SEMINAR REPORT ON SPACE EXPLORATION.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. Page 1
A
Seminar report
On
SPACE EXPLORATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Knowledge
in EXPLORING THE SPACE
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MOHAMMAD ATHIK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL NO. TITTLE PAGE NO
1 Introduction to space exploration 4
2 Brief history of space exploration 6
3 Spacerace 13
4 Hubble spacetelescope 19
5 International spacestation 22
6 Curiosity 23
7
India’s work in space
25
8 Advantages of space exploration 31
9 Disadvantages of space exploration 35
10 Conclusion 36

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ISRO - Indian Space Research Organization.
NASA - National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration.
INCOSPAR- Indian National Committee for Space Research.
A.D - Latin phrase: Anno Domini (“in the year of the Lord”-
the year Jesus was born).
U.T.C - Universal Time Coordinated.
EDT - Eastern DaylightTime.
STS - SpaceTransportation System.
ISS - International SpaceStation .
HST - Hubble SpaceTelescope .
DOS - Department of Space.
PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
GSLV - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.
USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
MOM - Mars Orbiter Mission.
LM - Lunar module.
MSL - Mars Science Laboratory.
RFSA - Russian Federal Space Agency.
GPS - Global Positioning System.
CAT - Computed axial tomography .
MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE EXPLORATION
Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial
structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space
technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with
telescopes, the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned
robotic probes and human spaceflight.

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While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates
reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient
rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical space exploration to
become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing
scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of
humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other
countries.
From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism
and then private space exploration has started.

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2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION
No one really knows when the first rocket was created, however most
historians agree that the Chinese were the first to produce a rocket around 1212
AD. This first rocket was essentially a solid fuel arrow powered by gunpowder,
which was also invented by Chinese sometime around 800 AD. These very
early rockets contained black powder, or something similar, as the propellant
(fuel). According to legend, a man named WAN HU made the first attempt to
build a rocket powered vehicle in the early 1500s. He attached 47 rockets to a
cart and at a given signal, 47 workers simultaneously lit all of the rockets. In the
ensuing explosion, the entire vehicle disappeared in a cloud of smoke and WAN
HU was never seen in this world again.
Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese
used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the
latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful
enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could
open space to human exploration.
As often happens in science, the earliest practical work on rocket engines
designed for spaceflight occurred simultaneously during the early 20th century
in three countries by three key scientists: in Russia, by Konstantin Tsiolkovski;
in the United States, by Robert Goddard; and in Germany, by Hermann Oberth.

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2.1 EVENTS IN AMERICA: 1909-1929
Dr. Robert Goddard, commonly referred to as “The Father of Modern
Rocketry,” is responsible for the advent of space exploration in the United
States. He achieved most of the
American accomplishments in
rocket science in a somewhat
autonomous effort. In 1909, he
began his study of liquid
propellant rockets and in 1912, he
proved that rockets would work in
a vacuum such as exists in space.
The year 1919 brought the end of
World War I as well as the
publication of Dr. Goddard’s
book, A Method of Attaining
Extreme Altitude. This document
laid the theoretical foundation for
future American rocket
developments.
On 16 March 1926 in Auburn, Massachusetts, Dr. Goddard made history
as the first person to launch a liquidfueled rocket. The strange looking vehicle
covered a ground distance of 184 feet in 2.5 seconds and rose to an altitude of
41 feet while achieving a speed of 60 mph. In 1929, Goddard launched an
improved version that was the first rocket to contain weather instruments. This
vehicle rose to a maximum altitude of 90 feet and provided some of the earliest
weather readings from “on-board” sensors.

