The document discusses the characteristics of the Arabic language, particularly its cursive nature and the use of diacritics that influence pronunciation and meaning. It explains how letters change shape based on their position in a word and how diacritics are generally omitted in modern written Arabic. This overview includes examples of various Arabic words and their meanings.

1. ‫ب‬
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‫ﺑ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ب‬
‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ب‬
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬
a house
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
a grave
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺐ‬
people
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ب‬
a garment
‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫خ‬‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺾ‬
eggs
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺮ‬
a piece of news
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﺐ‬
grapes
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬ّ
a young man
‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ب‬‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺮا‬‫ب‬
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬
stingy
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺐ‬
a reason
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺐ‬
a physician
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬َ‫ب‬
destruction
‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬‫رب‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
a cow
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﻦ‬
yogurt
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺐ‬
strange
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ب‬
Arabs
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ب‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ب‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ب‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺐ‬
(final). The ‫ب‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

2. ‫ت‬
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‫ﺗ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ت‬
‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ت‬
‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻦ‬
fig
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻜ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺐ‬
an office
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺖ‬ْ
she heard
‫ﻋ‬ُ‫ﺪ‬ْ‫ت‬ُ
I came back
‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ت‬
‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺎز‬
a television
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺘ‬ْ‫ﺤ‬َ‫ﻒ‬
a museum
‫ﺷ‬ِ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﺑ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬ُ
I drank
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺎر‬َ‫ت‬ْ
She went
‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬
under
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬ُ‫ﻚ‬َ
your house
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬َ
you sat
‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬
Girls
‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺐ‬‫رﻓ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ت‬
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺐ‬
Tiredness
‫ﻛ‬ُ‫ﺘ‬ُ‫ﺐ‬
Books
‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬ْ
ِ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺖ‬
Rifat (name)
‫ﺗ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ت‬
mulberry
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ت‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺖ‬
(final). The ‫ت‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

3. ‫ث‬
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‫ﺛ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ث‬
‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﺎل‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ث‬
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﻦ‬
price
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺜ‬َ‫ﺎل‬
an example
‫ﺛ‬ُ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﺚ‬
a third
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺎر‬ِ‫ث‬
Harith (name )
‫و‬ ‫ث‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ك‬‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬‫دث‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ث‬
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ة‬
a revolution
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺜ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬
a lot
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺚ‬
a lion
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ث‬
an event
‫ة‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ع‬‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ث‬
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻼ‬َ‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
three
‫ﻋ‬ُ‫ﺜ‬ْ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
Othman
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﺚ‬
a conversation
‫ﻛ‬ُ‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ا‬‫ث‬
leek
‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ث‬‫ب‬‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ث‬‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺮا‬‫ث‬
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻞ‬
heavy
‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﺜ‬ِ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
confidently
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺜ‬َ‫ﻠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺚ‬
a triangle
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ث‬
a plough
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ث‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺛ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺚ‬
(final). The ‫ث‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

4. ‫ج‬
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‫ﺟ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺞ‬‫ج‬
‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬
‫ﺟ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫م‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺞ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ج‬
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ي‬ّ
shrimp
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫م‬
criminal
‫ﺛ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﺞ‬
ice / snow
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎر‬ِ‫ج‬
outside
‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﺟ‬‫ﻮا‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺞ‬‫أ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ج‬
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ا‬‫ﻮ‬َ‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
guava
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a pelican
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺞ‬
textile
‫أ‬َ‫ﻫ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬َ‫ج‬
reckless
‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬‫ج‬ ‫ح‬‫ج‬‫ج‬ ‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺟ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ج‬‫را‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ج‬
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
courageous
‫ﺣ‬ُ‫ﺠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ج‬
pilgrims
‫ا‬‫ر‬َ‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﺞ‬
common
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻼ‬َ‫ج‬
medicine
‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ج‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ش‬‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺞ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ج‬
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬
new
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
a tree
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺞ‬
ill-mannered
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﺟ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ج‬
confused
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ج‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺞ‬
(final). The ‫ج‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

