Terminology
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This document defines the classification terminology used for plants, algae, fungi, and animals. It provides examples of classification terms used to identify different organisms, including the fungus Amanita muscaria, the plant Quercus alba, the whale Balaenoptera musculus, the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, the poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans, and the bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus.
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Plants are important to animals in three main ways: as a food source, for shelter, and by absorbing water and reducing erosion. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker nests in live pine trees infected with fungus to soften the wood for nesting cavities. Its population is at risk due to the disappearance of its hardwood ecosystem habitat. In a food chain, herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat herbivores, and decomposers break down waste and remains, with each link of the chain dependent on the next.
Diptera
The document summarizes key information about flies in the insect order Diptera. It notes that Diptera have one pair of wings, with the hindwings reduced to halteres. They undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. As adults, they are usually strong fliers and have large, multifaceted eyes. The order is divided into the suborders Nematocera and Brachycera. Larvae generally lack legs and have chewing mouthparts, while adults feed on liquids and some transmit diseases. Both beneficial and damaging species are discussed.
Spiders
Spiders are arthropods that are found worldwide except Antarctica. Their bodies are divided into two parts - the cephalothorax and abdomen. They breathe through book lungs and can spin silk from spinnerets on their abdomen, which they use to build nests, catch prey, and move around. Spiders have modified mouthparts called chelicerae that inject venom and enzymes into prey to paralyze and liquify it for consumption. Females lay eggs in silk sacs and guard them until the spiderlings hatch.
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Lesson plan nature
Plants are important to animals in three main ways: as a food source, for shelter, and by absorbing water and reducing erosion. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker nests in live pine trees infected with fungus to soften the wood for nesting cavities. Its population is at risk due to the disappearance of its hardwood ecosystem habitat. In a food chain, herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat herbivores, and decomposers break down waste and remains, with each link of the chain dependent on the next.
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3) Species in this family can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests to deserts. They have diverse food sources including flowers, tree sap, and dung.
Reptiles Birds Mammals
Reptiles are adapted to life on land with scaly skin, lungs, terrestrial eggs, and the ability to control their body temperature. They have adaptations like well-developed lungs, a double-loop circulatory system, and a water-conserving excretory system. Birds evolved from dinosaurs and are endothermic with feathers, wings, a light skeleton, and a four-chambered heart that allows for flight. Mammals are endothermic with hair, mammary glands, and a four-chambered heart, and bear live young.
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The order Lepidoptera refers to moths and butterflies. Their name comes from Greek words meaning "scale" and "wing" due to the tiny scales covering their wings. Lepidoptera undergo a complete life cycle from egg to caterpillar to pupa and finally adult. As caterpillars, they eat plants and trees, but as adults they feed on nectar from flowers. Butterflies are distinguished from moths by their clubbed antennas and wing posture at rest. These insects play an important role in pollination but can also damage crops as caterpillars.
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Birds are the second largest group of invertebrates, with approximately 10,000 species. They are unique in that they have feathers, lay eggs, have bills instead of teeth, and hollow bones that make flight possible. While not all birds can fly, their respiratory and digestive systems are highly adapted for flight. Birds communicate through song, calls, and behaviors, and most species mate monogamously during one or more breeding seasons. Parrots are found in warm climates and can live between 25-100 years, with cockatoos and macaws on the longer end. Many birds like parrots mimic human speech through a structure in their throat, but they do not truly talk - they merely mimic common sounds.
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Diversity of Animal kingdom
Phylum: Porifera and its examples
Phylum: Cniadria and its examples
Phylum: Ctenophora and its examples
Phylum: Platyhelminthes and its examples
Phylum: Nematoda and its examples
Phylum: Annelida, Arthopoda, Mollusca Echnidodermata, Hemichordata, and its examples
Phylum: Chordata
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This document discusses elephants and some of their key physical characteristics and behaviors such as hugging with their trunks. It also lists some threats elephants face including deforestation, ivory trade, drought, and disease which are reducing elephant populations in tropical forests and savannah habitats.
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3. Within the suborders, there have been revisions to some superfamilies and families based on relationships between groups being clarified. The new classification aims to better reflect evolutionary relationships between Lepidoptera groups.
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The document summarizes key details about the order Brachycera, which includes horse flies and deer flies. Some main points are:
- Brachycera has over 120 families and includes flies like horse flies, deer flies, and green lacewings.
- Adults have reduced antennae and larvae have extensions of their head capsules into their prothorax.