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2.2 EVENTS IN GERMANY
The German rocket development effort
can be divided into two phases. Phase I
occurred between 1923 and 1931 and involved
Herman Oberth, Walter Hohmann, Johannes
Winkler and the Society for Space Travel.
Phase II occurred between 1932 and 1945 and
involved only one man, Wernher Von Braun.
Phase I
Although he never actually built any
rockets, Herman Oberth inspired others in both
Germany as well as abroad to do so (e.g., Dr.
Goddard). He accomplished this through his 1923 publications on space and
upper atmosphere exploration. His book “The Rocket into Planetary Space” laid
the foundation for the German rocket development effort. Oberth suggested that
if a rocket could develop enough thrust it
could deliver a payload into orbit. Many
people thought this impossible, but a man
named Johannes Winkler was so inspired by
Oberth’s work that in 1927 he formed the
Society for Space Travel, of which Oberth
later became president. Also known in
German as the “Verein fur Raumschiffahrt,”
this society became the spawning ground for
the most significant breakthroughs in space
technology. Members of the organization
would later include rocket pioneers such as
Dr. Von Braun.
In 1925, Walter Hohmann published his book “The Attainability of
Celestial Bodies,” in which he defined the principles of rocket travel in space

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(to include how to get into geosynchronous orbit). In recognition of Hohmann
and his work in rocketry, the orbital transfer technique used to place payloads
into geosynchronous orbit is called the “Hohmann Transfer.”
Johannes Winkler invented the first liquid propellant rocket, the HW-1.
The first launch attempt was a failure but the second launch was successful in
1931, achieving an altitude of 295 feet.
Phase II
In 1932, the National Socialist dictator Adolf Hitler rose to power in
Germany and directed the German Army to pressure Dr. Von Braun to develop
rockets which could be employed in warfare. Hitler used the resulting rocket
technology to terrorize London during World War II. Ironically, the rocket
technology which resulted from Dr. Von Braun’s early work would eventually
enable the United States to send a man to the moon. Under direction of the
German Army, Dr. Von Braun began experimenting with liquid fuel rockets,
leading to the development of the “A” series. The `A-1, which did not appear
promising, was abandoned after a number of launch failures.

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The A-2 subsequently emerged and was successfully launched in 1934,
thus opening the door for development of even larger rockets. In 1937, General
Dornberger, the head of the German Army’s rocket development effort, Dr. Von
Braun and their development team moved to Peenemunde (a peninsula in
northern Germany). From this installation (Fig. 1-1) would come the vengeance
weapon, the V-2 (Fig. 1-2), which Hitler used would unleash against England.
By 1942, the A-4 test rocket had been successfully launched. Research and
development continued until 7 September 1944, when the first V-2 rocket
boosted a 2000 lb. warhead to 3,500 mph and burned out with the warhead
continuing on a ballistic trajectory to a range of 200 miles, literally “falling” on
London.

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2.3 EVENTS IN SOVIET UNION
If it could be agreed upon that the space age was born in one place, most
historians would say that it would have been in the home of Russian
schoolmaster Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. In 1883, he first explained
how it would be possible for a rocket to fly in space. This was a time when most
people believed it was not possible for man to
fly. Consequently, Tsiolkovsky was thought
to be eccentric by his fellow Russians. In
1895, he published “Dream of the Earth and
Sky” in which he initially postulated the
feasibility of an artificial earth satellite. In
1903, he began publishing parts of another
book describing the theory of rocket flight and
the prospects of space travel.
Tsiolkovsky had a unique depth of
understanding. He was the first to recommend
the use of liquid propellants because they
performed better and were easier to control
than solid propellants. His notebooks contain many ideas and concepts that are
used by rocket engineers today. His works also include detailed sketches of
spaceship fuel tanks containing liquid oxygen and hydrogen (the same fuel used
in the Saturn V moon rocket). Tsiolkovsky further recommended controlling a
rocket’s flight by inserting rudders in the exhaust or by tilting the exhaust
nozzle, just as Dr. Goddard would suggest some thirty years later.
Tsiolkovsky determined a way of controlling the flow of liquid
propellants with mixing valves and advocated cooling the combustion chamber
by flowing one of the liquids around it in a double-walled jacket, as seen in the
space shuttle engines of today. His spaceship cabin designs included life support
systems for absorption of carbon dioxide and proposed reclining the crew with
their backs to the engines throughout the acceleration phase, also as is currently
done. Tsiolkovsky further suggested building the outer wall of spaceships with a
double layer to provide better protection against meteors and increased

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temperature. Tsiolkovsky foresaw the use of an airlock for spacesuited men to
leave their ship and suggested that gyro-stabilization as well as multiplestage
boosters were the only way to attain the velocities required for space flight.
Finally, he anticipated the assembly of space stations in orbit with food and
oxygen supplied by vegetation growing within.
Tsiolkovsky designed extensive calculations to ensure all his proposals
were mathematically possible, but without funding, he was unable to perform
any meaningful experimentation. Because of his considerable technical
foresight and realistic approach to space problems, he is now known as the
“Father of Space Travel.”

