1. 1
ِﻢﻴِﺣ
ﺮﺍﻟ ِﻦﻤـﺣ
ﺮﺍﻟ ِﻪﹼ
ﻠﺍﻟ ِﻢﺴِﺑ
Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One
ﺕﹶﺎﻛﺮﺤﹾﻟﺍ
ُﹶﺔﺛﱠﻼ
ﺜﺍﻟ
The three vowel markings
ٌﺔﺤﺘﹶﻓ
fathah َ-
ﺔ
ﻤﺿ
ٌ
-
ُ
hdhamma
ﹲ
ﺓﺮﺴﹶﻛ
kasrah ِ-
(a)
(u)
(i)
ﹲ
ﻥﻮﹸ
ﻜ
ﺳ
-
ْ
Sukoon
ﹲ
ﺓ
ﺪﺷ
-
ّ
shaddah
ﻦﻳِﻮﻨ
ﺘﺍﻟ
:
at-tanween
ِﻥﹶﺎﺘﺤﺘﹶﻓ
-
ً
fathataan
-
(an)
ِﻥﺎﺘ
ﻤﺿ
ٌ-
dhammataan
-
(un)
ِﻥﺎﺗﺮﺴﹶﻛ
- kasrataan ٍ-
(in)
When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called
ﻦﻳِﻮﻨﺗ (tanween). The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a ﹾﻥ
(noon saakinah). The ﹾﻥ is not written but is only pronounced. e.g.
ﹾﻥ
ﺪِﺠﺴﻣ -ٌ ِﺪﺠﺴﻣ
2. 2
The Arabic language is made up of
ﺕﺎﻤِﻠﹶﻛ (words) and these words are
of three types they are known as:
ﻑﺮﺣ
-
Particle
/
Letter ﹲ
ﻞﻌِﻓ
-
Action
/
Verb
ﻢﺳِﺍ
-
Noun
ﺖﻴﺑ
-
house
ﺐﻫﹶﺫ
-
went
,
/
to go
ِﱃﺇ
-
to
ﹶﺔﻠﻤ
ﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ُ
:
ٍﺖﻴﺑ ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ ﺐﻫﹶﺫ
He went to a house
:
ceSenten
The table below shows the properties of an
ﻢﺳِﺍ (noun):
Examples Translation Properties
ٌﺔﺒِﻟﹶﺎﻃ ،
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻃ Masculine, feminine
ﹲ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻣ ،
ﺮﱠ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻣ
ﺏﱠﺎ
ﻠﹸ
ﻃ ،ِﻥﺎﺒِﻟﹶﺎﻃ ،
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻃ Singular, dual, plural
ﻊﻤﺟ ،ﻰ
ﻨﹶﺜ
ﻣ ،
ﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻣ
ﺖﻴﺑ ،
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻃ Intellect, non-intellect
ٍﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺮﻴﹶﻏ ،ﹲ
ﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺐِﻟﱠﺎ
ﻄﺍﻟ ،
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻃ Indefinite, definite
ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ ،ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ
ٌ
ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the ism
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ ‘a book’ this can be any book from the different types of books.
ﻌﻣ
ﹶﺔﻓِﺮ
ٌ is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the ism
ﺏﺎﺘِﻜﹾﻟﺍ ‘the book’ or
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
ٍﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ ‘Muhammad’s book’, here the book is
a particular book not just any book in general.
An ism in the Arabic language can be ﻰ
ﻨﹶﺜ
ﻣ (dual) meaning it shows upon
two i.e., the ism ِﻥﺎﺒِﻟﹶﺎﻃ means ‘two students’ this is done by adding ِﻥﺍ
(alif and noon)at the end of an ism.
3. 3
An ism can be ﹲ
ﻞِﻗﺎﻋ possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or
it can be ٍﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺮﻴﹶﻏ possess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees e.t.c.
The ﹲ
ﻞﺻﹶﺃ (Asl) origin of an ism is that it carries ِﻥﺎﺘ
ﻤﺿ ٌ
- ‘two dhammas’
(tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween generally is also a
sign showing that the ism is ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ (indefinite), however there is an
exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names
such as
ﺱﺎ
ﺒﻋ،
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ accept tanween but they are ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ
ٌ (definite).
The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English
‘a’/ ‘an’.
4. 4
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﹸ
ﻝ
ﻭَﻷﺍ
(١)
ﻫ
ﹶﺬ
ﹾﺍ
ﺖﻴﺑ
is a house
This
ﹾﺎﻫ
-
ِﻪﻴِﺒﻨ
ﺘِﻠﻟ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Letter to bring to attention or alert
ﻑﺮﺣ
ِﻪﻴِﺒﻨ
ﺘِﻠﻟ is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the
person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﹶﺃ
(nouns of indication).
ﹾﺍﹶﺫ
-
ِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷ
noun of indication
ﹾﺍﹶﺬﻫ is pronounced as ﹶﺍﺫﺎﻫ, but it is written without the first alif.
The ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects
things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that
have meaning such as
ﻱﹾﺃﺭ ‘opinion’ or
ﻢﹾﻠِﻋ ‘knowledge’.
ﹾﺍﹶﺬﻫ
ﻢﹾﻠِﻋ
ﻊِﻓﺎﻧ
This is beneficial knowledge
5. 5
The table below shows the properties of the
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
)
ﹾﺍﹶﺬﻫ
(
Indicates,points to ﹸ
ﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ
the near
ﺐﻳِﺮﹶﻘﹾﻟﺍ
The masculine
ﺮﱠ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
the singular
ﺩﺮﹸ
ﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
The
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ is ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ
ٌ (definite).
It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect ﻋ
ﹲ
ﻞِﻗﺎ or
things that do not possess intellect ٍﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺮﻴﹶﻏ.
ﺎﻣ
-
ﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﺇ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Interrogative or Questioning Noun
The Interrogative Noun ‘ﺎﻣ’ is used to ask a question about something
that does not possess intellect ٍﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺮﻴﹶﻏ and it always comes at the
beginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a
sentence it is called in Arabic ِﺔﹶﻠﻤ
ﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﺭﺪﺻ.
ﺎﻣ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
؟
?
is this
What
ﹶﺃ
-
ﻑﺮﺣ
ِﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﻹﺍ
،
ﹸ
ﺓﺰﻤﻫ
ِﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﻹﺍ
Particle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as the
Interrogative Hamzah.
The ﹸ
ﺓﺰﻤﻫ
ِﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﻹﺍ comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the
nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about
those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess
intellect.
6. 6
ﹶﺃ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
؟
ﺖﻴﺑ
?
this a house
Is
ﹶﺃ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
؟
ﺪﹶﻟﻭ
Is this a boy?
ﻢﻌﻧ
-
ٍﺏﺍﻮﺟ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Letter of answer or reply
ﻻ
-
ﻑﺮﺣ
ٍﺏﺍﻮﺟ
ِﻭ
ٍﻲِﻔﻧ
Letter/particle of answer and negation
The particle of reply ﻢﻌﻧ is used to reply to a question with affirmation
whereas the particle ﻻ is used to reply to a question with negation.
ﹶﺃ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
؟
ﻢﹶﻠﹶﻗ
Is this a pen?
ﻢﹶﻠﹶﻗ ﹶﺍﺬﻫ،ﻢﻌﻧ
.
Yes this is a pen
؟
ﺺﻴِﻤﹶﻗ ﹶﺍﺬﻫ ﹶﺃ
Is this a shirt?
ﻢﹶﻠﹶﻗ ﹶﺍﺬﻫ،ﻻ
؟
No, this is a pen.
ﻦﻣ
–
ِﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of interrogation/questioning
This interrogative noun is used to ask a question about those who possess
intellect ﹲ
ﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﻦﻣ
ﹸ؟
ﻞ
ﺟ
ﺮﺍﻟ ﻫﺬﺍ
Who is this man?
؟
-
ﻋ
ﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﻹﺍ ُﺔﻣﹶﺎﻠ
ﺎﻡ
ِ
Question mark
7. 7
)
٢
(
ِﻲﻧﹶﺎﺜﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ
-
ِﺓﺭِﺷﺎﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of indication/pointing
ﻭ
ﺖﻴﺑ ﺬﺍﻫ
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ
ﺪِﺠﺴﻣ
is a mosque
that
This is a house and
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people
that are distant or far. ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ can be broken down into three parts:
ﹶﺍﺫ
-
ِﺓﺭِﺷﺎﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of indication
ِﻝ
–
ﺒﹾﻠِﻟ
ﻡﹶﻟﻼﺍ
ِﻌ
ِﺪ
The laam is for the far/distant
ﻙ
-
ﺏﹶﺎﻄِﺧ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Particle of address
Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ﻙ’ particle of address also
indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ِﻝ’ shows upon even more or
increased furtherness/distance.
The letter/particle of address ‘ﻙ’ is used if the person or object we are
addressing is masculine.