5. ‫ح‬
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‫ﺣ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬
‫ﺣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ر‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ح‬
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺸ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺶ‬
cannabis
‫ﺗ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a knickknack
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﺢ‬
dates (unripe)
‫ر‬ِ‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ح‬
winds
‫ص‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ح‬
‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﻤ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﺺ‬
chickpea
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺤ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a cloud
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺢ‬
correct
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ْ‫ح‬
praise
‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬‫ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ح‬
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬
milk
‫ﺿ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻚ‬
laughter
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺢ‬َ
to forgive
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ح‬
an explanation
‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ح‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺪ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ح‬
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a bag
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬َ‫ﻤ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺪ‬
Mohammed
‫و‬َ‫ا‬‫ﺿ‬ِ‫ﺢ‬
clear / obvious
‫و‬ُ‫ﺿ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ح‬
clearness
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ح‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺣ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺢ‬
(final). The ‫ح‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

6. ‫خ‬
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‫ﺧ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺦ‬‫خ‬
‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ب‬‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬‫خ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬
‫ﺧ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺦ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫خ‬
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬
despicable
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
frankincense
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﺦ‬َ
to flay
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬ُ‫و‬‫خ‬
rocket
‫خ‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫س‬‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﺧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫خ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺦ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫خ‬
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫خ‬
peach
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬
silly
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺦ‬
shaikh / old man
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫خ‬َ
to become old
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬‫خ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ﺧ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺬ‬‫خ‬
‫ﺧ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
cucumber
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺨ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬
scary
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺦ‬ّ
brain
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺬ‬َ‫خ‬
lavishness
‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬‫خ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬‫خ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬
‫ﺧ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺦ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻮ‬‫خ‬
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
wine
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
proud
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺦ‬َ
to cook
‫ﻛ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫خ‬
cottage
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫خ‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺧ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺦ‬
(final). The ‫خ‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

7. ‫د‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫د‬‫ـ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺪ‬‫د‬
‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬
‫د‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺮا‬‫د‬
‫د‬َ‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a chicken
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺪ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬
a manager
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬
Eid / feast
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫د‬
locusts
‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬
‫د‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺪ‬‫د‬
‫د‬ُ‫ﺳ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
a constitution
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ْ‫ر‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬
Madrid
‫و‬َ‫ا‬‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬
one
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬َ‫ﺪ‬‫ﱠ‬‫د‬
specific
‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ج‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬
‫د‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
‫د‬َ‫ﻓ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬
notebook
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬
new
‫و‬َ‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺪ‬َ
to promise
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫د‬َ‫ة‬
a habit
‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬
‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ة‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻮ‬‫د‬
‫د‬َ‫ﻟ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻊ‬َ
to pamper
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ة‬
a stomach
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬
Khalid
‫و‬ُ‫ﻋ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫د‬
promises
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫د‬ has two shapes: ‫د‬ (initial), ‫ـﺪ‬‫ـ‬ (medial and final).
The ‫د‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

8. ‫ذ‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ذ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ذ‬
‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ذ‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ذ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺬ‬
‫ذ‬ُ‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a fly (insect)
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺬ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬
attractive
‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺬ‬
a student
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﺬ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺬ‬
delicious
‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ع‬‫ذ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬
‫ذ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ذ‬
‫ذ‬َ‫ﻫ‬َ‫ﺐ‬َ
to go
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺬ‬َ‫ا‬‫ب‬
torture
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺬ‬ُ
since
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬َ‫ذ‬َ
to juggle
‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ذ‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬
‫ذ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫أ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ذ‬
‫ذ‬َ‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﻦ‬
chin
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ْ‫ﺬ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬
extravagance
‫أ‬َ‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺬ‬َ
to take
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺸ‬ْ‫ﺤ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ذ‬
sharpened
‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ذ‬‫ة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ب‬‫ذ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ذ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ا‬‫ء‬‫ة‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ر‬‫ذ‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬
‫ذ‬َ‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
intelligence
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺬ‬َ‫ا‬‫ء‬َ‫ة‬
obscenity
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺬ‬َ
to carry out
‫ر‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ا‬‫ذ‬
light rain
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ذ‬ has two shapes: ‫ذ‬ (initial), ‫ـﺬ‬ (medial and final).
The ‫د‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

