Earth as a System
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The document discusses several key concepts about Earth's systems: 1. Earth is made up of several interacting systems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere - that exchange matter and energy. 2. The geosphere includes the solid layers that make up Earth's interior and crust. 3. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water and cycles through the other systems. 4. Matter and energy continuously move between these systems, transforming from one form to another.
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Origin of universe
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The earth system
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
Earth interior
The document summarizes the four main layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It describes each layer in 1-3 sentences. The crust is the top solid rocky layer that is thinnest under oceans. Below is the mantle, made of hot dense rock that flows slowly via convection currents. These currents also move the crustal plates. Deepest is the core, with the outer core a liquid layer of iron and nickel, and the inner solid ball an extremely hot and dense metallic solid.
Earth earth-system
Earth is the third planet from the sun, formed 4.54 billion years ago. It rotates on its axis 366.26 times per year while orbiting the sun, creating seasons and years. The moon stabilizes Earth's axis and causes ocean tides. Earth's surface is divided into tectonic plates that migrate over millions of years. 71% is water and 29% is land with rivers and lakes. The interior remains active with a molten core generating a magnetic field and mantle driving plate tectonics. Earth system science considers interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and magnetosphere and human impacts on these. Climate change and the carbon cycle are central to
What is Solar system? FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. SOLAR SYSTEM: Structure
The document summarizes the structure and components of the solar system. It describes:
1. The solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As it contracted, the nebula flattened into a disk and kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form.
2. The solar system consists of the Sun and celestial objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets composed of rock/metal or gas/hydrogen that orbit in nearly circular paths within the ecliptic plane.
3. Most planets have their own moons, and the gas giants have rings composed of tiny particles orbiting them. The solar system can be divided into
Solar system
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, Pluto, moons, asteroids, comets and other objects. The 4 inner planets are small and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are large gas giants. The document describes each planet's characteristics such as composition, size, orbital period, moons, temperature and other features. It explains that the Sun is at the center and provides energy through nuclear fusion, while planets reflect sunlight.
THE EARTH
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is the third planet from the sun and the only known planet capable of sustaining life. The Earth has a molten iron core, a solid silicate mantle, and a crust consisting of tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over millions of years. The Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere support around 8.7 million known species of life. Humans depend on the biosphere and minerals of the Earth, though pollution poses threats to both the environment and human health.
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Origin of universe
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The earth system
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
Earth interior
The document summarizes the four main layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It describes each layer in 1-3 sentences. The crust is the top solid rocky layer that is thinnest under oceans. Below is the mantle, made of hot dense rock that flows slowly via convection currents. These currents also move the crustal plates. Deepest is the core, with the outer core a liquid layer of iron and nickel, and the inner solid ball an extremely hot and dense metallic solid.
Earth earth-system
Earth is the third planet from the sun, formed 4.54 billion years ago. It rotates on its axis 366.26 times per year while orbiting the sun, creating seasons and years. The moon stabilizes Earth's axis and causes ocean tides. Earth's surface is divided into tectonic plates that migrate over millions of years. 71% is water and 29% is land with rivers and lakes. The interior remains active with a molten core generating a magnetic field and mantle driving plate tectonics. Earth system science considers interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and magnetosphere and human impacts on these. Climate change and the carbon cycle are central to
What is Solar system? FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. SOLAR SYSTEM: Structure
The document summarizes the structure and components of the solar system. It describes:
1. The solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As it contracted, the nebula flattened into a disk and kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form.
2. The solar system consists of the Sun and celestial objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets composed of rock/metal or gas/hydrogen that orbit in nearly circular paths within the ecliptic plane.
3. Most planets have their own moons, and the gas giants have rings composed of tiny particles orbiting them. The solar system can be divided into
Solar system
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, Pluto, moons, asteroids, comets and other objects. The 4 inner planets are small and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are large gas giants. The document describes each planet's characteristics such as composition, size, orbital period, moons, temperature and other features. It explains that the Sun is at the center and provides energy through nuclear fusion, while planets reflect sunlight.