8. 8
The table below shows the properties of ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ:
Indicates,points to ﹸ
ﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ
The far/distant
ﺪﻴِﻌﺒﹾﻟﺍ
The masculine
ﺮﱠ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
the singular
ﺩﺮﹸ
ﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
All the ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﹶﺃ nouns of indication are ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ definite.
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ is pronounced ﻚِﻟﹶﺍﺫ but is written without the alif.
Some of the grammarians say that the ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﹶﺃ have three levels
ﺐِﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﹸ
ﺙﺛﻼ :
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
–
ِﺐﻳِﺮﹶﻘِﻠﻟ
For the near/close
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ
-
ِﺪﻴِﻌﺒﹾﻠِﻟ
For the far/distant
ﻙﹶﺍﺫ
-
ِﻂﺳﻮﹾﻠِﻟ
For the middle between near and far
ﻻ
ﻊِِﻤﺘﺠﻳ
ِﺪﻌ
ﺒﹾﻟﺍ
ﻡﻻﻭ ِﻪﻴِﺒﻨﺘِﻠﻟ ﺎﻫ
The particle of alert/bringing to attention and the laam indicating upon
the distant or far will never come together in a noun of indication i.e;
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫﺎﻫ-this is wrong ‘ﹲ
ﺄﹶﻄﺧ’.
9. 9
)
٣
(
ﹶﺜﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﹸ
ﺚِﻟﺎ
ﹾﻝﹶﺍ
-
ﻌﺗ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﻒﻳِﺮ
(al) Definite Particle
The definite particle ﹾﻝﹶﺍ is prefixed to an ism which is ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ (indefinite)
and it causes it to become ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ (definite), and it also causes the tanween
at the end to be dropped. The definite particle (al) corresponds to the
English ‘the’.
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ٌ َِْ
.
doctor
a
This is
ﺍ
ﺐﻴِﺒﱠ
ﻄﻟ
ٌ
ِ
َ
.
doctor is sitting
The
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar
Letters ُ ﺔ
ﻴِﺴﻤ
ﺸﺍﻟ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺤﹾﻟﺍ, and the other 14 are called Lunar Letters
ُﺔ
ﻳِﺮﻤﹶﻘﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺤﹾﻟﺍ .
In the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is
involved in the pronunciation. The tip or the blade of the tongue does not
play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters, (refer to lesson 3,
pg.19 Madinah bk.1).
When ﹾﻝﺍ is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of
‘al’ is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a
shaddah –
ّ . For example,
ﺲﻤ
ﺸﹶﻟﺍ (ash-shamsu).
When ﹾﻝﹶﺍ is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of
‘al’ is pronounced and written. For example,
ﺮﻤﹶﻘﹾﻟﹶﺍ (al-qamaru).
In the definite particle ﹾﻝﹶﺍ (al) the ﹶﺍ (a) is known as ِﻞﺻﻮﹾﻟﺍ ﹸ
ﺓﺰﻤﻫ the
Connecting Hamzah. If it is not preceded by a word it will be
10. 10
pronounced with the vowel marking َ- (fathah). If it is preceded by a
word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ﺲِﻟﺎﺟ
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻄﱠ
ﻟﺍ
ﺱ
ﺭﺪ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍﻭ
ﻒِﻗﺍﻭ
The student is sitting and the
teacher is standing, (wa l-mudarrisu…).
ﺔ
ﻴِﻤﺳِﻹُﺍﹶﺔﻠﻤ
ﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ُ is a beneficial sentence )
ﹲ
ﺓﺪﻴِﻔ
ﻣٌﹶﺔﻠﻤ
ﺟ
( , and it is made up of
2 parts known as ﺍ
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﺍﻭ ُﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟَ(al-mubtada wa l-khabar).
ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
(1) ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ is from the Arabic word ُ
ﺀﺍﺪِﺘﺑِﻹﹶﺍ meaning the beginning or
starting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of the
sentence.
(2) ﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺃ is an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion.
(3) ﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺃ is
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ (marfoo’) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan
on the last letter of the ism.
(4) ﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺃ in its ﹲ
ﻞﺻﺃ (origin) precedes
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ (the khabar).
(5) ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ in its ﹲ
ﻞﺻﺃ (origin) is ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ (definite).
ُﺔ
ﻴِﻤﺳِﻹﺍ ُﹶﺔﻠﻤ
ﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﺒﺨﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮ ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ُ
11. 11
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ
(1)
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ is that which comes after ﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺃ in its ﹲ
ﻞﺻﺃ (origin).
(2)
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ gives information or news about ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ, and by which it
completes a benefit with ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ.
(3)
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ in its ﹲ
ﻞﺻﺃ (origin) is ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ (indefinite).
(4)
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ is
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ (marfoo’) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan
on the last letter of the ism.
ُﺔ
ﻴِﻤﺳِﻹُﺍﹶﺔﻠﻤ
ﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺪِﺠﺴﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺐﻳِﺮﹶﻗ
The mosque is near.
ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺮﺒﺨﹾﻟﹶﺍ
12. 12
(٤)
ﻊِﺑﺍ
ﺮﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﹶﻟﺍ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
)
1
( is a Letter/Particle that enters upon an ism only.
(2)
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ changes the state of the ism to
ﺮﺠﻣ
ﺭﻭ (majroor), meaning
the ism takes kasrah/kasrataan on the last letter.
(3)
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ can have many meanings and its meaning is not known or
complete until it enters upon a sentence. Then its exact meaning is
known from the context of the sentence.
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ِﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﺍ ﻲِﻓ
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
-
Particle of Jarr
ﻦِﻣ
From- ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
On/Above- ﻲِﻓ
-
In
13. 13
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
ﻲِﻓ
ِﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﺍ
the house
in
Muhammad is
ﻦﻳﺃ
–
ﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻠِﻟ
Noun of Questioning f
or Place
ﻡﺎﻬﹾﻔِﺘﺳِﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻠِﻟ is an ism which is used to ask a question about the
whereabouts of someone/something.
ﻦﻳﺃ
؟
ﺏﺎﺘِﻜﹾﻟﺍ
?
is the book
Where
ﻮ
ﻫ
ِ؟ﺐﺘﹾﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
It is on the desk/table?
ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ-Detached Pronoun
(1) ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ is a type of ism that is used to indicate upon the
ﺏِﺀﹶﺎﻏ
(Absent), or the
ﺐﹶﻃﺎﺨ
ﻣ (Addressed), or the
ﻢﱠ
ﻠﹶﻜﺘ
ﻣ (Speaker).
(2) ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ you can begin a sentence with it.
ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ
ﺎﻧﺃ
-
I ِﺖﻧﺃ
-
You ﻲِﻫ
-
It
/
She ﻮ
ﻫ
-
He/It
ﺖﻧﺃ
-
You
14. 14
(3) ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ is a type of a ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻣ
(4) ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ is ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ (definite).
5) The dhameer ﻮ
ﻫ and ﻲِﻫ can be used for those who possess intellect
and things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they
will have the meaning ‘it’.
ﻦﻳﺃ
ُ؟ﺔﺷِﺀﺎﻋ
Where is ‘Aaisha?
ﻲِﻫ
ِﺔﹶﻓﺮ
ﻐﹾﻟﺍ ﻲِﻓ
is in the room
She
ﻦﻳﺃ
ُ؟ﺔﻋﺎ
ﺴﺍﻟ
Where is the watch?
ﻲِﻫ
ِﺮﻳِﺮ
ﺴﺍﻟ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
bed
is on the
It
15. 15
The table below shows the properties of ُﹶﺔﻠِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺭِﺀﺎﻤ
ﻀﺍﻟ (the Detached
Pronouns):
ﺩﺪﻋ
Number
ﺲﻨِﺟ
Gender
ﱡ
ﻝ
ﺪﻳ
ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
Indicates upon
ﹸ
ﻞِﺼﹶﻔﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ
Detached Pronoun
ﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
(1)
ﺮﱠ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
Male
ﺏِﺀﺎﻐﹾﻟﺍ
-
The Absent ﻮ
ﻫ
-
It
/
He
ﹸ
ﺓﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
(1)
ﹸ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
Female
ُﺔﺑِﺀﺎﻐﹾﻟﺍ
-
The Absent ﻲِﻫ
-
She/It
ﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
(1)
ﱠﺮ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
Male
ﺐﹶﻃﺎﺨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
-
The Addressed ﺖﻧﺃ
-
You
ﹸ
ﺓﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
(1)
ﹸ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
Female
ُﺔﺒﹶﻃﺎﺨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
-
The Addressed ِﺖﻧﺃ
-
You
ﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
(1)
ﺮﱠ
ﻛﹶﺬ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﹸ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍﻭ
ﻢﱢ
ﻠﹶﻜﺘ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
-
The Speaker ﺎﻧﺃ
-
I/Me
16. 16
ِﻑﺮ
ﺼﺍﻟ ﻦِﻣ
ﻉﻮ
ﻨﻤﻣ (Prevented from Tanween) is a Term that is used for a
particular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and when they are
in a state of
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ (kasra) they take Fathah.