9. ‫ر‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ر‬‫ـ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ر‬
‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫خ‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬
‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
‫ر‬َ‫ا‬‫ﻫ‬ِ‫ﺐ‬
monk
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
skillfulness
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬
an expert
‫ﻋ‬ُ‫ﻄ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
perfumes
‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ر‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬
‫ر‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ر‬
‫ر‬َ‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬
a president
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
translation
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬ِ‫ﺮ‬
tenth
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ر‬َ
to decide
‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬
‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
‫ر‬َ‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬
merciful
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﺟ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬
watercress
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻜ‬َ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺮ‬َ
to be arrogant
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
a carpenter
‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬ ‫م‬
‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬
‫ر‬َ‫ﺻ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬
a pavement
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺐ‬
strange
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﺮ‬
a poet
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺼ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ر‬
a source
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ر‬ has two shapes: ‫ر‬ (initial), ‫ـﺮ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial and final).
The ‫ر‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

10. ‫ز‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ز‬‫ـ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ز‬
‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ز‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ح‬‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬
‫ز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ة‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ز‬
‫ز‬ُ‫ﺑ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ة‬
butter
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺰ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻦ‬
sad
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺰ‬
a bakery
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ز‬
bananas
‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ز‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ج‬‫ز‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ز‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬
‫ز‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ز‬
‫ز‬َ‫ﻋ‬ْ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ن‬
saffron
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺰ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬
a butcher
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬ِ‫ﺰ‬
crippled
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ز‬
beads
‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ز‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫غ‬‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬
‫ز‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬
‫ز‬ِ‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﺰ‬َ‫ا‬‫ل‬
earthquake
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺰ‬َ‫ا‬‫ل‬
a gazelle
‫ر‬َ‫ﻣ‬ْ‫ﺰ‬
a symbol
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬
gas
‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ز‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ع‬‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ع‬
‫ز‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ز‬
‫ز‬َ‫ﻫ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
a flower
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺰ‬ْ‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺎر‬
a flute
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺰ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺰ‬
Aziz (name)
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺰ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ز‬َ
to consolidate
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ز‬ has two shapes: ‫ز‬ (initial), ‫ـﺰ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial and final).
The ‫ز‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

11. ‫س‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﺳ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺲ‬‫س‬
‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬‫س‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺳ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻮ‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫س‬
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬
a plumber
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫د‬
envious
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﺲ‬َ
to wear
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺪ‬َ‫س‬
lentils
‫ة‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﺳ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫س‬
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﻜ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a fish
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺴ‬َ‫ﻞ‬
honey
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫ﺲ‬
Soul
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫س‬
a horse
‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬
‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺄ‬‫س‬
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
salad
‫ﻓ‬ُ‫ﺴ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬ُ‫ﻖ‬
pistachio
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺲ‬َ
to sneeze
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺄ‬ْ‫س‬
glass
‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﺳ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻮ‬‫س‬
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
an ambassador
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺢ‬
a pool
‫ﻛ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺲ‬
a sack
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫س‬
a bow
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫س‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺲ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫س‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

12. ‫ش‬
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‫ﺷ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ش‬
‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ش‬
‫ﺷ‬ُ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
soup
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
an insect
‫و‬َ‫ﺣ‬ْ‫ﺶ‬
a monster
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ش‬
a throne
‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ش‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬‫ش‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺷ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ش‬
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
a tree
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
saw (tool)
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺶ‬
thirst
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ش‬َ
to live
‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ش‬‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ر‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺶ‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ش‬
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a candle
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺸ‬ْ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﺶ‬
Apricots
‫ر‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﺶ‬
feather
‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫د‬َ‫ش‬َ
to chat
‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬‫ة‬‫ة‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫و‬‫ش‬
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ش‬
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a bag
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
complexion
‫ر‬َ‫ﻋ‬ْ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a tremble
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ش‬َ
to save / collect
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ش‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﺶ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ش‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

