Cold War, Defence, Geopolitics, International Relations

1. TOPIC:COLD WAR
DEFENCE STUDIES
B.A/B.Sc III
Paper-III Study of
War
Presented By:-
Alok Yadav
Assistant Professor,
Department of Defence Studies,
Hindu College,
Moradabad

2. Structure
 Aim of the Study
 Introduction
 Origin and Cause
 Expansion of Cold War
 Détente
 Cold War II
 End of Cold War
 Conclusion

3. Aim of the Study
 Define the concept of Cold War
 Trace the Causes
 Understand the dimensions
 Impact on World Order

4. Introduction

5. Cold War Element
Group 1
 Capitalism
 Led by NATO
 USA
Group 2
 Socialism
 Led by WARASA
 Soviet Union

6.  After the end of Second World War (1939-45) new World Order System
emerged.
 In International relations the time period from 1945 to 1990 known as Cold
War Period.
 Bernard Baruch, was the first person coins the term “Cold War” to describe
relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.
 Durind World War II, he was trusted adviser to the new administration of
Harry S. Truman.
 During time period 1945 to 1947 some incident took place, which led to
rivalry became like war a like situation to became the most powerful Nation
State.
history.com/this-day-in-history/bernard-baruch-coins-the-term-cold-war

7. Meaning
 1. The term Cold War means a state of hostility between nations
without actual fighting (i.e. non-military hostility). The concept
stands for struggle for supremacy waged by the nations or states
through propaganda, economic measures, political actions, etc.
Nations or states, engaged in Cold War do not go for actual war
(military action). It means in general we can say that Cold war is a
state of Ideological conflict i.e. Socialism and Capitalism.

8. Cont.….
 2. According to Flemming, “Cold war is a war that is fought not in the
battlefield but in the mind of man, one tries to control the other.”
 3. According to Hartman, “Cold war is the state of tension between
countries in which each side is adopt policies designed to strengthen
itself and weaken the other by falling short of actual war,”

9. Basic Nature of Cold War
 1. Ideological conflict
 2. War without violence and weapons
 3. Arms race and Arms aid
 4. Military Alliances (NATO, WARASA Pact, SEATO, CENTO)
 5. Economic war( economic assistance to enemy of the enemy).
 6. Diplomatic moves to counter challenges among Super Powers.
 7. Propaganda
 8. War like situation

10. Causes and Expansion of Cold War
1.Truman Doctrine(1946)-Economic and Military assistance to Greece and Turkey
against Soviet Plans.
2. Marshal Plan ( 1947)- Economic assistance to East Europe
3. Blockade of Berlin (1948-49)- By Soviet Union to counter Marshal Plan
4. NATO PLAN (1949) and WARASA agreement(1955)
5.Cuban Crises (1962)- Tension arise after Soviet Union established Missile
System in Cuba for blockade of USA.
6.According to USA there was Growing influence of Soviet Union in international
Politics.
7. Soviet Pressure on Germany and violation of Potsdam Agreement
8. According to Soviet Union, Moves of the American Bloc to contain the role of
Soviet Union at International Level

11. Cold War time World Map
Image Credit- https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.q7Sf6QUfTyrBCU1mDL27rQHaDI&pid=Api&P=0&w=361&h=154

12. Cuban Missile Crisis –Peak of the Cold War
 After gaining the Political power in Cuba, Socialist Leader Fiddel Castro algins
himself with USSR ,so Cuba got military and economic aid from USSR.
 To counter USA, Soviet installed Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missile in
Cuba just 90 miles away from USA mainland area Florida, which was a new
threat to American Security.
 Khrushchev had take a risk on installing the missiles to Cuba with the special
goal of increasing his nation’s nuclear strike capability.
 USA blockade the Cuba through Navy, to isolate Cuba from USSR and warns for
Nuclear attack if USSR will not withdraw missiles from Cuba.
 After exchange of letter Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy in which he
offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for a promise by U.S.
leaders not to invade Cuba.
 A direct “hot line” was installed for direct communication between Washington
and Moscow to avoid similar situations.
Credit-https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis

13. October Crises
Image Credit-https://www.american.edu/sis/news/20171103-55-years-later-lessons-of-the-cuban-missile-crisis.cfm

14. Credit- The New York Times Archives

15. Detente
 After Cuban Crises there was change of leadership in USA and USSR.
 After the end of Cuban crises both USA and USSR agreed for arms control
agreements like PTBT (1963), Outer Space Treaty (1967), NPT(1968) etc.
 In 1971 a agreement was signed to prohibited emplacement of nuclear
weapons on the seabed .
 JJI 1972, SALT-I was signed between the America and Soviet Union. Which
subsequently was followed by SALT-I1 in 1978. These agreements collectively
decreased the tension of the Cold War.