This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categories
and from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:
ِﺮﻴﻐِﺑ ِﺚﻴِﻧﹾﺄﱠ
ﺘﺍﻟ ﻊﻣُﺔ
ﻴِﻤﹶﻠﻌﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ٍﻒِﻟﺃ
Female Names Without Alif
This category contains Female Names which do not accept tanween but
there is a condition '
ﹲ
ﻁﺮﺷ
' for them not accepting tanween and that is, that
the names are made up of more than 3 letters. This category of names is
divided up into into 3 types with regards to their femininity.
ﻉﻮ
ﻨﻤﻣ
ِﻑﺮ
ﺼﺍﻟ ﻦِﻣ
ﹸ
ﺓﺰﻤﺣ
ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺔﻤِﻃﹶﺎﻓ
ُ
17. 17
The ﺓ
ﹶﺔﻃﻮ
ﺑﺮﻣ (Round Taa) is a letter that is added at the end of an ism
and it signifies femininity of a word.
The diagram above shows that there are 3 categories of femininity in
female names without alif:
1) In wording and meaning - names which are feminine in their
wording i.e. they end in taa marboota and in their meaning i.e. they
are names which are used for females.
2) In meaning - names which are used for females but not feminine in
wording.
3) In wording - names which are feminine in wording but not
meaning, they are names which are used for males.
The origin of nouns ending with the ﺓ
ﹶﺔﻃﻮ
ﺑﺮﻣ (Round Taa) is only to
distinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find
that with the
ﺕﹶﺎﻔِﺻ (Adjectives) i.e.
ﻢﻳِﺮﹶﻛ
/
ٌﺔﻤﻳِﺮﹶﻛ (Generous, Noble).
ُ
ِْ
ا
-
Femininity
ِ
َْ
(In)Wording-
يِ
!َ
ْ#َ
$
(In)Meaning-
يِ
!َ
ْ#َ
$
َْ
َ
و
ِ
-
(In)Meaning and Wording
ﺐﻨﻳﺯ،
ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ﺔﻨِﻣﺁ
ﺔﻤِﻃﹶﺎﻓ،ُ
ُ
ﺔﺤﹾﻠﹶﻃ،ﹸ
ﺓﺰﻤﺣ
ُ
18. 18
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌ
ﺘﺍﻟ
:
The Definition
ﻌِﻔﺍﻟ
ﻲِﺿﺎﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹸ
ﻞ
-
ِﻢﱡ
ﻠﹶﻜ
ﺘﺍﻟ ِﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﹶﻞﺒﹶﻗ ﻱِﺬﱠ
ﻟﺍ ِﻥﺎﻣ
ﺰﺍﻟ ﻲِﻓ ﻊﹶﻗﻭ ٍﺙﺪﺣ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ ﱠ
ﻝﺩ ﺎﻣ
.
The Past Verb-that which indicates upon an event/happening taking place
in the time which is before the time of speaking/conversation.
؟
ﺱﺎ
ﺒﻋ ﻦﻳﺃ
Where is Abbaas?
ﺐﻫﹶﺫ
ِﺮﻳِﺪﹸ
ﳌﺍ ﺇﱃ
to the head teacher
He went
For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In
Arabic the doer of the action is called ﹸ
ﻞﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ (al-faa’il).
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌ
ﺘﺍﻟ
:
The Definition
ﹶﺍ
ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ ﻮ
ﻫ
ﻪﹸ
ﻠﻌِﻓ
ﻪﹶﻠﺒﹶﻗ
ﺭﻮﹸ
ﻛﹾﺬﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻤﹾﻟﺍ
.
ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ (the Doer) is an ism which is
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻤﹾﻟﺍ takes dhammah or
dhammataan on the last letter and mentioned before it is its ﹲ
ﻞﻌِﻓ verb.
ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ
-
The Verb/Action
ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻔﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻣﺍﻷ ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﻉِﺭﺎﻀ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﻲِﺿﺎﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻔﹾﻟﺍ
The Past Verb
The Present Verb
The Command Verb
ﺐﺘﹶﻛ
-
He Wrote
ﺐ
ﺘﹾﻜﻳ
-
He Writes
ﺐ
ﺘﹾﻛﹸ
ﺍ
-
(you)Write!
19. 19
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ
ﺐﻫﹶﺫ
ِﺪِﺠﺴﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ
ﺪِﻣﺎﺣ
Haamid went to the mosque
ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻓ
ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﺍ
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ
ٍﺽﺎﻣ
You will find that ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ is not always apparent after the verb ﺐﻫﹶﺫ. That
is because in the past-tense verbs for the Male Absent if ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ is not
apparent then the
ﺮﻴِﻤﺿ (pronoun) '
ﻮ
ﻫ
' (He) will be ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﹶﺍ. And this
dhameer is known as
ﺮِﺘﺘﺴ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﻴِﻤ
ﻀﹶﻟﺍ (The Hidden Dhameer), you will not
see it in writing or pronounce it even though it is there.
ﻦﻳﺃ
؟
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
Where is Muhammad?
ﺝﺮﺧ
ِﺪِﺠﺴﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﻦِﻣ
left from the mosque
He
20. 20
The four signs of an ism
There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find these
signs entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to
the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the ٌ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﺃ
(nouns) and the ﹲ
ﻝﺎﻌﹾﻓﺃ (verbs) and
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ (particles).
(1) The first sign is that the ism accepts
ﻦﻳِﻮﻨﺗ (tanween).
(2) The second sign is that ﹾﻝﹶﺍ (alif and laam) can enter upon the ism.
(3) The third sign is that
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ (particles of jarr) can enter upon the
ism.
(4) The fourth sign is that the ism can take
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ (kasrah/kasrataan) on the
last letter.
ﻦﻳِﻮﻨﺗ
ﹾﻝﺍ
ِﺪِﺠﺴﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﻲِﻓ ﱠﻰ
ﻠﺻ
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
Muhammad prayed in the mosque
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ
(kasrah)
ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ
ِﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
)
٤
(
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
-
ِ
-
ٍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ ﹾﻝﺍ
ﻦﻳِﻮﻨﺗ
–
ٌ
–
ٍ
-
ً
21. 21
)
٥
(
ﺲِﻣﺎﺨﹾﻟﺍ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ُﹶﺔﻓﺎﺿِﻹﺍ
:
ﻲِﻫ
ﻰ
ﻤﺴ
ﻳ ﹸ
ﻝ
ﻭَﻷﺍ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ ،
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ ِﻑﺮﺣ ِﺮﻳِﺪﻘﺗ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ ِﻦﻴﻤﺴﺍﻟ ﻦﻴﺑ ٌﺔﺒﺴِﻧ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ﻰ
ﻤﺴ
ﻳ ﻲِﻧﱠﺎ
ﺜﺍﻟ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍﻭ
ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
.
ﹶﺔﻓﺎﺿِﻹﺍ
ُ (al-idhaafah) is a relationship between two nouns with a hidden
particle of jarr, the first noun is called
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ (mudhaaf) and the second
noun is called ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ (mudhaaf ilaih).
ُﹶﺔﻓﺎﺿِﻹﹶﺍﺍﺬﻫ
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌﺗ
ﺪﻴِﻔ
ﺗ
ﻀ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻪﺼﻴِﺼﺨﺗ ﻭﹶﺃ ِﻑﺎ
.
This Particular idhaafah gives benefit by giving
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌﺗ (to make definite)
to the mudhaaf or
ﺺﻴِﺼﺨﺗ (to narrow down/particularise). Meaning, if
the ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ is ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ (definite) then the
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ will become ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ, if the
ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ is ﹲ
ﺓﺮِﻜﻧ (indefinite) then the
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ will be particularised or not
so general but it will not be ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ (definite).
ﹶﺔﻓﺎﺿِﻹﹶﺍ
ُ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ِِﻪﺇﻟﻴ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
ٍﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
22. 22
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ِﺱ
ﺭﺪ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
This is the teacher’s book
ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ
ٌ
ﹲ
ﺔﹶﻓِﺮﻌﻣ
The Idhafaah construction has a
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ which is omitted/hidden.
This
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ gives meaning to the Idhaafah, there are 3 different
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ that an Idhaafah can have, (1) ﻲِﻓ (in), ﻦِﻣ (from/part of) and
ﻡﺍﻟﻼ (ِﻝ) (for/belonging to).
At the moment we have only taken one meaning of the Idhaafah the
ﻡﺍﻟﻼ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
)
ِﻝ
( which has the meaning of, for/belonging to/possession.
So when we say ٍﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ it literally means, ‘the book belongs to
Muhammad or Muhammad’s book )
ٍﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻤِﻟ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
( .