13. ‫ص‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﺻ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ص‬
‫ب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ب‬‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬
‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ص‬
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﺐ‬
a friend
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺼ‬َ‫ﻞ‬
onion
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﺺ‬
stingy / greedy
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ص‬ّ
personal
‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ح‬‫ص‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬‫ص‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﺻ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ح‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ص‬
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ح‬
breakfast
‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﺼ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
a horse
‫ر‬َ‫ﺧ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺺ‬َ
to cheapen
‫ﻓ‬ُ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ص‬
chances
‫ن‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ع‬‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬‫ص‬ ‫و‬ ‫غ‬
‫ﺻ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ص‬
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻦ‬
a plate
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺼ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
juice
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺺ‬
a cage
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ص‬
diving
‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ق‬‫ص‬ ‫غ‬ ‫م‬‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﺻ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﺺ‬‫أ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ص‬
‫ﺻ‬ُ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ا‬‫ع‬
headache
‫ﻗ‬ِ‫ﺼ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺔ‬
a story
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻐ‬ْ‫ﺺ‬
gastric pain
‫أ‬َ‫ﺧ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ص‬
earrings
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ص‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺻ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and
‫ـﺺ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (final). The ‫ص‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

14. ‫ض‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﺿ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ض‬
‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ض‬
‫ﺿ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻂ‬
an army officer
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻀ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
an egg
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﺾ‬
wide
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ض‬
sickness
‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﺿ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ض‬
‫ﺿ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬
fog
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻀ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬َ‫ة‬
a civilization
‫ر‬َ‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺾ‬َ
to run
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ض‬َ
to authorize
‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺿ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ض‬
‫ﺿ‬َ‫ﺠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺔ‬
noise
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻀ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a muscle
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺾ‬
sour
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ض‬
exhibition
‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ف‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﺿ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺾ‬‫أ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ض‬
‫ﺿ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻒ‬
weak
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻀ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
a space
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺾ‬
some
‫أ‬َ‫ﻏ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ض‬
belongings
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ض‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺿ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and
‫ـﺾ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (final). The ‫ض‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

15. ‫ط‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻃ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ط‬
‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﻃ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ط‬
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺐ‬
a student
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺎ‬
potato
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻂ‬
an ocean
‫ﻗ‬ُ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ط‬
an earring
‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫خ‬‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻃ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ة‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ط‬
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺐ‬
a physician
‫ﺧ‬ُ‫ﻄ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬َ‫ة‬
a step
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﻂ‬
wrong / mistake
‫ﺷ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ط‬
February
‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ط‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻃ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ط‬
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻦ‬
flour
‫ﻋ‬ُ‫ﻄ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ر‬
perfumes
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﻂ‬
only
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ط‬
mixed
‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ط‬‫ر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫م‬‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻃ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ط‬
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫م‬
food
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺮ‬
rain
‫ر‬َ‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻂ‬َ
to tie
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ط‬
a stipulation
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ط‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﻃ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻂ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ط‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

16. ‫ظ‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻇ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻆ‬‫ظ‬
‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬‫ظ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻇ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻆ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ظ‬
‫ﻇ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﻢ‬
unjust
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻈ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻢ‬
great / mighty
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ِ‫ﻆ‬
conservative
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻈ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ظ‬
lucky
‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ظ‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ظ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ح‬‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﻇ‬‫ﻼ‬‫م‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻆ‬‫أ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ظ‬
‫ﻇ‬َ‫ﻼ‬َ‫م‬
darkness
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻈ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ر‬
banned
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻆ‬ّ
luck
‫أ‬َ‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ظ‬َ
to infuriate
‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ظ‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ف‬‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﻇ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻆ‬‫ا‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ظ‬
‫ﻇ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ْ‫ﻲ‬
an antelope
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻈ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻊ‬
horrible
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻆ‬
a guard
‫ا‬ِ‫ﻛ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬ِ‫ﻈ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ظ‬
congestion
‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ظ‬‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬‫ظ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫أ‬‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻇ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫أ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻆ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ظ‬
‫ﻇ‬ُ‫ﻬ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
noon
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻈ‬َ‫ﻠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺔ‬
an umbrella
‫أ‬َ‫ﻏ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﻆ‬
thicker
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻔ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ظ‬
well-kept
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ط‬ has three shapes ‫ظ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻆ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ظ‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

17. ‫ع‬
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‫ﻋ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ع‬
‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬ ‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ئ‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬‫ع‬
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ْ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ي‬
genius
‫ﺑ‬ُ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬ُ‫ﻊ‬
bugaboo
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﻊ‬
a seller
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺸ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬ُ‫و‬ْ‫ع‬
a project
‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬‫س‬‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ع‬
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a wheel
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫د‬َ‫ة‬
happiness
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻤ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻊ‬َ
to collect
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬ِ‫ع‬
a street
‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ع‬‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ع‬
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺰ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
determination
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫و‬ُ‫ن‬
cooperation
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻊ‬
seventh
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﻨ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ع‬
forbidden
‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ع‬‫ب‬ ‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ع‬
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺼ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
juice
‫ﻗ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
hat
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻊ‬
dissipated
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ع‬
branch
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ع‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻊ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ع‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