THE EARTH
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is the third planet from the sun and the only known planet capable of sustaining life. The Earth has a molten iron core, a solid silicate mantle, and a crust consisting of tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over millions of years. The Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere support around 8.7 million known species of life. Humans depend on the biosphere and minerals of the Earth, though pollution poses threats to both the environment and human health.
Evolution of the earth
The document summarizes the evolution of the Earth and solar system. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Over time, gas and dust coalesced to form stars and planets, including our sun and solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago. As the early Earth formed and cooled, differentiation occurred with iron sinking to form the core and lighter elements floating upward. The atmosphere gradually evolved from a primitive mix including hydrogen and helium to today's nitrogen and oxygen-rich atmosphere through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen-producing life.
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
Internal Structure of Earth
This document discusses Earth's interior structure based on seismic wave evidence. It begins by introducing seismic waves like P and S waves. Observing how they travel through Earth reveals its layered structure. The crust and mantle can be detected by changes in wave speeds at boundaries like the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Liquid layers are identified by S waves stopping at the outer core. A solid inner core is known from P wave reflections. Together, precisely tracking seismic wave paths and speeds informs our understanding of Earth's composition and properties within each internal layer.
The Earth System
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
introduction of Earth
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Relation of Geology
Relation of Geology to the other fundamental branches of science(Physics,Chemistry,Mathematics,Biology)
Solar system
The document provides facts about objects in our solar system including the Sun, planets Mercury through Neptune, dwarf planets, asteroids, and the Kuiper Belt. It notes key details about each such as the Sun containing 99% of the solar system's mass, Venus rotating backwards compared to other planets, Jupiter having the largest moon Ganymede, Saturn being the ringed planet, and the Kuiper Belt potentially containing over a trillion comet nuclei. It aims to inform readers about characteristics of astronomical bodies in our neighborhood.
Solar System
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
Lesson 1 the origin of the universe and solar system
The document provides an overview of Earth science topics including the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth. It discusses theories of how the universe and solar system formed, including the nebular hypothesis which proposes that the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. Key events included gravitational collapse of the solar nebula forming the Sun and planets condensing from the disk as it rotated and cooled.
The Evolution of Earth
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
Sun, Moon, and Earth system
The solar system is made up of the Sun, the planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets and many, many small objects, like asteroids and comets. All of these objects move and we can see these movements. We notice the Sun rises in the eastern sky in the morning and sets in the western sky in the evening. We observe different stars in the sky at different times of the year.
I.B Earth and Earth Systems
Core Subject Title: Earth and Life Science
I. ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
B. Earth and Earth Systems
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
Plate Boundaries
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It also discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision. At destructive boundaries, oceanic plates are subducted under continental plates, forming volcanoes. At collision boundaries, continental plates push together to form mountain ranges. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed.
The earth and its neighbours
The document discusses the Earth and its place in the solar system. It describes the Earth's rotation and revolution around the Sun, which causes the seasons. It also discusses other planets, stars, galaxies and satellites. The Earth formed from a ball of dust and gases and has a molten core, mantle and solid crust. Volcanic eruptions occur when gases and liquids from the core breach weaknesses in the crust.
Lesson 1 History of Glaciation
The document discusses the history of glaciation. It explains that ice ages were first discovered in the 1830s and that ice cores have provided evidence of past climate changes over the last 800,000 years. Geological time is broken into periods like the Quaternary period, which includes the current Holocene epoch and the Pleistocene epoch during the last ice age. The causes of the glacial and interglacial cycles within the Pleistocene are thought to involve changes in the Earth's orbit and axis known as the Milankovitch cycles, as well as climate feedback mechanisms involving factors like albedo, cloud cover, and ocean currents. Short term climate fluctuations may also be influenced by solar activity and volcanic eruptions
Intro to Earth System Science
The document introduces Earth system science, which views Earth as an interconnected system rather than separate parts. It describes Earth's four spheres - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact. It also outlines the scientific method and key terms used in Earth system science.