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
)
ﺍﻟﻼﻡ
(
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
ٍﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ِﻪِﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﺍﺀﺋﺩ
ﺎﻤ
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ
–
Always
Majroor
ﻻ
ﹸ
ﻥ
ﻮﻨ
ﻳ
–
Does not accept tanween
ﻻ
ﹾﻝﺍ ﹸ
ﻞﺒﻘﻳ
–
Does not accept alif laam
23. 23
ﻙﺎﻨ
ﻫ
-
)
over there
(
-
ِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺪﻴِﻌﺒﹾﻟﺍ ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻠِﻟ ِﺓﺭﺎﺷ
ﻙﺎﻨ
ﻫ is a noun which is used to indicate/point to a place that is distant or
far.
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ٍ؟ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ ﻦﻳﹶﺃ
Where is Muhammad’s book?
ﻮ
ﻫ
ِﺐﺘﹾﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
ﻙﺎﻨ
ﻫ
over there
It is on the table
ﺖﺤﺗ
-
(under)
ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
/
ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﹶﻇ
)
ﻩﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ
ﺮﺠ
ﻳ
(
ِﻥﹶﺎﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ is a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor.
ُﺔﺒﻴِﻘﺤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺖﺤﺗ
ِﺐﺘﹾﻜﻤﹾﻟﺍ
The bag is under the table
The particle ﺎﻳ (O!) is used when we want to call somebody and the
person we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is
known as ﻯﺩﺎﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ (the one being called). There are 5 types of ﻯﺩﺎﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ, we
will study 3 for now.
ﺱﺎ
ﺒﻋ ﺎﻳ
ﺱﺎ
ﺒﻋ
-
ﻯﺩﺎﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﺎﻳ
-
ﺍﺪ
ﻨﺍﻟ
ﻑﺮﺣ
ِﺀ
O- Particle of calling
Abbaas- The one being called
24. 24
ﻯﺩﺎﻨ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
)
١
(
ﻢﹶﻠﻌﹾﻟﺍ
ﺩﺮﹾﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
:
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ ﺎﻳ
ﺱﺎ
ﺒﻋ،
ﺪِﻣﺎﺣ،
The first type is when we call
somebody by their name i.e. O Muhammad!, Haamid!, ‘Abbaas!, and so
on.
)
٢
(
ﹸ
ﺓﺩﻮ
ﺼﻘﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﹸ
ﺓﺮِﻜ
ﻨﺍﻟ
:
ﹸ
ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺎﻳ
،ﹸ
ﻞ
ﺟﺭ ،
The second type is when we
call somebody and we intend a particular or specific person i.e. O
Teacher!, Man!, and so on.
)
٣
(
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
:
ﱠ
ﻠﺍﻟ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻳ
ِﻪ
ٍﺪِﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﻨِﺑ،
The third type is when the one
being called is mudhaaf i.e. O ‘Abdallaahi!, O Daughter of Khaalid!,
and so on.
It is important to note that the first and the second types of ﻯﺩﺎﻨ
ﻣ end in
one dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will be
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ (take Fathah on the last letter).
The words
ﻢﺳِﺍ and
ﻦﺑِﺍ begin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded by a
word the kasrah (ِ-) is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.
.ِﺱ
ﺭﺪ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺐِﻟﹶﺎﻃ ٍﻝِﻼﺑ
ﻦﺑﺍﻭ ،ﹲ
ﻝِﻼﺑ ِﺐﻴِﺒﱠ
ﻄﺍﻟ
ﻢﺳﺍﻭ ،
ﺐﻴِﺒﹶﻃ ِﺱ
ﺭﺪ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻦﺑِﺍ
25. 25
)
٦
(
ﺱِﺩﺎ
ﺴﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﹲ
ﺓﻮﹾﻜِﻣ
is an iron
This
ﹾﺎﻫ
-
ِﻪﻴِﺒﻨ
ﺘِﻠﻟ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Letter to bring to attention or alert
ﻑﺮﺣ
ِﻪﻴِﺒﻨ
ﺘِﻠﻟ is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the
person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﹶﺃ
(nouns of indication).
ِﻩِﺫ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of Indication
ِﻩﺬﻫis pronounced as ِﻩِﺫﺎﻫ but it is written without the first alif.
The ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects
things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that
have meaning such as ﹲ
ﺓﺪِﻋﹶﺎﻗ ‘principle’ orٌﺔﺤﻴِﺼﻧ ‘advice’.
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﺔﺤﻴِﺼﻧ
ٌ
ﺔﻌِﻓﺎﻧ
ٌ
-
This advice is beneficial.
The table below shows the properties of ِﻩِﺬﻫ.
Indicates,points to ﹸ
ﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ
the near
ﺐﻳِﺮﹶﻘﹾﻟﺍ
the feminine
ﹸ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
the singular or (non-intelligent
plurals)
ﺩﺮﹸ
ﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
26. 26
The
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ is ﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ
ٌ (definite).
It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect ﹲ
ﻞِﻗﺎﻋ or
things that do not possess intellect ٍﻞِﻗﺎﻋ
ﺮﻴﹶﻏ.
-Generally words ending in ﺓ (taa marboota) are regarded as feminine so
when we indicate to them we use the
ﻢﺳِﺍ
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ِﻩِﺬﻫ . However there
are exceptions to this, (refer to lesson 4 under ‘types of femininity’).
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ﺭﺎ
ﻴﺳ ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﹲ
ﺓ
ﺟﺍ
ﺭﺩ ِﻩِﺬﻫﻭ
ﺔ
ٌ
This is a car and this is a bike.
-Body parts that are in pairs are regarded as feminine.
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﹲ
ﻥﹸ
ﺫﺃ
ِﻩِﺬﻫﻭ
ﻦﻴﻋ
This is
an ear and this is an eye
-Also words which are particular to females are regarded as feminine.
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﺖﺧﺃ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ِﻩِﺬﻫﻭ ِﺱِﺪﻨﻬ
ﺖﻨِﺑ
ِﻡﺎﻣﺍﻹ
This is the engineer’s sister
and this is the imaam’s daughter.
ِﻝ
-
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Particle of Jarr (for, belongs to, )
The particle of jarrِﻝ enters upon an ism and causes it to take
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ
(kasrah).
ِﻟ
ِ؟ﻩِﺬﻫ ﻦﻤ
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ِﻟ
ٍﺮِﺳﺎﻴ
.
Yaasir
to
belongs
This
?
is this
Whose
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ
28. 28
)
٧
(
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﻊِﺑﺎ
ﺴﺍﻟ
ﺱﺭ
ﻚﹾﻠِﺗ
-
ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of Indication
ﻭ ٌﺔﺒﻴِﺒﹶﻃ ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ﻚﹾﻠِﺗ
ٌﺔﺿ
ﺮﻤ
ﻣ
.
is a nurse
that
This a doctor and
ﻚﹾﻠِﺗ is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people
that are distant/far and feminine. ﻚﹾﻠِﺗcan be broken down into three parts:
ﻲِﺗ
-
ِﺓﺭِﺷﺎﻹﺍ
ﻢﺳِﺍ
Noun of indication
ِﻝ
–
ِﺪﻌ
ﺒﹾﻠِﻟ
ﻡﹶﻟﻼﺍ
The laam is for the far/distant
ﻙ
-
ﺏﹶﺎﻄِﺧ
ﻑﺮﺣ
Particle of address
Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ﻙ’ particle of address also
indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ِﻝ’ shows upon even more or
increased furtherness/distance.
The letter/particle of address ‘ﻙ’ is used if the person or object we are
addressing is masculine.
29. 29
The table below shows the properties of ﻚﹾﻠِﺗ:
Indicates,points to ﹸ
ﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ
The far/distant
ﺪﻴِﻌﺒﹾﻟﺍ
The feminine
ﹸ
ﺚ
ﻧﺆ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
The singular
ﺩﺮﹸ
ﻔ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
All the ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﹶﺃ nouns of indication are ٌﹶﺔﻓِﺮﻌﻣ definite.
The letter ﻱ in ﻲِﺗ is dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the
laam takes a sukoon ﹾﻚﻠِﺗ.
ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﺃ
ِﻹﺍ
ِﺐﻳِﺮﹶﻘﹾﻠِﻟ ِﺓﺭﺎﺷ
ُ
ﺀﺎﻤﺳﺃ
ِﺪﻴِﻌﺒﹾﻠِﻟ ِﺓﺭﺎﺷِﻹﺍ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ﺪ
ﻤﺤ
ﻣ
ﻚِﻟﹶﺫ
ﺪِﻣﺣﺎ
ِﻩِﺬﻫ
ُﺔﻨِﻣﺁ
ﻚﹾﻠِﺗ
ﺐﻨﻳﺯ
30. 30
Al-I’raab-
ﺏﺍﺮﻋﹶﻹﺍ
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌ
ﺘﺍﻟ
:
ﺏﺍﺮﻋِﻹﺍ
ﻮ
ﻫ
:
ﺗ
ِﻴﻐ
ِﻑِﻼﺘﺧِﻻ ِﻢِﻠﹶﻜﹾﻟﺍ ِﺮِﺧﺍﻭﹶﺃ
ﺮﻴ
ِﻞِﻣﺍﻮﻌﹾﻟﺍ
ِﺔﹶﻠِﺧﺍ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﺎﻬﻴﹶﻠﻋ
ﹰﺎﹾﻈﻔﹶﻟ
ﻭﹶﺃ
ﹰﺍﺮﻳِﺪﻘﺗ
.