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3. SPACE RACE
3.1 V-2 ROCKET
As we know that the first rocket that was able to fly high enough to be
considered in space was the v-2 missile.
This was a weapon developed by German Scientists in the second world
war as a "vengeance weapon", assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for
the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket also became the first
man-made object to travel into space by crossing the Karman line.

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3.2 SPUTNIK-I
Sputnik-1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched
it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in)
diameter polished metal sphere, with four
external radio antennas to broadcast radio
pulses. Its radio signal was easily
detectable even by radio amateurs, and the
65° inclination and duration of its orbit
made its flight path cover virtually the
entire inhabited Earth. This surprise
success precipitated the American Sputnik
crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part
of the Cold War. The launch ushered in
new political, military, technological, and
scientific developments.
3.3 EXPLORER-1
In response, the United
States launched its first satellite,
explorer-1, on January 31, 1958.
This started the Space Race.
Explorer-1 was the first satellite of
the United States, launched as part
of its participation in
the International Geophysical Year.

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3.4 FIRST LIFE IN SPACE
Just a few weeks after the successful launch of Sputnik 1, the Soviet
Union launched another satellite, Sputnik-2. Sputnik 2 had a passenger for its
journey; a dog named Laika.
Unlike Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2 had to support life, therefore it needed:
 An oxygen generator for air.
 A fan to keep Laika cool.
 A harness to keep her safe.
 Enough food for the trip.
 A way of collecting waste.
Unfortunately, Laika did not survive the trip. However she has her place
in history as the first living thing to orbit the Earth.

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3.5 FIRST HUMAN IN SPACE
On April 12 1961, Russian
astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the
first human in space, orbiting the
Earth once. Gagarin traveled in a
spacecraft named Vostok 1. It was
unknown how humans would react to
being in space, so the flight was
controlled from the ground.
Once the spacecraft had been
successfully launched, the rocket part
dropped off the craft, and returned to
Earth. Only the capsule containing Gagarin was sent into orbit. Upon re-entry

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into the Earth’s Atmosphere, Gagarin ejected from the craft and parachuted
safely to the ground.
3.6 FIRST MAN ON MOON

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Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on
the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both
American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC.
Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing
on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They
spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and
collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to
Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar
orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just
under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit.
Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space
Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 9:32 am EDT(13:32 UTC) and
was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The
Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the
three astronauts, and the only part that returned back to Earth; a service module
(SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power,
oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent

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stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back
into lunar orbit.

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4. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
NASA named the world's first space-based optical telescope after
American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889 -- 1953). Dr. Hubble confirmed
an "expanding" universe, which provided the foundation for the big-bang
theory.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was
launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. Although not
the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is
well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon
for astronomy.
The purpose of the Hubble
Space Telescope is to gather light
from cosmic objects so scientists can
better understand the universe around
us.
The Hubble space telescope was
launched on 24th April 1990 from
space shuttle Discovery (STS-31).
And deployed on 25th April 1990.
Hubble is an upgradeable, space
based telescope flying almost 600 km
above most of our image-distorting
atmosphere.
It is designed to take high-resolution images and accurate spectra by
concentrating starlight to form sharper images than is possible from the ground,
where the atmospheric 'twinkling' of the stars limits the clarity of the images.
Hubble's second huge advantage is its ability to observe near-infrared and
ultraviolet light, which is otherwise filtered away by the atmosphere before it
can reach ground-based telescopes.