18. ‫غ‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻏ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻎ‬‫غ‬
‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ب‬‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﻏ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫غ‬
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a forest
‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻐ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
stupidly
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻎ‬
eloquent
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫غ‬
vacuum
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫غ‬‫ب‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ش‬‫غ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ص‬‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬
‫ﻏ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻎ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫غ‬
‫ﻏ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
dust
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻐ‬َ‫ﺐ‬
riot
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﻎ‬
glue
‫د‬ِ‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫غ‬
a brain
‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫غ‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ط‬‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻏ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻎ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫غ‬
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ي‬
gypsy
‫ﻃ‬ُ‫ﻐ‬ْ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
tyranny
‫أ‬َ‫ﺑ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﻎ‬َ
to inform
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫غ‬
a tadpole
‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫غ‬‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫م‬‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ص‬
‫ﻏ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻮ‬‫غ‬
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
plunder
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻐ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ب‬
an expatriate
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﻎ‬
emptying
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫غ‬
shaping
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫غ‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻏ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻎ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫غ‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

19. ‫ف‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻓ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ف‬
‫د‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬‫ف‬
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬
corrupt
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫د‬ِ‫ي‬
avoidance
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻒ‬
light
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ُ‫و‬ْ‫ف‬
sheep
‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫و‬‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎر‬‫ف‬
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻖ‬
a team
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ف‬
dryness
‫و‬َ‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﻒ‬َ
to describe
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎر‬ِ‫ف‬
knowing
‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ف‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ل‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ف‬
‫ﻓ‬ُ‫ﻀ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ل‬
curiosity
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬َ‫ة‬
an embassy
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬َ‫ﻒ‬
a file
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻔ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ف‬
transparent
‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬‫ف‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ف‬
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
poor
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬ِ‫ي‬
spontaneous
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﻒ‬
afraid
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ف‬
a musician
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ف‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻒ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ف‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

20. ‫ق‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻗ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ق‬
‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ع‬‫ق‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ق‬
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻞ‬َ
to meet
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ب‬
a scorpion
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬ِ‫ﻖ‬
an adorer
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ق‬َ
to divide
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬‫ق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ق‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ق‬
‫ﻗ‬ِ‫ﻄ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
a train
‫ﺣ‬ُ‫ﻘ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ق‬
rights
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﻖ‬َ
to hang
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ق‬
thrilling
‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬‫ق‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬‫ق‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ق‬
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﻔ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻞ‬َ
to close
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
a cow
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﻖ‬
driver
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺰ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ق‬
ruptured
‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ص‬‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ق‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ق‬
‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺢ‬
ugly
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
a falcon
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻖ‬ّ
truthful
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ق‬ّ
disobedient
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ق‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻖ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ق‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

21. ‫ك‬
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‫ﻛ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ك‬
‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
big
‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻜ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ر‬
repetition
‫أ‬َ‫ﻣ‬ْ‫ﺴ‬َ‫ﻚ‬َ
to hold
‫ﺷ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬
a window
‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ح‬‫ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ك‬
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ِ‫ﺮ‬
an infidel
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻜ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻢ‬
wise
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻀ‬ْ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻚ‬
funny
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ك‬َ
to stir
‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ك‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ش‬‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬‫ك‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ل‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ك‬
‫ﻛ‬ُ‫ﺤ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ل‬
alcohol
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻜ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ك‬
doubtful
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ِ‫ﻳ‬ْ‫ﻚ‬
a partner
‫ﻧ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺰ‬َ‫ك‬
a meteor
‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ك‬‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ع‬‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻚ‬‫أ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ك‬
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
Kaaba
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻜ‬َ‫ﺲ‬َ
to reverse
‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﻚ‬َ
that
‫أ‬َ‫ﺧ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ك‬َ
your brother
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ك‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻚ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ك‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