- Horse flies and deer flies range widely in size and coloration. Females require blood meals while males do not feed.
- Their lifecycles include egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Larvae can develop for 1-2 years in aquatic or terrestrial environments before pupating.
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This document discusses the evolution, anatomy, life cycles, feeding habits, migration, and importance of butterflies and moths. It notes that butterflies and moths have existed since the Jurassic period 190 million years ago and have adapted to climate changes. Their anatomy includes wings, antennae, eyes, and other features. They go through a life cycle of egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. Some migrate long distances to escape unfavorable conditions while others migrate shorter distances. They are important for pollination, pest control, and as parts of the ecosystem and food chain.
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This document discusses the order Xenarthra, which includes sloths, anteaters, and armadillos. Xenarthrans are found primarily in Central and South America. They have few to no teeth, highly flexible backbones, and emphasize smell over other senses. Sloths live in trees and eat leaves with symbiotic bacteria in their stomachs. Anteaters have elongated snouts and tongues for catching insects. Armadillos consume invertebrates, plants, and small vertebrates and can hold their breath underwater for up to six minutes.
Frogs and toads
Toads are members of the family Bufonidae, which contains over 300 species. They are characterized by stubby bodies, short legs for walking, warty and dry skin suited for dry climates, and paratoid glands behind their eyes. Toads tend to lay eggs in long chains, though some bear live young. True toads can be found worldwide except in Australasia, polar regions, Madagascar, and Polynesia. Frogs are members of the family Ranidae containing over 400 species. They have bulging eyes, long webbed hind feet for leaping and swimming, and smooth or slimy skin suited for moist environments. Frogs tend to lay eggs in clusters and can be found on
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The Myrmecia pilosula, also known as the jack jumper ant, is a species of ant that lives in forests and woodlands in Australia. It has a black head and legs with an orange jaw and red middle section. The ant grows to about 2 inches long and has large black eyes and yellow antennae. It lives in moist soil and forest floors near stones and areas close to civilization. The jack jumper ant plays an important role in the environment by preying on other insects and churning the soil, and its venom is one of the most potent among insects, but human activities like building and pesticide use threaten its habitat.
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Plant Kingdom
An apple tree is an angiosperm plant that produces seeds inside cones. Plants can be categorized as herbaceous with soft, flexible stems or woody with hard stems. The parts of a compound leaf include multiple leaflets attached to a central petiole or stem. Dogs are mammals, squirrels eat seeds, and fish are aquatic animals.
Classifying Plants Based On Climate And Habitat
The document classifies plants into different categories based on their life span, growth habit, climatic adaptation, water requirement, and use. It identifies three types of plant life spans - annual, biennial, and perennial. It also describes the woody and herbaceous growth habits, as well as tropical, temperate, and arctic climatic adaptations. Plants are further classified based on their water requirements and their uses, which include cereal crops, forage crops, root crops, and cover crops.
Coniferophyta
1. Conifers are the most widespread gymnosperms, found worldwide in varying conditions, dominating forests in parts of North America, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere.
2. They are typically found in less productive environments with long cold seasons, dry or nutrient-deficient soils.
3. Conifer wood has tracheids rather than vessels, allowing water to move between cells and prevent freezing during cold periods.
2017 Beauregard Parish Master Gardener Class: Botany by Jeff McMillian, Adv. ...
2017 Beauregard Parish Master Gardener Class: Botany by Jeff McMillian, Adv. ...LSU Agcenter, LA Master Beekeeper Advisory Group
This slideshow is used to teach botany to Master Gardeners in Beauregard Parish, LA. Mr. Jeff McMillian, Advanced Master Gardener, teaches this class and developed this PPT in collaboration with another PPT cited in this presentation.Botany 101b
This document provides an overview of plant botany, defining key terms like trees, shrubs, herbs, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It describes the structures and functions of plant parts, including stems, leaves, buds, roots, and reproductive parts. It also covers processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration, as well as environmental factors that influence plant growth like light, temperature, water, humidity, and nutrients.
Angiosperm phylogeny grouping I (APG I)
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
magnoliophyta
Las angiospermas son plantas con flores que se diferencian de las gimnospermas en que sus gametófitos masculino y femenino se desarrollan dentro de la flor. Incluyen desde las plantas más grandes hasta las más pequeñas y dominan la flora terrestre con aproximadamente 250,000 especies. Algunas de sus principales ventajas evolutivas son su plasticidad y reproducción más eficiente a través de la polinización y protección de sus gametos.