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Hubble has made many contributions to science since its launch in 1990. With
almost 15 000 scientific papers attributed to it, Hubble is by some measures the
most productive scientific instrument ever built.
These are the some main contributions of Hubble space telescope. Hubble
spacetelescope helped us to find,
 Age and size of universe.
 The lives of star.
 The solar neighborhood.
 Black Holes, Quasars, and Active Galaxies.
 Formation of star.
 Composition of the Universe.
Service missions
 Servicing Mission 1 (STS-61): December 1993.
 Servicing Mission 2 (STS-82): February 1997.
 Servicing Mission 3A (STS-103): December 1999.
 Servicing Mission 3B (STS-109): February 2002.
 Servicing Mission 4 (STS-125): May 2009.
Size
 Length: 43.5 feet (13.2 m)
 Weight: At Launch: about 24,000 pounds (10,886 kg)
 PostSM4: about 27,000 pounds (12,247 kg)
 Maximum Diameter: 14 feet (4.2 m)
Spaceflight Statistics
 Low Earth Orbit: Altitude of 340 miles (295 nautical miles, or 547 km),
inclined 28.5 degrees to the equator.
 Time to Complete One Orbit: about 95 minutes.
 Speed:about 17,000 mph (27,300 kph)

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4.1 IMAGES TAKEN BY HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE

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5. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a
habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into
orbit in 1998, the last
pressurised module was
fitted in 2011, and the
station is expected to be
used until 2028.
The International
Space Station is a large
spacecraft in orbit
around Earth. It serves
as a home where crews
of astronauts and
cosmonauts live. The
space station is also a
unique science
laboratory. Several
nations worked together to build and use the space station. The space station is
made of parts that were assembled in space by astronauts. It orbits Earth at an
average altitude of 220
miles. It travels at
17,500 mph. This
means it orbits Earth
every 90 minutes.
NASA is using the
space station to learn
more about living and
working in space. These
lessons will make it
possible to send humans
farther into space than
ever before.

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6. CURIOSITY
Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore Gale Crater on Mars as
part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL). Curiosity was
launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC aboard
the MSL spacecraftand landed on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater on Mars on
August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:
As established by the Mars Exploration Program, the main scientific
goals of the MSL mission are to help determine whether Mars could ever have
supported life, as well as determining the role of water, and to study
the climate and geology of Mars.The mission will also help prepare for human

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exploration.To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific
objectives.
Biological
1. Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds.
2. Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur).
3. Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes
(bio-signatures and bio-molecules).
Geological and geochemical
4. Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the
Martian surface and near-surface geological materials.
5. Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils.
Planetary process
6. Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) Martian atmospheric evolution
processes.
7. Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon
dioxide.
Surface radiation
8. Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including galactic
and cosmic radiation, solar proton events and secondary neutrons. As
part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the
interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing
radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data
would be important for a future manned mission.

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7. INDIA’S WORK IN SPAC
The space research activities were initiated in India during the early
1960’s, when applications using satellites were in experimental stages even in
the United States. With the live transmission of Tokyo Olympic Games across
the Pacific by the American Satellite ‘Syncom-3’ demonstrating the power of
communication satellites, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of Indian
space programme, quickly recognized the benefits of space technologies for
India.
As a first step, the Department of Atomic Energy formed the INCOSPAR
(Indian National Committee for Space Research) under the leadership of Dr.
Sarabhai and Dr. Ramanathan in 1962. The Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) was later formed on August 15, 1969. The prime objective of ISRO is to
develop space technology and its application to various national needs. It is one
of the six largest space agencies in the world. The Department of Space (DOS)
and the Space Commission were set up in 1972 and ISRO was brought under
DOS on June 1, 1972.

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7.1 ARYBHATA
It was launched by India on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar,
a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblastusing
a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research
Organisation.The launch came from an agreement between India and the Soviet
Union directed by UR Rao and signed in 1972. It allowed the USSR to use
Indian ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching
Indian satellites.[5] Aryabhatta is the first man made (artificial) Indian satellite.
On 19 April 1975, the satellite's 96.46-minute orbit had an apogee of 611
kilometres (380 mi) and a perigee of 568 kilometres (353 mi), at an inclination
of 50.6 degrees. It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy,
aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polyhedron 1.4
metres (4.6 ft) in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered
with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after four days and 60
orbits with all signals from the spacecraft lost after five days of the operation.
According to Soviet media reports, the satellite continued to function and
transmit information for some time. The satellite returned to the Earth's
atmosphere on 11 February 1992.