22. ‫ل‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻟ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ل‬
‫ب‬ ‫ل‬‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ل‬
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
a milkman
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬
stupid
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻞ‬
a client
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻘ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ل‬
an article / essay
‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻞ‬‫د‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ل‬
‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a beard
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺐ‬
milk
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﻞ‬
a calf
‫د‬ُ‫ﺧ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ل‬
entry / entrance
‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬‫ة‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺮ‬‫د‬‫ل‬
‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
a tongue
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ﻜ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a queen
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺼ‬ْ‫ﻞ‬
a classroom
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫د‬َ‫ل‬
mustard
‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ب‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ل‬
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ب‬
playful
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬ُ‫ﻚ‬َ
your dog
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻞ‬
a worker
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺰ‬ِ‫ل‬
a house
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ل‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻟ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻞ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ل‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

23. ‫م‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻣ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻢ‬‫م‬
‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫خ‬‫م‬ ‫د‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫م‬
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬
excellent
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻦ‬
an exercise
‫ر‬َ‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻢ‬
merciful
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫د‬ِ‫م‬
a servant
‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺒ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬ُ‫و‬ْ‫ك‬
congratulation
‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﻤ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
a donkey
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﺟ‬ِ‫ﻢ‬
a translator
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬ِ‫م‬
strict
‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ب‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻮ‬‫م‬
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ب‬
sweetheart
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻦ‬
fat
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﻢ‬
a scientist
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫ﻬ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫م‬
understood
‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ص‬ ‫م‬‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺼ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ر‬
a painter
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻖ‬
deep
‫ر‬َ‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻢ‬َ
to draw
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﻤ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬
cantaloupe
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫م‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻢ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫م‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

24. ‫ن‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻧ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ن‬
‫ان‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ط‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻌ‬ْ‫ﺴ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
sleepy
‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻨ‬‫ﱡ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
an oven
‫ﻃ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻦ‬
flour
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
sympathy
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫خ‬‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫م‬‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻦ‬‫أ‬‫ذ‬‫ن‬
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬
a plant
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺠ‬َ‫ﺮ‬
a dagger
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺆ‬ْ‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻦ‬
a believer
‫أ‬
ُ
‫ذ‬ُ‫ن‬
an ear
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ن‬
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺠ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
a carpenter
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻒ‬
violent
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬َ‫ﻦ‬ّ
a grindstone
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﻨ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ن‬
crazy
‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬‫ة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ح‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ه‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ن‬
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
an eagle
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺰ‬َ‫ه‬
a park
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﻦ‬َ
to curse
‫ﺣ‬ُ‫ﺰ‬ْ‫ن‬
sadness
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ن‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻦ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ن‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

25. ‫ه‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻫ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ه‬
‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻫ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ه‬
‫ﻫ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ِ‫ﻒ‬
a telephone
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
a river
‫و‬َ‫ﺟ‬ْ‫ﻪ‬
a face
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ه‬
water
‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ج‬‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻫ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ه‬
‫ﻫ‬ِ‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
an immigration
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬َ‫ﻨ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻢ‬
hellfire
‫ﻛ‬ِ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ُ‫ﻪ‬ُ
his book
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ه‬ُ
he has
‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬‫ك‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫س‬‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻫ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬
‫ﻫ‬ُ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﻚ‬
over there
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬َ‫ة‬
soiree
‫ا‬ِ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﻪ‬َ
to watch out
‫و‬ُ‫ﺟ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬
faces
‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬‫ه‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬
‫ﻫ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ا‬‫ء‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ز‬‫ه‬
‫ﻫ‬َ‫ﻮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ء‬
air
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻬ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬َ‫ة‬
a skill
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻪ‬ُ
his wealth
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ز‬َ‫ه‬ُ
his victory
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ه‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻪ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ه‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

26. ‫و‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫و‬‫ـ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻮ‬‫و‬
‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬‫و‬
‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫و‬
‫و‬َ‫ا‬‫ﺣ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬
one
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻮ‬ْ‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﺪ‬
an appointment
‫ﺻ‬َ‫ﺤ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬
cloudless
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺪ‬ُ‫و‬ّ
an enemy
‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬
‫و‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬
‫و‬َ‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
an epidemic
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬
a doorman
‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬ْ‫ﺘ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻮ‬
immediately
‫ﻓ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫و‬
fur
‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬‫و‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ل‬‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫غ‬
‫و‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ة‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺰ‬‫و‬
‫و‬َ‫ﺣ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬َ‫ة‬
a unity
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﻮ‬َ‫ا‬‫ب‬
an answer
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻐ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬
nonsense
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺰ‬ْ‫و‬
an invasion
‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬‫ف‬ ‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
‫و‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺎ‬‫و‬
‫و‬َ‫ﺳ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬
handsome
‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺼ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬
victorious
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫ﻮ‬ّ
forgiving
‫ﻫ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫و‬ٍ
a hobbyist
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫و‬ has two shapes: ‫و‬ (initial), ‫ـﻮ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial and final).
The ‫و‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