The Definition:
The I’raab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the
changing of the active elements entering upon them (the change is)
apparent or not-apparent.
ﺕﺎﻻﺣ
ِﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
The cases of the ism
ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ
ِﺏﺍﺮﻋِﻹﺍ
ﺔ
ﻴِﻠﺻﺍﻷ
ُ
The origin signs of ‘Iraab
ﻉﺍﻮﻧﹶﺃ
ِﺏﺍﺮﻋِﻹﺍ
Types of ‘Iraab
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ ٌ
- /-ُ
ﻊﹾﻓ
ﺮﹶﻟﺍ
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ -
ً / َ-
ﺐﺼ
ﻨﹶﻟﺍ
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ ٍ- / ِ-
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ
The above definition for I’raab mentions the ending of words changing
what is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the
end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elements
that enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an
example of active elements are the
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ (letters/particles). The active
element is called ﹸ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻌﹾﻟﹶﺍ (al-‘aamil) in Arabic and the plural is ﹸ
ﻞِﻣﺍﻮﻌﹾﻟﹶﺍ.
The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or
not apparent. What is meant by ﹶﺎﹾﻈﻔﹶﻟ apparent change is when the vowel
markings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel
31. 31
markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the change
isﺍﺮﻳِﺪﻘﺗ not apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later.
The table above illustrates types of I’raab and its origin signs.
ﻊﹾﻓ
ﺮﺍﻟ (ar-raf’u) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a dhammah or
dhammataan
ﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﺍ /
ﺖﻴﺑ
ﺐﺼ
ﻨﺍﻟ (an-nasbu) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha or
fathataan ﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﺍ / ﹰﺎﺘﻴﺑ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ (al-jarru) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or
khasrataan ِﺖﻴﺒﹾﻟﺍ / ٍﺖﻴﺑ
Also when an ism is in the state of
ﻊﹾﻓ
ﺮﺍﻟ (ar-raf’u) it is called
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ
(marfoo’).
When an ism is in the state of
ﺐﺼ
ﻨﺍﻟ (an-nasbu) it is called
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ
mansoob).
When an ism is in the state of
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ (al-jarru) it is called
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ (majroor).
)
ﹸ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻌﹾﻟﺍ
(
ﹲ
ﻝﻮ
ﻌﹾﻔﻣ
ِﻪِﺑ
ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻓ
ٍﺽﺎﻣ
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ﻳﺯ ﺢﺑَﺫ
ﺪ
ﺟﺎﺟ
ﺪﺍﻟ
َﺔ
ﺴِﺎﻟﺑ
ﻴﱢ
ﻜ
ﻦ
ِ
Zayd slaughtered the chicken
with the knife.
ﻑﺮﺣ
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
)
ﹸ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻌﹾﻟﺍ
(
ﹸ
ﻞِﻋﹶﺎﻔﹾﻟﺍ
ﻣ
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮ
32. 32
The example above shows the three types of I’raab ,
ﺪﻳﺯ is
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ the
ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻋ (active element) which is causing it to be
ﻉﻮﹸ
ﻓﺮﻣ is the ٍﺽﺎﻣ ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻓ
(past tense verb) ﺢﺑﹶﺫ , َ ﺔﺟﺎﺟ
ﺪﺍﻟ is
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ the ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻋ (active element)
which is causing it to be
ﺏﻮ
ﺼﻨﻣ is the ٍﺽﺎﻣ ﹸ
ﻞﻌِﻓ (past tense verb) ﺢﺑﹶﺫ,
ِﻦﻴﱢ
ﻜ
ﺴﺍﻟ (knife) is
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ the ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻋ (active element) which is causing it to
be
ﺭﻭ
ﺮﺠﻣ is the
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﺮﺣ
)
ِﺏ
( .
The words which fall into the definition of I’raab as mentioned above are
known in Arabic as
ﺏﺮﻌ
ﻣ (mu’rab).
ُ
ﺀﺎﻨِﺒﹾﻟﺍ (al-binaa)
ُ
ﺀﺎﻨِﺒﺍﻟ (al-binaa) are words which do not show change in their endings and
they are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words
which take
ﺏﺍﺮﻋِﻹﺍ (al-I’raab), as mentioned above. The words which
fall into this category are called
ِ
َْ
$ (mabni).
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌﺗ
ﻲِﻨﺒﻤﹾﻟﺍ
:
ﺎﻣ
ﻻ
ﺮ
ﻴﻐﺘﻳ
ﻩ
ﺮِﺧﺁ
ِﺐﺒﺴِﺑ
ِﻞِﻣﺍﻮﻌﹾﻟﺍ
ِﺔﹶﻠِﺧﺍ
ﺪﺍﻟ
ﺎﻬﻴﹶﻠﻋ
.
Definition of
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ (mabniyy): That which it’s ending doesn’t change
because of the active elements entering upon it.
The definition explains that words which are
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ their endings do not
change because of the ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺍﻮﻋ (active elements) entering upon them, but
rather they are built upon one ending which doesn’t change at all.
However, these words can grammatically have a place in I’raab but they
33. 33
will be in the position or state of
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ،
ﺐﺼ
ﻨﺍﻟ،
ﻊﹾﻓ
ﺮﺍﻟ due to their place in
the sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
.....
Built upon……
ٌِﻠﺔﺜﻣﺃ
Examples
ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ
ِﺀﺎﻨِﺒﹾﻟﺍ
Types of Al-binaa
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ٍﻥﻮﹸ
ﻜ
ﺳ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ ﻲِﻓ ،ﻢﻌﻧ ،ﹾﺍﻫﺬ ،ﻦﻣ ﹲ
ﻥﻮﹸ
ﻜ
ﺳ
-
-
ْ
ٍﺔ
ﻤﺿ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ ﹸ
ﺚﻴﺣ ،
ﻦﺤﻧ
ﻤﺿ
ٌﺔ
-
-
ُ
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ٍﺔﺤﺘﹶﻓ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﺃ ،ﺐﻫﹶﺫ ،ﻦﻳﺃ ٌﺔﺤﺘﹶﻓ
-
-
َ
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ٍﺓﺮﺴﹶﻛ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ ِﺀﻻ
ﺆﻫ ،ِﻝ ،ِﺖﻧﺃ ،ِﻩِﺬﻫ ٌﺓﺮﺴﹶﻛ
-
-
ِ
The table above shows that words which are
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ can fall into four types
of endings which do not change due to the ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺍﻮﻋ entering upon them,
rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are four
possible endings, َة
*ْ+َ
آ ،.َ
/َْ
0 ،.
1َ
2 ،ٌ
نْ!ُ
4ُ
5 .
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ِﻪﻴﹶﻟِﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ
ﹲ
ﻝﹶﺎﺜِﻣ
:
ﻣ
ﺏﺎﺘِﻛ
ﻦ
ﻫﺬﺍ؟
Whose book is this?
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ٍﻥﻮﹸ
ﻜ
ﺳ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ
The above example shows that the word ﻦﻣ is ِﻪﻴﹶﻟﺇ
ﻑﺎﻀ
ﻣ and we know
that the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor (takes kasrah), however the word
34. 34
ﻦﻣ (who) is
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ
ٍﻥﻮﹸ
ﻜ
ﺳ ﹶﻰﻠﻋ (built upon a sukoon) so the ending will
always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or state of
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ (al-
jarr) due to its place in the sentence. So the ﹲ
ﻞِﻣﺎﻋ (active element) does
not affect the ending of a word that is
ﻲِﻨﺒﻣ (mabni).
35. 35
)
٨
(
ﻦِﻣﺍﻟﺜﺎ
ﺱﺭ
ﺪﺍﻟ
(al-Badal)-ﹸ
ﻝﺪﺒﹾﻟﺍ
ﺃﺪﺘﺒ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺨﹾﻟﺍ
ﺮﺒ
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ﹸ
ﻞ
ﺟ
ﺮﺍﻟ
ﺮِﺟﺎﺗ
.
This man is a trader.
ﹸ
ﻝﺪﺒﹾﻟﺍ
(al-badal)
In the above example the ism ﹸ
ﻞ
ﺟ
ﺮﺍﻟ is grammatically known as ﹸ
ﻝﺪﺒﹾﻟﺍ (al-
badal), it used in a sentence in order to give
ﺪﻴِﻛﻮﺗ (emphasis) and ﹲ
ﻥﺎﻴﺑ
(clarity or explanation) to the word that precedes it. So in the above
example the ism ﹸ
ﻞ
ﺟ
ﺮﺍﻟ is giving emphasis and clarity to the word ﹶﺍﺬﻫ, it
is telling us that the one being indicated to is ‘the man’.It can also be
understood that the badal is the same the thing as the word which
precedes it, i.e. the man is the one being indicated to and the one being
indicated to is the man.