Hurricane information
Hurricanes are intense rotating storms that form over tropical oceans. They are known as tropical cyclones and are classified based on wind speed as either a tropical depression, tropical storm, or hurricane. Hurricanes gain their strength from warm ocean waters which provide heat and moisture, with wind speeds caused to rotate by the Coriolis effect of the Earth's rotation. Hurricane damage primarily results from strong winds, heavy rainfall and storm surge which can flood coastal areas.
Branches of Earth Science
The document discusses different fields of Earth science. Geology is the study of the solid Earth and the forces that have shaped it over time. Oceanography studies Earth's oceans, their chemistry, and life forms. Meteorology examines Earth's atmosphere and weather. Astronomy observes celestial objects like stars and galaxies beyond Earth. Environmental science analyzes Earth's environments and resources, and how human activities impact them.
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Evolution of the earth
The document summarizes the evolution of the Earth and solar system. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Over time, gas and dust coalesced to form stars and planets, including our sun and solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago. As the early Earth formed and cooled, differentiation occurred with iron sinking to form the core and lighter elements floating upward. The atmosphere gradually evolved from a primitive mix including hydrogen and helium to today's nitrogen and oxygen-rich atmosphere through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen-producing life.
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
Internal Structure of Earth
This document discusses Earth's interior structure based on seismic wave evidence. It begins by introducing seismic waves like P and S waves. Observing how they travel through Earth reveals its layered structure. The crust and mantle can be detected by changes in wave speeds at boundaries like the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Liquid layers are identified by S waves stopping at the outer core. A solid inner core is known from P wave reflections. Together, precisely tracking seismic wave paths and speeds informs our understanding of Earth's composition and properties within each internal layer.
The Earth System
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
introduction of Earth
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Relation of Geology
Relation of Geology to the other fundamental branches of science(Physics,Chemistry,Mathematics,Biology)
Solar system
The document provides facts about objects in our solar system including the Sun, planets Mercury through Neptune, dwarf planets, asteroids, and the Kuiper Belt. It notes key details about each such as the Sun containing 99% of the solar system's mass, Venus rotating backwards compared to other planets, Jupiter having the largest moon Ganymede, Saturn being the ringed planet, and the Kuiper Belt potentially containing over a trillion comet nuclei. It aims to inform readers about characteristics of astronomical bodies in our neighborhood.
Solar System
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
Lesson 1 the origin of the universe and solar system
The document provides an overview of Earth science topics including the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth. It discusses theories of how the universe and solar system formed, including the nebular hypothesis which proposes that the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. Key events included gravitational collapse of the solar nebula forming the Sun and planets condensing from the disk as it rotated and cooled.
The Evolution of Earth
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
Sun, Moon, and Earth system
The solar system is made up of the Sun, the planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets and many, many small objects, like asteroids and comets. All of these objects move and we can see these movements. We notice the Sun rises in the eastern sky in the morning and sets in the western sky in the evening. We observe different stars in the sky at different times of the year.
I.B Earth and Earth Systems
Core Subject Title: Earth and Life Science
I. ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
B. Earth and Earth Systems
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
Plate Boundaries
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It also discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision. At destructive boundaries, oceanic plates are subducted under continental plates, forming volcanoes. At collision boundaries, continental plates push together to form mountain ranges. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed.
The earth and its neighbours
The document discusses the Earth and its place in the solar system. It describes the Earth's rotation and revolution around the Sun, which causes the seasons. It also discusses other planets, stars, galaxies and satellites. The Earth formed from a ball of dust and gases and has a molten core, mantle and solid crust. Volcanic eruptions occur when gases and liquids from the core breach weaknesses in the crust.