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7.2 GHANDRAYANA-I
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by
the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until
August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India
launched the spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, serial number C11, on 22
October 2008 at 00:52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, about 80 km
(50 mi) north of Chennai. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayeeannounced the
project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. The
mission was a major boost to India's
space program. as India researched and
developed its own technology in order to
explore the Moon. The vehicle was
inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November
2008.
OBJECTIVES
The mission had the following stated
scientific objectives:
 To design, develop, launch and
orbit a spacecraftaround the Moon
using an Indian-made launch-
vehicle.
 To conduct scientific experiments
using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data:
 For the preparation of a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and
altitude resolution of 5–10 m or 16–33 ft) of both the near and far sides of
the Moon.
 For chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at
high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements radon,
iron, silicon, calcium, aluminium, titanium, magnesium, uranium,
and thorium.
 To increase scientific knowledge.

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7.3 MARS ORBIT MISSION
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a space
probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November
2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first
interplanetary mission and ISRO has also become the fourth space agency to
reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space
Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the
world to do so in its first attempt.
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of the mission is to develop the technologies
required for designing, planning, management and operations of
an interplanetary mission. The secondary objective is to explore Mars' surface
features, morphology, mineralogy and Martian atmosphere using indigenous
scientific instruments.
Primary objectives
The main objectives are to develop the technologies required for
designing, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission
comprising the following major tasks:

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 Orbit manoeuvres to transfer the spacecraft from Earth-centred orbit to
heliocentric trajectory and finally, capture into Martian orbit.
 Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and attitude
computations and analysis.
 Navigation in all phases.
 Maintain the spacecraft in all phases of the mission.
 Meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation
requirements.
 Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations.
Scientific objectives
The scientific objectives deal with the following major aspects.
 Exploration of Mars surface features by studying the morphology,
topography and mineralogy.
 Study the constituents of Martian atmosphere including methane and
CO2 using remote sensing techniques.
 Study the dynamics of the upper atmosphere of Mars, effects of solar
wind and radiation and the escape of volatiles to outer space.
The mission would also provide multiple opportunities to observe the
Martian moon Phobos and also offer an opportunity to identify and re-estimate
the orbits of asteroids seen during the Martian Transfer Trajectory.
 Here are some reasons why India’s Mars Orbit mission(MOM) is
just amazing.
The Mangalyaan mission cost India $73 million (~Rs.450 crores)
which is even cheaper than an eight lane bridge in Mumbai which cost $340
million. It is less than the budget of film “Gravity” which was about $105
million and about one-tenth of what the US has spent on MAVEN, making it
undoubtedly the most cost-effective inter-planetary space mission to have ever
been undertaken anywhere in the world.
In real terms, when distributed over the population of 1.2 billion, every
Indian has contributed Rs.4 per towards the mission.

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Mangalyaan will observe the environment of Mars and look for various
elements like methane (marsh gas), which is a possible indicator of life. It will
also look for Deuterium-Hydrogen ratio and other neutral constants.
The orbiter weighs 1,350-kg, which is even less than the weight of an
average sports utility vehicle.
The manufacturing of Mangalyaan took 15 months while NASA took five
years to complete MAVEN.
Mangalyaan is the first spacecraft to be launched outside the Earth’s
sphere of influence by ISRO in its entire history of 44 years.
ISRO will be the fourth space agency in the world after National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US, Russian Federal
Space Agency (RFSA) and European Space Agency to have successfully
undertaken a mission to Mars.
Considering that Mars is about 670 million kilometers from the Earth, the
cost of the ride works out to about Rs.6.7 per kilometre – cheaper than what
even autorickshaws charge anywhere in India!

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8. ADVANTAGES OF SPACE EXPLORATION
 It allows people to know more about the universe
Undoubtedly, space exploration has answered the question of whether the
Earth is round or not and proved that the Earth does revolve around the sun (and
not the other way around). But it does much more than that: it gives people a
deeper insight about the universe and provides them with more information
about the world they live in. It helps them realize that their problems aren’t
really that debilitating in the grand scheme of things while reminding them of
how fortunate they are to be part of the vast and majestic universe.
 It paves the way to advanced technology
Scientists are always developing new technology for space programs, but
the good news is that these new innovations aren’t just useful for astronauts and
space missions. They can also be used in other industries and, in fact, have
already led to the development of modern products and gadgets that many
people use. These include GPS systems (which is used in many smartphones,
tablets, and sat-navs), Teflon-coated fiberglass (which is now used as roofing
material), and breast cancer test imaging.
 It creates numerous jobs
Space exploration doesn’tjust involve scientist and astronauts; it also
requires the skills and labor of many engineers, research assistants, technicians,
mechanics, and other professionals. If spaceexploration would be stopped
today, these people would becomejobless, and they won’t have the means to
supportthemselves and their families.
The good thing about this is that space exploration programs show no signs of
stopping, and they’re expected to get bigger in the coming years. This means
that more jobs would be created, which can significantly help with the
employment problems that many countries face.