Another example can be used to explain this, if I had a book in my hand
which I was indicating to and I said to my teacher, ‘this is new’ '
ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ﺪﻳِﺪﺟ
' . It would be understood that the book is new and if I was to
mention the book in my sentence I would say in Arabic, ﺍ ﹶﺍﺬﻫ
ﺪِﻳِﺪﺟ
ﺏِﺘﺎﻜﹾﻟ .
By mentioning '
ﺏِﺘﺎﻜﹾﻟﺍ
' , I have put a ﺓﺩﺎﻳِﺯ
ٌ (extra or additional word in
the sentence which is known as ﹸ
ﻝﺪﺒﹾﻟﺍ (al-badal). It is important to note
36. 36
here that if I were to say in Arabic, ‘
ﺏِﺘﺎﻜﹾﻟﺍ ﹶﺍﺬﻫ’ this would not be
considered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To make it a
beneficial sentence we must add a
ﺮﺒﺧ (khabar), as shown in the example
above. The subject of ﹸ
ﻝﺪﺒﹾﻟﺍ and the types of al-badal will be covered later
on inshaallaah.
ﺳِﻹﺍ
ﻢ
ﺭﻮ
ﺼﻘﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺭﻮ
ﺼﻘﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
ﺱ
ﺭﺪ
ﻤﹾﻟﹶﺍ
ﻦِﻣ
ﹶﺎﻜﻳِِﺮﻣﹶﺃ
ﻦِﻣ
ﺐِﻟﱠﺎ
ﻄﺍﻟ ﻭ
ﺮﺘﹾﻠﹶﻜﻧِﺇ
ﺍ
.
The teacher is from America
and the student is from England.
ﺪِﻣﺎﺣ
ﹶﻰﻟِﺇ ﺐﻫﹶﺫ
ﹶﻰﻔﺸﺘﺴ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
.
Hamid went to the hospital.
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
ﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﺭﻮ
ﺼﻘ
ﻒﻳِﺮﻌ
ﺘﺍﻟ
:
ٌﺔﻣِﺯﹶﻻ
ﻒِﻟﹶﺃ
ﻩ
ﺮِﺧﺁ
ﺏﺮﻌ
ﻣ
ﻢﺳﺍ ﻮ
ﻫ
ﺭﻮ
ﺼﻘﻤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻢﺳِﻹﺍ
ٌﺔﺣﻮ
ﺘﹾﻔﻣ
ﺎﻬﹶﻠﺒﹶﻗ ﺎﻣ
ﻭ
ﹶﻠﻋ
ﺭ
ﺪﹶﻘ
ﺗ
ِﺕﹶﺎﻛﺮﺤﹾﻟﺍ
ﻊﻴِﻤﺟ ِﻪﻴ
.
Definition: al-ismul-maqsoor, it is an ism mu’rab which has an
inseparable or binding alif on its end and the letter before it takes a fatha
and all the vowel markings on it are not apparent.
The words ِﺇ،ﻰﺳﻮ
ﻣ،ﹶﺎﻜﻳِﺮﻣﹶﺃ
ﹶﻰﻔﺸﺘﺴ
ﻣ،ﺍ
ﺮﺘﹾﻠﹶﻜﻧ all end with an binding alif or the
letter ﻯ which looks like the letter ﻱ (ya) except that it doesn’t have the
two dots but it is pronounced as an alif. Also the ismul-maqsoor is
ﺏﺮﻌ
ﻣ
(mu’rab) it takes
ﺏﺍﺮﻋِﻹﹶﺍ (al-I’raab) but the I’raab is
ﺮﻳِﺪﻘﺗ (taqdeer) not
apparent. The examples above illustrate this, the ismul-maqsoor (nouns
37. 37
ending with the binding alif at the end) are preceded by
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ but
the change caused by the
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﺍ
ﻑﻭ
ﺮ
ﺣ is not apparent, the case of
ﺮﺠﹾﻟﹶﺍ (al-
jarr) cannot be seen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into one of the categories
or types of words where the I’raab is ﺍﺮﻳِﺪﻘﺗ (please refer back to the
definition of I’raab).
38. ا ن ا ا
~~
ﹸﻬﺎ
ﺘﹶﻭﺍﺨَﺃ
ﻭ
ﻥﺇ
~~
‘Inna and its likes
ﹸﻬﺎ
ﺘﹶﻭﺍﺨَﺃ
ﻭ
ﻥﺇ
:
ﻥِ
ﺇ
ﻥﺃ:
:
ﻥِ
ﻜﻝ
ﻥﺃ
ﻥِ
ﻜﻝ
ﻥِ
ﺇ
ﱠ
ل
ﻌﹶﻝ ﹶﺕﻴﹶﻝ
ﻥَﺄﹶﻜ
ﺭﹶﺒﺨﺍﻝ
ﻊﹶﻓﺭﹶﺘ
ﻭ
ﻡﺴﺍﻹ
ﺏِ
ﺼﹾﻨﹶﺘ ﻫﻲ
.
They make the ism (noun) mansoob (accusative) take a fatha, and
make the khabar marfoo’ (nominative take a damma).
Indeed/verily
Indeed/verily
But
39. :
ﻥَﺄﹶﻜ
:
ﹶﺕﻴﹶﻝ
:
ﱠ
ل
ﻌﹶﻝ
ﻥﺇ
ِﻴﺩ
ﻜﻭﱠ
ﺘﺍﻝ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
.
ﻥﺃ
ﹰ
ﺎﺃﻴﻀ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻜﱠﻭ
ﺘﺍﻝ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
.
ﹸ
ﺕﻤِ
ﻠ
ﻋ
ﻥَﺃ
ِﺩ
ﻝﺨﺎ
ﹰ
ﺍ
ﻴِ
ﺭ
ﻤ
ﺽ
.
‘Inna brings about
emphasis
Anna brings about emphasis also
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻥﺇ
َﷲﺍ
ﹸﻭ
ﻔﹶﻏ
ﺭ
.
َلﻗﺎ
ﺩﻌ
ﺒ ﻭ ِ
ﺔﹶﻠﻤ
ﺠﺍﻝ ِ
ل
ﻭَﺃ ِﻲ
ﻓ ِﻲ
ﺘﹶﺄﺘ
ﻥﺇ
.
ﺩﻌ
ﺒ
ﻥَﺃ ِﻲ
ﺘﹶﺄﺘ ﻭ
ﹾﺭﻯﺨُ
ﻷﺍ ِ
لﹾﻌﺎﻓّ
ﻷﺍ
.
ﻥﺇ comes at the beginning of a sentence and after qaala and
ﻥَﺃ comes after the other verbs.
Verily Allah is oft-forgiving
I knew that verily Khaalid is ill.
Would that…. (Used for seeking something impossible
or in which there is difficulty)
It is as if …… (for similitude or speculation)
I hope…(Used for hope or regret)
40.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻥِ
ﺇ
ﻲ
ﺒ
ﺭ َﷲﺍ
.
ﻲ
ﻤُ
ﺃ ﹾﺕﹶﻝﻗﺎ
ﱠ
ﻨﺇ
ﺩِ
ﻬﹶﺘﺠ
ﻤ
ﻙ
.
ﹸ
ﺕﻌِ
ﻤ
ﺴ
ﻥَﺃ
ﻡﻭ
ﻴﺍﻝ
ﺀﺠﺎ ﻤﺎ
ﺱ
ﺭ
ﺩ
ﻤﺍﻝ
.
ﻥِ
ﻜﻝ
ﻙﺭﺍﺩِ
ﺘﺴِ
ﻹﺍ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﺩِ
ﻬﹶﺘﺠ
ﻤ
ﺩ
ﻤ
ﺤ
ﻤ
ﻥِ
ﻜﻝ
ﹰ
ﺍِﺩ
ﻤﺤﺎ
ﻼﺴﹶﻜ
ﻥ
.
Verily Allah is my lord.
My mother said verily you are
a hard worker.
I heard that verily the teacher did
not come today.
laakina brings about
istidraak….
Muhammad is a hard worker but
Haamid is lazy.
41. ١
٢
ﱠ
ل
ﻌﹶﻝ
ﻲ
ﺠ
ﺭﱡ
ﺘﺍﻝ
ﺩﻴِ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
ﻨﺎﻫﺎﻌ
ﻤ
ﻭ
)
ﻭ
ﺠﺭَﺃ
(
ﻥَﺄﹶﻜ
ِ
ﻥﹶﻴﺎﻨﻌ
ﻤ ﹶﻬﺎﻝ
.
Conveys speculation Conveys similitude
La’alla conveys hope, and
its meaning is I hope.