27. ‫ي‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫ﻳ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ي‬
‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ي‬
‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﺲ‬
dry
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬
a house
‫ﻏ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﻲ‬
expensive
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ي‬
tea
‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬
‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﺘ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻢ‬
an orphan
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺲ‬
mean / low
‫ﻛ‬ِ‫ﺘ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻲ‬
my book
‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬ِ‫ي‬
current, present
‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ز‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ي‬
‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﺨ‬ْ‫ﺖ‬
a yacht
‫ﺣ‬َ‫ﻤ‬ِ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﺮ‬
donkeys
‫ز‬ُ‫ﺟ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬ِ‫ﻲ‬
mad of glass
‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻨ‬ْ‫ﺪ‬ِ‫ي‬
I have
‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ع‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ي‬
‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﺴ‬ُ‫ﻮ‬‫ع‬
Jesus
‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ْ‫ﻞ‬
a night
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﻋ‬ِ‫ﻲ‬
legitimate
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺨ‬ْ‫ﺰ‬ِ‫ي‬
disgraceful
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they
are read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks
aren’t added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫ي‬ has three shapes ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬� (initial), ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬�‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ (medial), and ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(final). The ‫ي‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.

28. ‫أ‬
©IbnulyemenArabic2019
‫أ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺄ‬،‫ـ‬‫ﺌ‬‫ـ‬،‫ﺋ‬‫ـ‬،‫ـ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺄ‬،‫ـ‬‫ﺊ‬‫أ‬،‫ء‬
‫د‬ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬‫ن‬‫ش‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬
‫أ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺄ‬‫س‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
‫أ‬َ‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﺪ‬
a lion
‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﺄ‬ْ‫س‬
a glass
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺸ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺄ‬َ
to bring up
‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﺸ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
starch
‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬
‫أ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺌ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺊ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺪ‬‫أ‬
‫أ‬َ‫ﺑ‬ِ‫ﻲ‬
my father
‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺌ‬َ‫ﺔ‬
a hundred
‫ﺳ‬َ‫ﻴ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﺊ‬
bad
‫ﺑ‬َ‫ﺪ‬َ‫أ‬َ
to start
‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫م‬‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬‫ء‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ج‬
‫أ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ء‬
‫أ‬َ‫ﻛ‬َ‫ﻞ‬َ
to eat
‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺆ‬ْ‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﻦ‬
a believer
‫ﻋ‬َ‫ﺒ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺄ‬َ
to fill
‫ﺟ‬ُ‫ﺰ‬ْ‫ء‬
a part, section
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬‫ئ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬
‫أ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﺊ‬‫د‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
‫أ‬َ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﻬ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬
rivers
‫ﺧ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬ِ‫ﻦ‬
a traitor
‫ﺷ‬َ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃ‬ِ‫ﺊ‬
a beach
‫د‬َ‫و‬َ‫ا‬‫ء‬
a medication
• Arabic is a cursive language; letters are connected from right to left and so they are
read. Diacritics (i.e. short vowels) affect pronunciation and word meaning.
• In modern written Arabic, diacritics aren’t added; Arabs know them by intuition.
• When short vowels are added, with isolated words, word-final diacritical marks aren’t
added because these words aren’t connected to a following word.
• When connected, the letter ‫أ‬ has eight shapes ‫أ‬ (initial), ، ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺌ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ، ‫ـﺄ‬‫ـ‬‫ـﺆ‬ ، ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺋ‬ (medial), and ، ‫ـﺄ‬‫ـ‬
‫ء‬ ، ‫ـﺊ‬‫ـ‬ (final). The ‫أ‬ is not connected to a preceding ‫ا‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, and ‫و‬.