16. Détente
 This was an attempt to improve relations between USA and USSR. In general it
means that their was “Relaxation in Tensions”.
 US President Nixan and his secretary of state wants to improve relation with
USSR and China. USA gave recognition as State to Peoples Republic of China in
1972.
 The key achievements of Détente were signing on SALT-I and II, and the
Helsinki Final Act of 1975.
 End of Cambodian War and Vietnam War 1975.
 Various arms control agreements collectively decreased the tension of the
Cold War.
 Meanwhile Europe has restored itself from the Wartime destruction. The
resurgent Europe began to compete with the US economy.

17. THE REBIRTH OF THE COLD WAR
 A communist government came into power with the support of USSR in
Afghanistan in late 1970s. But USA with the help of religious extremists forces
opposed the new government.
 To support communist government Soviet intervention in Afghanistan IN 1979.
So USA opposed this intervention and termed the presence of Soviet army in
Afghanistan as an invasion.
 The tension between the USA and USSR has been termed as the rebirth or the
beginning of the new Cold War or Cold war-II.
 The conflict between the USA and the USSR reached already at peak in 1983
when the USSR shot down a South Korean civilian aircraft which was alleged
to be on the spy mission.
 To counter USSR influence USA President Regan plans “Star Wars”

18. End of the Cold War
 There was slowdown in Soviet’s economy since 1978 and there was
compromised as its capacity to fund its military objectives – to say nothing of
the cost of trying to maintain technological parity with the USA.
 Gorbachev determined to undertake a reform program which was intended to
revitalize the USSR economy and social sector.
 Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of 'Perestroika' and 'glasnost' were primarily
responsible for the end of the Cold War.
 INF Treaty was signed, Though the treaty was not fully implemented, it
reduced strategic weapons by about 30 per cent.
 Gorbachev pulled the troops out from Afghanistan and Vietnam.
 Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of 'Perestroika' and 'glasnost' were primarily
responsible for the end of the Cold War.
 Both domestic and foreign policies of the Soviet were drastically changed. So,
communist regimes in Eastern Europe fell one by one. The State of East
Germany was eliminated and whole of Germany was united. The infamous
Berlin Wall was demolished(1990). And the USSR got disintegrated(1991).

19. End of the Cold War
 The Cold War thus ended with the demise of a superpower.
 From the disintegration of Soviet Union came the following new sovereign
states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation (Russia), Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
 Cold War means the non-military conflict.
 The Cold War had begun with the foundation of the USSR and declined with
the disintegration of the USSR.

20. Impact on World Order
 Cold War played an important role in world politics. Indirectly its supported
anti-colonial struggles and in the politics of postcolonial states.
 After Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and the US funding of guerrilla
insurgents that gave birth to al-Qaeda and origin of religious fundamentalist
terror groups.
 Origin of Non Alignment Movement in 1961 for 3rd world.
 Arms Race and Militarization in 3rd world countries.
 Cold War was able to avoid Third World War
 Technological Developments.
 Use of propaganda as warfare.

21. Questions
 What do you mean by the term of Cold War?
 Discuss the circumstances leading to the beginning of the Cold War.
 How important was the Cuban missile crisis to the dynamics of Cold War
conflict?
 Discuss the factors responsible for the relaxation of the Cold War.
 Who should take credit for the end of the Cold War?

22. SOME USEFUL BOOKS
 U.R. Ghai, “International Politics: Theory and Practice” New Academic
publishers co, Jalandhar 2010.
 D.F. Fleming, 1961, The Cold War and Its Origin, 1917-1960, 2 Vols, Doubleday.
 Crockatt, Richard 1995, The fifty years war: the United States and the Soviet
Union in world politics, 1941–1991, London: Routledge. Systematic and
thorough assessment of Soviet American relations in the broader context of
international relations.
 Peu, Ghosh, “International Relations”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,
2009.