What are terpenes ?
Terpenes are secondary metabolites which are produced by Plants for their defense mechanism or required as per their metabolism. They are unsaturated and conjugated compounds may be aromatic or alliphatic
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]JasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]JasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Nepal Oil Corporation Syllabus for the examination of level 06 open+int labPragati Shah
Nepal Oil Corporation Syllabus for the examination of level 06 open lab +int lab. Questions model is of multiple choice and subjective questions from chemistry book and analytical chemistry
Nepal Oil Corporation Syllabus for the examination of level 05 open lab +int ...Pragati Shah
Nepal Oil Corporation Syllabus for the examination of level 05 open lab +int lab. Questions model is of multiple choice and subjective questions from chemistry book and analytical chemistry
Protection and deprotection of Functional group in synthethis of new compounds.Pragati Shah
These slides are about Protection and de protection of Functional group in synthesis of new compounds. Protecting group in synthesis of molecules play an important role.
Synthesis of Longifolene through retrosynthestic analysis. Pragati Shah
These slides will introduce you readers about synthesis of Longifolene through its retrosynthestic analysis. It consist of synthetic and retrosynthetic module of Longifolene given by different scientists
Synthesis of penicilin V by retrosynthetic analysis of whole moleculePragati Shah
Synthesis of penicillin can be achieved by its retro-synthetic analysis. Penicillin is an antibiotic which is effective against wide range of ailment. It consist of beta lactam ring and acyl group in its structure. There are different types of Penicillin based on the different nature of the alkyl (R) group attached at the beta lactam ring. Retrosynthetic analysis of any molecules made it synthesis more easier. By doing retrosynthetic analysis, strategic point of breaking bond can be identified
Syllabus for the examination of National Forensic Science Laboratory; Chem g...Pragati Shah
This is syllabus for the examination of National Forensic Science Laboratory; Chem group (5th level) . Exam is conducted by Public Service commission Nepal.
Syllabus for the examination of National Forensic Science Laboratory; Chem g...Pragati Shah
This is syllabus for the examination of National Forensic Science Laboratory; Forensic Chemistry, Chem group (6th level)
Exam consist of two papers; General Chemistry and Forensic Chemistry
Nepal's national drinking water quality standard 2005Pragati Shah
These slides are about the national standard for the drinking water supply in Nepal. Every drinking water supplier and stake holders in sanitation and water supply area should follow this quality standard.
Alkaloids; Nitrogen containing secondary metabolitePragati Shah
What are alkaloids?
Alkaloids are Nitrogen containing hetero-cyclic rings produced by the plants species. They very poisonous and may also have noxious effect on human health if administered unsupervised.
Presentation Slide about Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of e...Pragati Shah
Ocimum bacilicum is also known as Sweet basil. It has various types of biological activities which are proved useful for cure of ailments in human body. Here essential oil is extracted from Sweet basil leaves and its antibacterial activity is observed. The references paper used for the preparation of these slide are mentioned at the end of the slide.
Extraction, identification and antioxidant activities of carotenoids from Ipo...Pragati Shah
These presentation slides are about extraction, identification and antioxidant activities of carotenoids from Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. It is commonly known as Morning water glory or water spinach which is rich source of nutrients,, wide array of carotenoids are extracted and identified by GC- MS techniques by researcher arond the Globe. Antioxidant activity of natural products can be evaluated by different assay; some them are discussed in these slides.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
11. IPP is isomerized to the other isoprene unit, DMAPP, by an
isomerase enzyme which stereospecifically removes the pro-
R proton (HR) from C-2, and incorporates a proton from
water on to C-4.
While the isomerization is reversible, the equilibrium lies
heavily on the side of DMAPP.
12. MONOTERPENES (C10)
Combination of DMAPP and IPP via the enzyme prenyl transferase
yields geranyl diphosphate (GPP).
This is believed to involve ionization of DMAPP to the allylic
cation, addition to the double bond of IPP, followed by loss of
a proton.
Stereochemically, the proton lost (HR) is analogous to that lost on
the isomerization of IPP to DMAPP.
