evolved into
the modern species
9. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
TIKTAALIK. This creature is a mosaic
of fish and land features. It has scales
and fins like a fish but flat head with
eyes on top, a neck, shoulder, elbow,
and wrist. It is telling us that this is a
fish that can live in the shallows and
even make short excursions on to land.
ARCHAEOPTERYX. Combination of
reptilian and distinctly bird-like
characteristics, mouth full of teeth, long
tail and feathery, clawed arms,
appeared to be a true missing link
between reptiles and birds.
Bird-reptile transition Land-sea transition
Transitional fossils show the links between groups or species by
exhibits traits common to both the ancestral group/species and its
derived descendant group/species.
10. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
There are gaps in the fossil record due to:
•Special circumstances are required for
fossilization to occur
•Only hard parts of an organism are
preserved
•Fossils can be damaged so that only
fragments remain to be discovered
The fossil record is the sum of all discovered
and undiscovered fossils and their relative
placement in rock.
Provides the dimension of time to the study
of evolution – the layer of rock in which a
fossil is found can be dated and therefore
used to deduce the age of the fossil.
11. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons Human beings have approx. (genes in common with):
96% with chimpanzees
90% with cats
80% with cows
75% with mice
12. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons Human beings have approx. (genes in common with):
This does not prove that
Beyonce evolved from
chimpanzees or cats,
though, only that we shared
a common ancestor in the
past. And the amount of
difference between our
genomes corresponds to
how long ago our genetic
lines diverged.
13. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Phylogenetic tree is a diagram
showing the evolutionary interrelations
of a group of organisms derived from
a common ancestral form.
The ancestor is in the tree “trunk”;
organisms that have arisen from it are
placed at the ends of tree “branches.”
The distance of one group from the
other groups indicates the degree of
relationship;
i.e., closely related groups are located
on branches close to one another.
14. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Place the following organisms in the
phylogenetic tree:
•Human
•Fish
•Chicken
•Mouse
•Frog
15. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Place the following organisms in the
phylogenetic tree:
•Human
•Fish
•Chicken
•Mouse
•Frog
16. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
Homologous structures or
comparative anatomy of
groups of animals or
plants shows certain
structural features are
basically similar.
Structures or anatomical
features having similar
basic structure as in other
species said to be
homologous.
17. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
homologous structures used in
different ways in different species
18. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
The structural similarities imply
a common ancestry
This illustrates adaptive radiation since
the basic structure adapted to different
niches
The more exclusive the shared
homologies the closer two organisms
are related.
19. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
A very interesting type of homologous structure is the
one that may have served a function in the evolutionary
past, but in the modern species has no function at all.
The pelvis and femur of a whale are examples.
The structural similarities imply
a common ancestry
20. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
A very interesting type of homologous structure is the
one that may have served a function in the evolutionary
past, but in the modern species has no function at all.
The pelvis and femur of a whale are examples.
The structural similarities imply
a common ancestry
21. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Initially, all chordate embryos
strongly resemble each
other. These could only be
possible if all Chordata
descended from a common
ancestor mans, dogs, snakes,
fish, monkeys, eels are all
considered "chordates" (belong
to the phylum Chordata).
Embryology & Development
22. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Fossil Record
DNA Comparisons
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
One of the features of this phylum is that, as
embryos, all these life forms have gill slits, tails,
and specific anatomical structures. For humans,
gill slits reform into the bones of the ear and jaw at
a later stage in development.Embryology & Development
23. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
Scientists believe that whales evolved from land-based mammals.
What three pieces of evidence support possibility?
• Existence of
unused hip
bones in modern
whales
• Whales are
mammals
• Existence of a
large number of
fossils.
24. Evidences of evolution
Change Over Time
How do scientists use the location of fossil discoveries to determine
the order in which different organisms lived on Earth?
Since the layers of
the Earth form in
an orderly fashion,
scientists know
that the deeper
layers were formed
before the upper
layers. By knowing
the layers in which
fossils were found,
scientists can
determine the
relative ages of
different fossil.
25. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection made us
rethink our place in the world.
The man
who
struggled
with his
own
ideas
The idea that humans shared a common ancestor with apes was a
challenge to the foundations of western civilization
26. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Setting sail around the world
Darwin’s tutor at Cambridge recommended him
as a ‘gentleman naturalist’ on a voyage around
the world on HMS Beagle. Darwin jumped at the
chance.
Over the following five years, Darwin visited four
continents, spending much of his time on land
collecting specimens and investigating the local
geology.
27. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Finches
Darwin noticed that each island supported its
own form of finch which were closely related
but differed in important ways.
What difference did Darwin observe among
the different species of Galápagos finches?
Their different beaks are
adaptations that evolved because
the different finches needed to get
food in different ways.
Why do the Galápagos finches
have different beaks?
28. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Thinking
Breeding Population Earth’s History
29. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Thinking
Breeding Population Earth’s History
Farmers and breeders had
produced many kinds of
plants and animals with the
desired characteristics
(selective breeding).
Species can produce many
offspring, but populations
are limited by starvation,
disease, competition and
predation. Only a limited
number of individuals
survive to reproduce.
The Earth was very old and
species could evolved over
this time.
30. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Thinking
Breeding Population Earth’s History
Is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive
and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals.
Theory of natural selection
• Phenotypic variation exists among
individuals and the variation is heritable.
• More individuals are produced each
generation that can survive.
• When reproductive isolation occurs new
species will form.
• Those individuals with heritable traits better
suited to the environment will survive.
31. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Thinking
Breeding Population Earth’s History
Is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive
and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals.
Theory of natural selection
Sketch the four parts of natural
selection providing an example
(different from tarantulas and
giraffes)
32. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Changes in Population
The Theory of Natural Selection explains how populations are change in response to
the environment.
Peppered Moth ('Darwin's moth‘)
There is also a naturally
occurring genetic mutation
which causes some moths to
have almost black wings.
Are normally
white with black
speckles
across the
wings
(camouflaged
against lichen-
covered tree
trunks).
33. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Changes in Population
The Theory of Natural Selection explains how populations are change in response to
the environment.
Peppered Moth ('Darwin's moth‘)
These black forms are not as well camouflaged on the
lichen as normal 'peppered' forms and so they are more
likely to be eaten by birds and other predators.
Industrialization and
domestic coal fires
had caused sooty air
pollution which had
killed off lichens and
blackened urban
tree trunks and
walls.
In the mid-twentieth century controls
were introduced to reduce air
pollution and as the air quality
improved tree trunks became
cleaner and lichen growth
increased.
What was the effect in moth’s population?
34. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Changes in Population
The Theory of Natural Selection explains how populations are change in response to
the environment.
Peppered Moth ('Darwin's moth‘)
Use this information to create a graph of
the paper Moth population over time
35. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Changes in Population
The Theory of Natural Selection explains how populations are change in response to
the environment.
Peppered Moth ('Darwin's moth‘)
In the mid-twentieth century controls
were introduced to reduce air pollution
and as the air quality improved tree
trunks became cleaner and lichen growth
increased.
Use this information to create a graph of
the paper Moth population over time
Continue the graph with the new information
36. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Changes in Population
The Theory of Natural Selection explains how populations are change in response to
the environment.
Peppered Moth ('Darwin's moth‘)
In the mid-twentieth century controls
were introduced to reduce air pollution
and as the air quality improved tree
trunks became cleaner and lichen growth
increased.
Use this information to create a graph of
the paper Moth population over time
Continue the graph with the new information
37. Charles Darwin
How Does Evolution Happen?
Defend Evolution!
Record a video-interview, video debate, theater play or any other video explaining
evolution and its evidences.