Ka’anna has two meanings
ﻥﱠ
ﻅﺍﻝ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
ﻪﻴِ
ﺒﹾﺸﱠ
ﺘﺍﻝ
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻥَﺄﹶﻜ
ِ
ﺠﺴ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩ
ﺴ
ﺭﺩ
ﻤ
ﹲ
ﺔ
.
It is as if the masjid is a
school.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻙﱠ
ﻨَﺄﹶﻜ
ِ
ﻥﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎ
ﻥِ
ﻤ
.
It is as if you are from Japan.
I hope that the teacher is in his
room.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﱠ
ل
ﻌﹶﻝ
ﺭ
ﺩ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺱ
ِ
ﻪِ
ﺘﹶﻓﺭﹸ
ﻏ ِﻲ
ﻓ
.
42. ﹶﺕﻴﹶﻝ
لﻴِ
ﺤﹶﺘﺴ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺏﹶﻠﹶﻁ
ﻭ
ﻫ
ﻭ ﱢﻲ
ﻨ
ﻤﱠ
ﺘﺍﻝ
ﺩِﻴ
ﻔﹸ
ﺘ
.
ﺭﺴ
ﻋ ِ
ﻪِﻴ
ﻓ ﻤﺎ
ﻭ
.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
- seeking of the impossible)
ِْ
َ
ْ ُ ا ُ
َ
َ
(
ﹶﺕﻴﹶﻝ
ﱠﺒﺎ
ﺸﺍﻝ
ﺏ
ﺩﻭ
ﻌ
ﻴ
.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
- that in which there is difficulty)
ٌ
ْ ُ
ِ
ِ
(
ﹶﺕﻴﹶﻝ
ﹰ
ﺎﻬﻴﹶﻨ
ﺠ
ﻥﻭ
ﻴﹾﻠِ
ﻤ ِﻲ
ﻝ
.
Would that I have a million pounds!
Layta brings about hope, and it
is seeking the impossible and
that in which there is difficulty.
Would that youth would return!
43. ~~
ﹸﻭ
ﺫ
~~
ﹸﻭ
ﺫ
.
ﻨﺎﻫﺎﻌ
ﻤ
)
ﺏِ
ﺤﺼﺎ
(
ِ
ﻪﻴِ
ﻠ
ﻴ ﱢﻱ
ﺫﺍﻝ
ﻡﺴﺍﻻ
ﻭ ﹲ
ﻑﻀﺎ
ﻤ ﹰ
ﺎِﻤ
ﺌﺍ
ﺩ ﹸﻭ
ﺫ
ﻭ
ﺭﻭ
ﺭﺠ
ﻤ
ِ
ﺔﹶﻓﺎ
ﻀِ
ﻹِﺎ
ﺒ
.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻗﺎل
:
}
ﻥﺇ
ﹸ
ﻕﺍ
ﺯ
ﺭﺍﻝ
ﻭ
ﻫ َﷲﺍ
ﹸﻭ
ﺫ
ﻭﹸ
ﻘﺍﻝ
ِ
ﺓ
ﻴِ
ﺘ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﻥ
{
The different forms
ﹸﻭ
ﺫ
ﻭ
ﻭﹶﺫ
ﹸ
ﺕﺫﺍ
ﹸ
ﺕﹶﻭﺍﺫ
Dhu: its meaning is possessor/owner, and it is always mudaaf
(possessed) and the noun which is next to it is genitive (majroor), by
construction.
Allah the most high says (translated meaning):
‘Verily Allah he is the sustainer, the possessor of
might and power’
For feminine
plural
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤِﻠ
ﻝ
For feminine
singular
ﺩ
ﺭﹾﻔ
ﻤ ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤِﻠ
ﻝ
For masculine
plural
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ ﱠﺭ
ﻜﹶﺫ
ﻤِﻠ
ﻝ
For masculine
singular
ﺩ
ﺭﹾﻔ
ﻤ ِ
ﺭﱠ
ﻜﹶﺫ
ﻤِﻠ
ﻝ
46. ﹲ
ﺔَﺌﻤﺎ
ﻭ
ﹲ
ﻑﹾﻝَﺃ
ﹲ
ﺔَﺌﻤﺎ
ﻭ
ﹲ
ﻑﹾﻝَﺃ
ﻥِ
ﻤ ِ
ﺩ
ﺩ
ﻌﺍﻝ ُ
لِﺜ
ﻤ
3
ﺇﻝﻰ
10
,
ﻥَﺃ
ﺭﻴﹶﻏ
ﺩ
ﺭﹾﻔ
ﻤ ﻤﺎ
ﻫ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤ
.
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﹸ
ﺔَﺌﻤﺎ
ﺠ
ﺭ
ٍ
ل
ﺃﻭ
ﹸ
ﻑﹾﻝَﺃ
َﺃ
ﺭﻤﺍ
ٍ
ﺓ
.
ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﻭ ِ
ﺭﱠ
ﻜﹶﺫ
ﻤِﻠ
ﻝ ﻤﺎ
ﻫ
ﻭ
.
ﻭ
)
ِﻑ
ﻝﺍﻷ
(
ِﻲ
ﻓ
)
ﻤﺎﺌﺔ
(
ﺃ
ﺭﹾﻘﹸ
ﺘ ﻻ
ﻭ
ﺏﹶﺘﹸﻜ
ﺘ
.
Hundred and thousand
Hundred and thousand are similar to the numbers from 3 to 10, (in
construction) except that their
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤ (enumerated) is singular.
A hundred men
A thousand women
And they are (used) for masculine and feminine (enumerated).
And the alif in ﻤﺎﺌﺔ (hundred) is written but not pronounced.
47. ﻤﺎ
ﻭ
ﻻ
ِ
ﺏ ِﻲ
ﻀﺍﻝﻤﺎ ﹾﻔﻰﻨ
ﻴ
)
ﻤﺎ
(
ِ
ﺏ
ﻉِ
ﺭﻀﺎ
ﻤﺍﻝ ﻭ
)
ﻻ
.(
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﻤﺎ
ﺱﺭ
ﺩﺍﻝ
ﺩ
ﻤﺤَﺃ
ﺏﹶﺘﹶﻜ
.
ﻤﺎ
ِ
ﻑ
ﺤﹾﺘ
ﻤﺍﻝ ِﻝﻰ
ﺇ ﹸ
ﺕﺒ
ﻫﹶﺫ
.
ﻻ
ﺱﺭ
ﺩﺍﻝ
ﺩ
ﻤَﺤﺃ
ﺏﹸ
ﺘﹾﻜ
ﻴ
.
ﻻ
ِ
ﻑ
ﺤﹾﺘ
ﻤﺍﻝ ِﻝﻰ
ﺇ
ﺏ
ﻫﹾﺫَﺃ
.
The past tense is negated with ﻤﺎ
and the present tense with ﻻ
I did not go to the
museum.
Ahmad did not write
the lesson.
I am not going to
the museum.
Ahmad is not writing
(up) the lesson.
Example
48. ﹾﺒﺎلﻘِ
ﺘﺴِ
ﻹﺍ ﹸ
ﻑﺭ
ﺤ
.
)
ﺱ
(
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﺴ
ﹰ
ﺍﹶﺩﻏ
ﺭﻴِ
ﺩ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﻊِ
ﺠﺭ
ﻴ
.
ﺴ
ُ
ﷲﺍ
ﺀﺸﺎ ﻥِ
ﺇ ﹶﺔﱠ
ﻜ
ﻤ ِﻝﻰ
ﺇ
ﺏ
ﻫﹾﺫَﺄ
.
ِ
لﻴِ
ﺼﹾﻔﱠ
ﺘﺍﻝ ﹸ
ﻑﺭ
ﺤ
.
)
ﺎ
ﻤَﺃ
(
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﹸ؟
ﺔﱠ
ﻠ
ﺠ
ﻤﺍﻝ ِ
ﻩِ
ﺫﻫ
ﻭ
ﺏِﺘﺎ
ﻜﺍﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻡﹶﻜِ
ﺒ
ﺎ
ﻤَﺃ
ﺏِﺘﺎ
ﻜﺍﻝ
ﹶﻓ
ﻭ ٍ
ﺕِﻴﺎﻻ
ﺭ ِ
ﺓ
ﺭﺸ
ﻌِ
ﺒ
ﻭ
ﻬ
ﺎ
ﻤَﺃ
ﹸ
ﺔﱠ
ﻠ
ﺠ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﹶﻓ
ٍ
ﺕِﻴﺎﻻ
ﺭ ِ
ﺔﹶﺜﹶﻼﺜِ
ﺒ
ﻲِ
ﻬ
.
How much is this book and this magazine? As for the book, then it for ten
riyals and as for the magazine then it is for three riyals.
ﻤﹸ
ﺘﻴَﺃ
ﺭ َﺃ ِﺘﺎﺒﻲ؟
ﻜ
ﻥﻴَﺃ ﹸ
ﺓ
ﻭﹾﺨِ
ﺇ ﻴﺎ
ﻭ
؟
ﻩ
The letter of future tense
ﺱ
The head teacher shall return tomorrow
I will go to Mecca inshaa Allah
The preposition of explanation
‘As for’
Example
Oh brothers where is my book?