Classification of gymnosperms
Classification Of Gymnosperms
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2017 Transylvania Master Gardener Botany Class
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in the second week of a Master Gardener training course, including plant classification systems, plant parts and their functions, plant growth and development, and the key differences between different types of plants like annuals, biennials, perennials, evergreens, and deciduous plants. Specific topics covered include the plant kingdom, scientific plant names, plant structures like roots, stems, buds, flowers, and modified stems, and the functions of these different plant parts.
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are flowering plants that evolved around 125-100 million years ago. They are the largest group of plants, making up approximately 80% of all known living plant species. Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, xylem, and phloem. They are divided into two classes - monocots which have one cotyledon, and dicots which have two. Angiosperms occupy nearly every habitat on Earth with some exceptions. They are economically important as sources of food, fibers, medicines and more.
MIB1 - Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes undergo a two-stage life cycle of sporophyte and gametophyte generations. The sporophyte produces spores through sporangia clustered in sori on fertile fronds. When spores germinate they grow into heart-shaped gametophytes that produce egg and sperm cells. Fertilization occurs when sperm swim down the neck of archegonia to fertilize eggs, forming zygotes that will grow into new sporophyte plants.
Plant kingdom
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
BOTANY LECTURE 1
This document provides an introduction to the field of botany and plant science. It discusses key topics such as [1] the dependence of living organisms on green plants, [2] the importance of understanding plant resources and potentials to ensure human survival, and [3] how botany developed as a science from people's early attempts to understand and utilize plants. The document also covers the scientific methods of discovery science and hypothesis-based inquiry used in botany research.
Coniferophyta
This document provides information about the phylum Coniferophyta. It notes that conifers are mostly tall trees with persistent central trunks and needle-like or scale-like evergreen leaves. They reproduce via wind pollination and produce cones rather than fruits. Genetic studies have revealed that conifers diversified during the Mesozoic era, marking a shift from Paleophytic flora dominated by ferns and clubmosses to Mesophytic flora dominated by woody seed-bearing plants.
Botany presentation
This document provides guidance for a botany presentation. It includes sections for a subtitle, print page, and customizable elements that can be used to tailor a botany template. The document gives the presenter options for customizing their botany presentation template.
Botany anatomy jan 2012
This document provides an overview of botany basics including plant structure and function. It discusses how plants capture sunlight, provide oxygen, participate in water and nutrient cycles. It also outlines plant classifications, life cycles, root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed anatomy. The key areas covered are vascular transport systems, photosynthesis, plant reproduction and how botany is applied in horticulture and agriculture.
Pteridophyte ppt
This document provides an overview of the general characteristics of pteridophytes. It defines pteridophytes as primitive, vascular land plants with feather-like fronds. It describes their sporophytic plant body, reproduction via spores produced in sporangia, and gametophytic generation. Key aspects covered include occurrence on land and in various habitats, vascular structure, sporangia and sporophyll types, homosporous and heterosporous conditions, antheridia and archegonia, and fertilization leading to a new sporophyte generation dependent initially on the gametophyte.
An Introduction to the Science of Botany
OBJECTIVE:
Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplinesof plant biology
Lec 1 intro to botany
This is a powerpoint presentation entitled Introduction to botany. This was discussed in our Bio 103: Fundamentals in Plant Biology.
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2017 Beauregard Parish Master Gardener Class: Botany by Jeff McMillian, Adv. ...
2017 Beauregard Parish Master Gardener Class: Botany by Jeff McMillian, Adv. ...
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Bioo Project
This biology project document contains over 80 classifications of various fungi, plants, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals observed by Gina Peter. The organisms are grouped by their scientific kingdoms, phylums, classes, orders, families, and genera/species. Many of the observations are further identified down to the species level while some remain unidentified.
Bioo Project
This biology project document contains over 80 classifications of various fungi, plants, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals observed by Gina Peter. The organisms are grouped by their scientific kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Many of the observations are further identified down to the species level while some remain unidentified.
Album of fungi jm 2
The document provides scientific classifications for various families of fungi, including:
- Amanitaceae, a family of basidiomycete fungi that includes the genus Amanita.
- Agaricaceae, a family of basidiomycetes that includes the genus Agaricus and was formerly classified into other families.
- Clavariaceae, also called coral mushrooms, which resemble coral and often have bright colors and grow in old forests.
- Entolomataceae, a family of fungi in the order Agaricales containing 12 genera and 1,071 species.