Lesson 1 History of Glaciation
The document discusses the history of glaciation. It explains that ice ages were first discovered in the 1830s and that ice cores have provided evidence of past climate changes over the last 800,000 years. Geological time is broken into periods like the Quaternary period, which includes the current Holocene epoch and the Pleistocene epoch during the last ice age. The causes of the glacial and interglacial cycles within the Pleistocene are thought to involve changes in the Earth's orbit and axis known as the Milankovitch cycles, as well as climate feedback mechanisms involving factors like albedo, cloud cover, and ocean currents. Short term climate fluctuations may also be influenced by solar activity and volcanic eruptions
Intro to Earth System Science
The document introduces Earth system science, which views Earth as an interconnected system rather than separate parts. It describes Earth's four spheres - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact. It also outlines the scientific method and key terms used in Earth system science.
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Branches of Earth Science
The document discusses different fields of Earth science. Geology is the study of the solid Earth and the forces that have shaped it over time. Oceanography studies Earth's oceans, their chemistry, and life forms. Meteorology examines Earth's atmosphere and weather. Astronomy observes celestial objects like stars and galaxies beyond Earth. Environmental science analyzes Earth's environments and resources, and how human activities impact them.
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2. It explains the interaction between different subsystems that make up the biosphere and earth system like the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.
3. It provides examples of different depositional environmental subsystems and phenomena like El Nino and La Nina that impact atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
What are Earthquakes I
Earthquakes occur when built-up stress causes rocks beneath the earth's surface to suddenly break along faults. Rocks experience stress as the tectonic plates they reside in move and push against each other. This stress accumulates until it surpasses the rocks' elastic limit, at which point the rocks snap in an earthquake. The type of fault that forms depends on whether the rocks experience tension, compression, or shearing forces from plate movement.
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2) Unlike a simple "rock," the Earth has an atmosphere, is over 70% covered in water, and has a molten interior, allowing life to exist.
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2) Connecting this to the fact that snakes became part of the newts' environment between the first and second data samples.
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Earth as a System
- 2. Big Ideas of Earth Space Science 1. The hydrosphere contains all of the water on Earth. 2. The Earth is part of the solar system, which is part of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is part of the Universe. 3. Stars have life cycles. 4. The Earth is composed of a number of dynamic interacting systems which exchange matter and/or energy. 5. Earth’s interior has structure. 6. Earth’s surface features and atmosphere are a dynamic system operating over different time periods.
- 4. A system is a collection of interdependent parts enclosed within a defined boundary.
- 5. Geosphere • The lithosphere, which contains all the cold, hard, solid rock of the planet’s crust (surface). • Includes the hot semi-solid rock that lies underneath the crust, the hot rock near the center of the planet, and the solid iron core (center) of the planet.
- 6. Hydrosphere • Contains all of the planet’s solid, liquid, and gaseous water.
- 7. Atmosphere • Contains all of the planet’s air.
- 8. Biosphere • Contains all of the planet’s living organisms.
- 9. Matter and Energy • These spheres work together moving matter and energy through the Earth system. • A change in one sphere has an effect on the other spheres. – Matter: Takes up space and has mass – makes up everything in the universe. – Energy: the ability to do work or cause a change in motion.
- 10. Matter and Energy • Energy moves through this system and is never destroyed nor created • The energy is transformed from matter to energy as it moves from one sphere to another. – Matter is a form of energy – E=mc2 (Energy = Mass times Speed of Light Squared)
- 11. Visual Representation • Use the squares on your paper to create a visual representation of each sphere.
- 12. Reflection Page – This will go on page 4 of your notebooks Reflection pages are interpretations of the concepts in a chapter, lesson, or unit. Reflection pages create meaning by explaining what the concepts mean to you, how they relate to each other, and why they matter. They are called reflection pages because they appear opposite the page of content in your notebook – like a mirror that reflects the ideas. Learners can draw a cartoon, create a scrapbook page, make a list of analogies (the moon is like a giant piece of cheese because it’s cratered surface), write poetry, etc. BE CREATIVE!
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