Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated from pine trees.
Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated from pine trees.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.
The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or in dry powder form (after removing the solvent), & are intended for oral or external use
The Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicines, herbal medicine has been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of rural population depends on it as primary health care. [WHO, (2005)]
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.
The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or in dry powder form (after removing the solvent), & are intended for oral or external use
The Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicines, herbal medicine has been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of rural population depends on it as primary health care. [WHO, (2005)]
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Terpenoids are the group of naturally occurring compounds majority
of which occur in plants, a few of them obtained from other sources.
• Terpenoids are volatile substances
• They give plants and flowers their fragrance.
• Occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus
and eucalyptus.
3. • By the modern definition: “Terpenoids are the hydrocarbons of plant origin
of their oxygenated, hydrogenated and dehydrogenated derivatives.”
• General formula (C5H8)n
• They have unsaturated molecules composed of linked isoprene units.
• Isoprene units are 5 carbon unit
• They are also called isoprenoids
4. ISOPRENE RULE
• Thermal decomposition of terpenoids give isoprene as one of
the product
• Isoprene rule stats that the “terpenoid molecules are
constructed from two or more isoprene unit.
• Otto Wallach pointed out that terpenoids can be built up of
isoprene unit.
5. SPECIAL ISOPRENE RULE
• Ingold in 1925 formulated a special type of arrangement were
found in all terpenoid
• Based on how isoprene units in terpenoids are linked together
• The branched end of the isoprene unit is considered as head
and other end is tail
• According to this rule “isoprene unit in head to tail fashion
• Isoprene units are joined one with other by C1 and C4 position
6. It is not a fixed rule, there are deviation and violation of it
Crypton shows an exception case
It is a natural terpenoid contains only nine carbon atom instead of ten ,isoprene rule
cannot be applied
7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TERPENOIDS
• Volatile at room temperature
• Odorous
• They produce essence or active constituents of plants hence
called essential oil
• Lighter than water
• High refractive index
• Optically active
8. CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENOIDS
• Most natural terpenoid hydrocarbon have the general formula
(C5H8)n. They can be classified on the basis of value of n or number
of carbon atoms present in the structure.
9. • Based on number of ring present in structure , it is again
subdivided into subclasses
Acyclic Terpenoids: They contain open structure.
Monocyclic Terpenoids: They contain one ring in the structure.
Bicyclic Terpenoids: They contain two rings in the structure.
Tricyclic Terpenoids: They contain three rings in the structure.
Tetracyclic Terpenoids: They contain four rings in the structure.
10. MONOTERPINOIDS
• Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene
units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may
be linear (acyclic) or contain rings. Biochemical modifications
such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related
monoterpenoids
11. MENTHOL (MONOCYCLIC)
• Menthol is the major constituent of Mentha Piperita.
• It is used as an antiseptic and anesthetic.
• Menthol (also called peppermint camphor or mint
camphor) is the major constituent of peppermint oil
and is responsible for its odour and taste and the
cooling sensation when applied to the skin.
• It is ingredient in cold balms.
• Menthol is optically active compound with mol.
Formula C10H20O
12. LIMONENE
• A colourless liquid at room temperatures
with an extremely strong smell of oranges.
• Limonene is common in cosmetic
products.
• As the main odor constituent of citrus, D -
limonene is used in food manufacturing
and some medicines e.g., bitter alkaloids,
as a flavoring
• It is also used as botanical insecticide
13. PINENE (BICYCLIC)
• There are two structural isomers found in nature:
α-pinene and β-pinene.
• As the name suggests, both forms are important
constituents of pine resin
• They used by many insects in their chemical
communication system.
• Selective oxidation of pinene with some catalysts
in chemical industry give many components for
pharmacy, artificial odorants and so on
• Anti microbial, anti inflammatory, anti tumor
14. • Many monoterpenes found in marine
organisms are halogenated, such as
Halomon.
• Halomon is a polyhalogenated
monoterpene first isolated from the
marine red algae Portieria
hornemannii.
