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The arms race-cold war

The document discusses the development of nuclear weapons and space programs during the Cold War. It describes the invention of the atomic bomb and later hydrogen bomb. Both the US and Soviet Union engaged in testing of nuclear weapons and developed missiles like ICBMs to deliver bombs. They also competed in early space exploration with the Soviet Union launching Sputnik as the first artificial satellite and the US following with programs like Mercury and Apollo that landed astronauts on the moon. This space race demonstrated technological superiority and national prestige between the two superpowers during the Cold War era.

Education◦
The Arms Race
A-Bomb The Atomic bomb was invented during the Manhattan Project by a research team including J. Robert Oppenheimer. To produce the atom bomb ample amounts of “enriched” uranium was used to sustain a chemical reaction. The atom bomb was tested in New Mexico. When it was detonated, there was a light explosion which shot up into the air in the form of a mushroom cloud. Radioactive vapour was produced by the cloud, and what was left beneath the cloud were fragments of jade green radioactive glass created by the enormous heat of the reaction.
Examples of Atom Bombs.
H-Bomb The Hydrogen Bomb was tested on the 12 August 1953 by Nathan Riojas. It has more power the an Atomic bomb, and produces an enormous amount of energy through a nuclear fusion reaction. Hydrogen Bombs depend on reactions of hydrogen, hence why they are called H-Bombs.
Nuclear Weapons Testing Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, and power of a nuclear weapon. The first nuclear weapons test was conducted in Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, during the Manhattan Project. The United States conducted six nuclear tests before the Soviet Union developed their first atomic bomb, and tested it on August 29, 1949. Neither country had very many nuclear weapons to at the start of The Cold War, and so testing was relatively infrequent.
Brinkmanship Brinkmanship is a policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the limits of safety in order to get the greatest advantage. The term was introduced during The Cold War by the United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles who made the policy against the Soviet Union.
Mutually Assured Destruction MAD is the idea that one's population could be protected by leaving it vulnerable so long as the other side faced the same vulnerabilities.
IRBMs and ICBMs An intermediate-range ballistic missile is a missile with a range of 3,000-5,500 km. An Intercontinental ballistic missile is a long range missile In 1953, the USSR started a program to develop an ICBM. An ICBM An IRBM
SLBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles are missiles that are launched from submarines, delivering nuclear weapons. Modern SLBMs allows a single launched missile to strike several targets.
The B-52 Stratofortress The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is a long-range, subsonic, jet- powered, strategic bomber operated by the United States Air Force since 1955. It was built to carry nuclear weapons for Cold War.
The Space Race
Sputnik I Sputnik was the first artificial satellite in space. It was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 and was the first in a series of satellites known together as the Sputnik program.
Laika Lakia was a Soviet space dog who became the first living mammal to orbit the Earth. Laika died a few hours after launch, presumably from stress and overheating. The United States used chimpanzees and the Soviet program used dogs.
Ham the Chimp Ham was one of the chimps specially trained by rocket scientists to fly in tests of American space capsules. On January 31, 1961, Ham blasted off from Cape Canaveral and travelled 157 miles in a Mercury capsule before splashing down in the Atlantic ocean. Three months later the first American human, (Alan Shepard), followed him into space.
Astronaut/Cosmonaut An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human space flight program to command, (NASA), pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.
Yuri Gagarin Yuri Gagarin was a hero of the Soviet Union and was a cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961, he became the first human in space and the first to orbit the Earth.
The Mercury Program Project Mercury was the first human space flight program of the United States. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a human in orbit around the Earth.
John Glenn John Glenn is a former astronaut who became the third person and first American to orbit the Earth, and later became The United States Senator. He was honoured with a Congressional Space Medal of Honour in 1978 and was inducted into the Astronauts Hall of Fame in 1990.
JFK and the Space Race On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced that by the end of the decade, America would send a man to the moon.
The Apollo Program The Apollo program was a human space flight program undertaken by NASA during the years 1961–1975 with the goal of making manned moon landing missions. US President John F. Kennedy announced this goal in 1961.
First Moon Landing: Apollo I I The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. JFK’s goal was achieved on the July 20, 1969 by the landing of astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, with Michael Collins during the Apollo 11 mission.
Bibliography • A-Bomb = inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm • H-Bomb = en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon • Nuclear Weapons Testing = en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_testing • Brinkmanship = www.answers.com/topic/brinkmanship en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship • M.A.D = www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold- war/strategy/strategy-mutual-assured-destruction.htm • Ham the chimp = http://www.who2.com/hamthechimp.html • IRBMs and ICBMs = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM • Sputnik I = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 • SLBMs = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile • The B-52 Stratofortress = http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/bomber/b-52.htm • John Glenn = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn • The Apollo Program = http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/Apollo/apollo.htm • First Moon Landing: Apollo I I = www.panoramas.dk/FULLSCREEN3/F29.HTML • The Mercury Program = www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury.htm