Have you seen it?
49. ﻤﺎ
ﻬﹶﻨﻴ
ﺒ ﹾﺕ
ﺩﻴِ
ﺯ
ﻥِﻴ
ﺒﹶﻁﺨﺎ
ﻤﺍﻝ ِ
ﺭﻴِ
ﻤ
ﻀ
ﺩﻌ
ﺒ ِل
ﺼﱠ
ﺘ
ﻤ ﺏﺼﹶﻨ
ﺭﻴِ
ﻤ
ﻀ
ﻊﹶﻗ
ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍﻭ
ﻭ
.
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻴَﺃ
ﺭ َﺃ
ﹸﻡ
ﺘ
+
ﻩ
=
َﺃ
ﻤﹸ
ﺘﻴَﺃ
ﺭ
ﻭ
ﻩ
؟
ِ
ﻡِ
ﻝﺎ
ﺴﺍﻝ ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ
.
When the attached pronoun of nasb occurs after the pronoun of
second person, ﻭ is increased between them.
ﻡﹸ
ﺘ - pronoun of
second person.
ﻩ - Attached
pronoun of nasb.
Increase
inﻭ
Have you seen it?
(Plural masc. second person)
50. ﹲ
ﺓﹶﺴﺭﻜ ِ
ﻪِ
ﺒﺼﹶﻨ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﻤﻼ
ﻋ ِ
ﻡِ
ﻝﺎ
ﺴﺍﻝ ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ
ﻭ
.
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ِﻤ
ﻠﺴ
ﻤ
ﹲ
ﺕﺎ
ﺎﺭ
ﻴﺴ
ﹲ
ﺕﺍ
ِﺒ
ﻝﻁﺎ
ﹲ
ﺕﺎ
ﻭﺤﹶﻨ
:
ﻤﺎﻭﺍ
ﺴﺍﻝ
ﻭ
ﺭ
ﻤﹶﻘﺍﻝ
ﻭ
ﺱﻤﱠ
ﺸﺍﻝ
ﻭ
ﺽﺭَﻷﺍ ُ
ﷲﺍ ﹶﻕﹶﻠﹶﺨ
ِ
ﺕ
.
)
ِ
ﺕﻤﺎﻭﺍ
ﺴﺍﻝ
(
ﹲ
ﺓ
ﺭﹶﺴﻜ ِ
ﻪِ
ﺒﺼﹶﻨ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﻤﻋﻼ
ﻭ
ﺏﻭ
ﺼﹾﻨ
ﻤ ِ
ﻪِ
ﺒ ٌ
لﻭ
ﻌﹾﻔ
ﻤ
.
ﻋﻠﻰ ِ
ﻡﹾﻬﺎﻔِ
ﺘﺴﺍﻹ ِ
ﺓ
ﺯﻤ
ﻫ ُ
لﹸﻭ
ﺨ
ﺩ
)
ﺍل
.(
Students
Fem. pl.
Cars
Fem. pl.
Believers
Fem. pl.
And the sound feminine plural; its sign of nasb (accusative
case) is kasra.
Allah created the earth and the sun and the moon and the
skies.
ِ
ﺕﻤﺎﻭﺍ
ﺴﺍﻝ is an object it is in accusative case, and the sign of it being
accusative is a kasra.
The entering of ‘the hamza of questioning’ on al.
Example
51. ﻋﻠﻰ ِ
ﻡﹾﻬﺎﻔِ
ﺘﺴِ
ﻹﺍ ﹸ
ﺓ
ﺯﻤ
ﻫ ﹾﺕﹶﻠﹶﺨ
ﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ
)
ﺍل
(
ﹸ
ﺓ
ﺯﻤ
ﻫ ﹾﺕ
ﺩ
ﻤ
)
ﺍل
.(
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ِ؟
ﺭﺤ
ﺒﺍﻝ
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ
ﺭِﺤﺎ
ﺒﺍﻝ َﺃ
=
ﺁ
ِ؟
ﺭﺤ
ﺒﺍﻝ
ﻊﻤ
ﺠ
ﺭِﺤﺎ
ﺒﻝ
)
ﺃ
+
ﺍل
=
ﺁل
(
ﺁ
؟
ﻡﻭ
ﻴﺍﻝ
ﺀﺠﺎ
ﺭﻴِ
ﺩ
ﻤﻝ
ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋَﻷﺍ
.
Compound numbers
When ‘the hamza of questioning’ enters upon al, the
hamza of al is made to stretch.
Is Bihaar (rivers) the plural of bahr (river)?
Did the headmaster come today?
52. ∗
ِ
ﻥَﻴﺌﺯ
ﺠ ﻥِ
ﻤ
ﻥ
ﻭﹶﻜﹶﺘﹶﺘ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋﺍﻷ
.
ﻤﺜ
ﺎل
:
Eleven
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﺭﹶﺸ
ﻋ
ﺩ
ﺤَﺃ
↑
↑
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺀﺯ
ﺠﺍﻝ ُ
ل
ﻭَﻷﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ
∗
ِ
ﺢﹶﺘﻔﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹲ
ﺔ
ﻴِ
ﻨﺒ
ﻤ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋﺍﻷ
,
ﱠ
ﺜﺍﻝ
ﺀﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯ ُ
ل
ﻭﺍﻷ
ﺀﺯ
ﺠﻓﺎﻝ
ِﻲ
ﻨﺎ
ﹶﺔﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤ ِ
ﻥﺎ
ﺒِ
ﺤ
ﻴ
.
First part
Second part
Compound numbers are fixed (remain unchanged/undeclined) on fath so the
first and second part like the fatha.
Compound numbers are made of two parts.
53. ﻥِ
ﻤ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋﺍﻷ
11
ﺇﻝﻰ
19
The numbers from 11 to 19
∗
ﻥِ
ﻤ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤﺍﻝ
11
ﺇﻝﻰ
99
ﺏﻭ
ﺼﹾﻨ
ﻤ
ﺩ
ﺭﹾﻔ
ﻤ ﹰ
ﺎِﻤ
ﺌﺩﺍ
.
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
ﺩ
ﺤَﺃ
ﹰ
ﺎِﺒ
ﻝﻁﺎ
ﺭﹶﺸ
ﻋ
.
ﹰ
ﺎﻁﺎﻝﺒ
ﻥﻭ
ﻌﺴِ
ﺘ
ﻭ ﹲ
ﺔ
ﻌﺴِ
ﺘ
.
ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋﺍﻷ
11
ﻭ
12
The numbers 11 and 12
∗
11
ﻭ
12
:
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻭ ُ
ل
ﻭﺍﻷ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ
ﻥﹸﻭ
ﻜ
ﻴ ﹰ
ﺍﱠﺭ
ﻜﹶﺫ
ﻤ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤﺍﻝ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﹰ
ﺍﺫﻜﺭ
ﻤ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
The enumerated, from 11 to 99 is always single, mansoob.
99 students (male) 11 students (male)
If the ma’dood is masculine then the first part and the second
part are masculine.
54. ﻤﺜﺎل
:
Twelve Eleven
Male students Male students
ﻓﻲ
:
ﺩ
ﺤَﺃ
ﹰ
ﺎِﺒ
ﻝﻁﺎ
ﺭﹶﺸ
ﻋ
ﻭ
ﹰ
ﺎِﺒ
ﻝﻁﺎ
ﺭﹶﺸ
ﻋ ﹾﻨﺎﺜﺍ
.
↑
↑
↑
↑
↑
↑
ﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭ
ﻥِ
ﻤ ﹸ
ﺔ
ﺒﱠ
ﻜ
ﺭ
ﻤﺍﻝ
ﺩﺩﺍﻋﺍﻷ
3
1
ﺇﻝﻰ
19
The numbers from 11 to 13
∗
ﻥِ
ﻤ
13
ﺇﻝﻰ
19
ﹰ
ﺍﱠﺭ
ﻜﺫ
ﻤ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤﺍﻝ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ
,
ﹸ
ﻑِ
ﻝﺨﺎ
ﻴ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﺀﺯ
ﺠﻓﺎﻝ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌﺍﻝﻤ ﹸ
ﻕِ
ﻓﻭﺍ
ﻴ ﱠﺎﻨﻲ
ﺜﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻭ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩﻌ
ﻤﺍﻝ
.
ِ
ﺙﱠ
ﻨَﺅ
ﻤﺍﻝ ِ
ﺩﻭ
ﺩِﻠﻤﻌ
ﻝ
ﺱﹾﻜ
ﻌﺍﻝ ﻭ
.
ﻤﺜﺎل
:
Thirteen Thirteen
Female students Male students
Masculine Masculine
If the enumerated (ma’dood) is masculine, then the first part
differs in gender with the enumerated (ma’dood) and the
second part agrees with the ma’dood. And the opposite is in
the case of the feminine ma’dood.