• It has attracted research interest
because of its promising profile of
selective cytotoxicity that suggests its
potential use as an
15. SESQUITERPINOIDS
• Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three
isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24.
• Sesquiterpenes may be acyclic or contain rings, including many
unique combinations.
16. ZINGIBERENE
• Zingiberene is 2-Methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene in which
a hydrogen at the 5 position is substituted by a 6-
methyl-hept-5-en-2-yl group.
• It is a monocyclic sesquiterpenoid which is the
predominant constituent of the oil of ginger
• It can contribute up to 30% of the essential oils in
ginger rhizomes.
• This is the compound that gives ginger its distinct
flavoring.
17. BISABOLOL
• A natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol
• A colorless viscous oil
• Almost insoluble in water
• Well soluble in ethanol
• It has a weak sweet floral aroma and is
used in various fragrances.
• Anti-irritant ,anti-inflammatory ,anti-
microbial
19. PHYTOL
• An acyclic diterpene alcohol that is a
precursor for vitamins E and K 1.
• Phytol is a terpene found in some strains of
cannabis, as well as other plants such as
green tea
• Extremely common terpenoid, found in all
plants esterified to Chlorophyll to confer lipid
solubility.
• It is found in petroleum sediments
21. SQUALENE
• The major constituent of shark liver oil.
• Squalene is then processed biosynthetically to generate either
lanosterol or cycloartenolthe structural precursors to all the
steroids.
• It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow.
• Squalene is an important ingredient in some vaccine adjuvents.
• Squalene has a role in topical skin lubrication and protection
22. Isolation of Mono and Sesquiterpenoids
• Both mono and sesquiterpenoids have common source i.e
essential oils. Their isolation is carried out in two steps:
i) Isolation of essential oils from plant parts
ii) Separation of Terpenoids from essential oils.
Isolation of essential oils from plant parts:
a) Expression method
b) Steam distillation method
c) Extraction by means of volatile solvents
d) Adsorption in purified fats
23. • Steam distillation is most widely used method.
• Macerated plant material is steam distilled to get essential oils into
the distillate form these are extracted by using pure organic volatile
solvents
• If compound decomposes during steam distillation, it may be
extracted with petrol at 50o C.
• After extraction solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
24. ii) Separation of Terpenoids from essential oil:
• A number of terpenoids are present in essential oil obtained
from the extraction
• They are separated by fractional distillation.
• The terpenoid hydrocarbons distill over first followed by the
oxygenated derivatives.
• Different chromatographic techniques have been used both for
isolation and separation of terpenoids.
26. • The mevalonate pathway, also known as
the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase
pathway
• Mevalonate pathway operates in the cytosol.
• The pathway produces two five-carbon building
blocks called isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)
and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) used
to make isoprenoids
28. METHYL ERYTHRITOL PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY (MEP)
• IPP also can be formed from intermediates of glycolysis or the
photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle vis separate set of
reactions by MEP pathway.
• It occurs in chloroplasts.
29.
30. IMPORTANCE OF TERPENOIDS
• Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and
development .
• Use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in
the abiotic and biotic environment.
• Plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and
chemical industries.
• Ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for
sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection.
31. • Used worldwide for the treatment of many diseases.
• Inhibit different human cancer cell and are used as an anticancer drug
such as taxol and derivatives.
• Many flavourings and nice fragrance are consisting on terpenes because
of its nice aroma .
• It is used as antimalarial drugs such as arteminisin and related
compounds.
• Role in traditional herbal remedies.
• The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from
terpenoid precursors.
32. REFERENCES
• Verma, S. K., & Verma, M. (2008). A textbook of plant physiology,
biochemistry and biotechnology. S. Chand Publishing.
• Goodwin, T. W., & Mercer, E. I. (1983). Introduction to plant
biochemistry
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
• https://www.slideshare.net/ravi944/terpenoids-127041917
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-
molecular-biology/mevalonate-pathway