This produces a monoterpene diphosphate, geranyl PP, in which the
new double bond is trans (E).
13.
14. Linalyl PP and neryl PP are isomers of geranyl PP, and are
likely to be formed from geranyl PP by ionization to the allylic
cation,which can thus allow a change in attachment of the
diphosphate group (to the tertiary carbon in linalyl PP) or a
change in stereochemistry at the double bond (to Z in neryl PP)
15. SESQUITERPENES (C15)
•Addition of a further C5 IPP unit to geranyl diphosphate in an
extension of the prenyl transferase reaction leads to the
fundamental sesquiterpene precursor, farnesyl diphosphate
(FPP).
• Again, an initial ionization of GPP seems likely, and the proton
lost from C-2 of IPP is stereochemically analogous to that lost in
the previous isoprenylation step.
• FPP can then give rise to linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes.
•Because of the increased chain length and additional double
bond, the number of possible cyclization modes is also increased,
and a huge range of mono-, bi-, and tri-cyclic structures can
result.
16. •The stereochemistry of the double bond nearest the
diphosphate can adopt an E configuration (as in FPP), or a Z
configuration via ionization, as found with geranyl/neryl PP.
17. DITERPENES (C20)
The diterpenes arise from geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(GGPP), which is formed by addition of a further IPP molecule to
farnesyl diphosphate in the same manner as described for the
lower terpenoids.
One of the simplest and most important of the diterpenes is
phytol, a reduced form of geranylgeraniol,which forms the
lipophilic side-chain of the chlorophylls, e.g. chlorophyll a.
Related haem molecules, porphyrin components of haemoglobin,
lack such lipophilic side-chains.
Available evidence suggests that geranylgeranyl diphosphate is
involved in forming the ester linkage, and the three reduction
steps necessary to form the phytol ester occur after attachment to
the chlorophyll molecule.
18.
19. TRITERPENES (C30)
•Triterpenes are not formed by an extension of the now familiar
process of adding IPP to the growing chain.
• Instead, two molecules of farnesyl PP are joined tail to tail to yield
the hydrocarbon squalene, originally isolated from
the liver oil of shark (Squalus sp.).
•Squalene was subsequently found in rat liver and yeast, and these
systems were used to study its biosynthetic role.
•As a precursor of triterpenes and steroids; several seed oils are
now recognized as quite rich sources of squalene, e.g.
Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae).
20.
21. TETRATERPENES (C40)
•The tetraterpenes are represented by only one group of
compounds, the carotenoids, though several hundred natural
structural variants are known.
•These compounds play a role in photosynthesis, but they are
also found in non-photosynthetic plant tissues, in fungi and
bacteria.
• Formation of the tetraterpene skeleton, e.g. phytoene,
involves tail-to-tail coupling of two molecules of
geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) in a sequence
essentially analogous to that seen for squalene and triterpenes.
22. • A cyclopropyl compound, prephytoene diphosphate
(compare presqualene diphosphate,)is an intermediate in the
sequence, and the main difference between the tetraterpene
and triterpene pathways is how the resultant allylic cation is
discharged.
• For squalene formation, the allylic cation accepts a hydride
ion from NADPH, but for phytoene biosynthesis, a proton is
lost, generating a double bond in the centre of the molecule,
and thus a short conjugated chain is developed .
23. • In plants and fungi, this new double bond has the Z (cis)
configuration, whilst in bacteria, it is E (trans).
•This triene system prevents the type of cyclization seen with
squalene.
Conjugation is extended then by a sequence of desaturation
reactions, removing pairs of hydrogens alternately from each side
of the triene system, giving eventually lycopene , which,in
common with the majority of carotenoids, has the all-trans
configuration.
24. •The extended π-electron system confers colour to the
carotenoids, and accordingly they contribute yellow, orange, and
red pigmentations to plant tissues.
• Lycopene is the characteristic carotenoid pigment in ripe tomato
fruit (Lycopersicon esculente; Solanaceae).
•The orange colour of carrots (Daucus carota;
Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) is caused by β-carotene , though this
compound is widespread in higher plants.