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 kidney dialysis and the new artificial
heart have been based on technology
found in space shuttle.
 Image processing used in CAT
scanners and MRI technology in
hospitals worldwide came from
technology developed to computer
improved pictures of the moon for
the Apollo programs.
 Joystick evolved from Apollo Lunar Rover
Used for Computer Games, Cranes, Mining
Trucks, Underwater unmanned vehicles.

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 That micro gravity
semiconductor materials
can produce chips as much
as a thousand times more
powerful than anything
now available.
 There is an element known as Helium 3
that is found on the moon. Many scientists
believe helium-3 could provide us with all the
power we need for 10,000 years.
Neutrons:1 Protons:2
 To understand formation
of solar system, how water and
organic material came to earth.
 Find the way to reduce the
possibility of future impact with
earth.
 Exploring possibility of
mining and resupply for space
missions.

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 Daily life for a large portion of the world's population now involves
sharing information via mobile phones, personal computers and other
electronic communication devices. Space-based technologies, namely
communications satellites, enable global telecommunications systems by
relaying signals with voice, video and data to and from one or many
locations.
 Monitoring global warming. Developing capability of global
protection. Space debris removal. Building mutual trust and understanding
among nations.
 Space exploration programs help us to find life in space, and by these
programs we can find the possibility of life on other planets, so that human
can able to live on other planets in future.
List of some Earth like planets
planet Period (days) Distance (ly)
Earth 365.24 --
Proxima Centauri b 11.186 4.22
Gliese 667 Cc 28.143 ± 0.029 23.62
Kepler-442b 112.3053 1291.6
Kepler-452b 384.8 1402
Wolf 1061c 17.9 13.8
Kepler-1229b 86.8 769

Space exploration
9. DISADVANTAGES OF SPACE EXPLORATION
It can be expensive
Space exploration is undeniably costly. Training and educating
astronauts, building rockets and space shuttles, developing new technology for
spacemissions — all of these cost a substantial amount of money.Proponents of
space exploration argue that every penny is worth it because of the knowledge
and data that exploring the universe brings. However, many people disagree.
They point out that spending billions of dollars on space travel isn’t practical
nor even ethical when a lot of ordinary people are suffering from hunger,
illnesses, and poverty. They argue that, instead of putting large amounts of
money on space programs, governments should use the funds on healthcare,
education, food, housing, and other social programs that would benefit a lot of
people and make their lives better.
Risks: Known and Unknown
There is always the problem of unforeseen risk with space exploration.
The space shuttle Challenger exploded during launch in 1986, killing seven
astronauts, and the shuttle Colombia exploded during reentry in 2003, also
killing seven. Radiation from the sun is a constant danger to astronauts, and
there may be unforeseen risks when they are traveling far beyond the earth,
exacerbated by the fact that there would be little hope of getting back home in
time for help.
Relations
Uniting the world may be cited as an advantage of space exploration.
However, it may lead to disputes within nations. Satellites could be used by one
country to spy over another. This may lead to strained relations between
countries as also an unhealthy competition.
Space junk
What we leave behind in space, known as space junk or space debris,
leads to space pollution. The debris include coolant droplets, dust, non-
functional spacecraft, old satellites, and pieces of any man-made objects that
continue to orbit the Earth.

Space exploration
10. CONCLUSION
 Space exploration is the key to the future and we will reap the rewards of
this necessary investment of money and resources.
 Researches and technologies about space exploration are very important for
humanity.
 Without risk, we remain in our caves, never daring to see what lies beyond
our immediate sight.
 The money we are spending now on space program will help in the long run.
 It is the main thrust of humanity’s future dreams which expands their limits
as new projects accomplished.
 Despite the fact that space exploration projects need huge amount of money
and labour and also time, it can not be totally stopped.
 Space always inspires the youth.

SEMINAR REPORT ON SPACE EXPLORATION.

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