- Bolbitiaceae, a family characterized by having a hymenium on gills
Album fungi
This document provides the scientific classifications for various families of fungi, including Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Clavariaceae, Entolomataceae, Bolbitiaceae, Inocybaceae, Gyroporaceae, Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Tapinellacae, Serpulaceae, Geastrales, Phallales, Auriculariales, Russulales, and Dacrymycetales. It also provides the classification of the species Myxarium nucleatum and the family Pezizaceae.
Classification of Fungi (Mycology)
Fungi (singular: fungus) are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Mammalogy Lab 3
The document outlines the taxonomy of different mammal orders and families, organized into subclasses. It discusses egg-laying monotremes like echidnas and platypuses, as well as various orders of marsupials including opossums, kangaroos, wallabies. It also mentions armadillos and various anteaters and sloths. The taxonomy shows the relationships between the different mammal groups and families within the subclasses of Prototheria, Metatheria, and Eutheria.
Taxonomy
This document discusses the principles and methods of taxonomy, the science of classifying organisms. It describes the main goals of taxonomy as identification, nomenclature and classification of species. The hierarchical system of classification from lowest to highest is explained as species, genus, family, order, class, division/phylum and kingdom. The document also covers binomial nomenclature, biological species concepts, subspecies, numerical taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics.
insectaclassification and orders of important insects
the document provide important information about insect order and their families
Classification of Bacteria.pdf
Plant bacteriology is the study of bacteria that affect plants, including their taxonomy, ecology, pathogenesis, and management. Bacteria can cause diseases in plants, such as bacterial blight, canker, wilt, and rot, which can have a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Plant bacteriologists study the biology of plant-associated bacteria, including their life cycles, genetic diversity, and adaptation to different environments
Bacteria are classified based on several characteristics such as their shape, structure, biochemical properties, and genetic makeup. The classification system for bacteria is constantly evolving and changing as new discoveries are made.
Here is a brief overview of the bacterial classification system:
1. Domain: Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria, which is one of the three domains of life, along with Archaea and Eukarya.
2. Phylum: Bacteria are further classified into different phyla based on their genetic makeup and cellular structure. Some common phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes.
3. Class: Each phylum is further divided into different classes based on specific characteristics. For example, the Proteobacteria phylum is divided into Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon classes.
4. Order: Each class is further divided into orders based on specific characteristics. For example, the Order Enterobacteriales is a group of Gram-negative bacteria that includes common pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
5. Family: Each order is further divided into families based on similarities in genetic and biochemical properties. For example, Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes many human pathogens.
6. Genus: Each family is further divided into genera, which are groups of bacteria that share common characteristics. For example, the genus Escherichia includes several species of Gram-negative bacteria, including the well-known pathogen Escherichia coli.
7. Species: Each genus is further divided into species, which are groups of bacteria that share many similarities and can interbreed. For example, Escherichia coli is a species of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and can cause illness when it contaminates food or water.
It's worth noting that some bacteria are difficult to classify because they have unique characteristics or do not fit neatly into the existing classification system. Additionally, the advent of genetic sequencing has led to the discovery of many new bacterial species, which has expanded our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205
This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It covers the main levels of biological classification - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. It provides examples for each level, describing characteristics of different types of organisms, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and birds. It also contains interactive games and quizzes to test the reader's understanding of biological classification.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205
This is the powerpoint I created for students to be able to interact with the icons on the project, to gain more knowledge about the classification of living organisms.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205
This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It explains that organisms are classified into a hierarchy of categories including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. It provides examples of different types of organisms classified under these categories, such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and birds. It also describes some key characteristics of these different types of organisms.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205
This is project is to meet the benchmark for science in an elementary school level. In the power point we showed how you classify animals due to what they look like, what they eat, and how they reproduce. I feel as though this is a great representation on how to classify living organisms.
Bentham and hooker classification
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
Classification Notes
The document discusses biological classification and taxonomy. It describes the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics such as cellular structure, nutrition, and habitat. Classification moves from broadest to most specific, ranking organisms within a kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and finally species. The human classification of Homo sapiens is provided as an example.
Animals In Extinction Danger.
This document summarizes 10 animals that are in danger of extinction, including the ant bear, spectacled bear, otter, wildcat, Andrean cat, chinchilla, guanaco, taruca deer, harpy eagle, and tiger. For each animal, it provides the scientific classification including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Taxonomic hierarchy
This document discusses taxonomy, the science of classifying organisms. It provides the taxonomic classification for cats, tigers, and humans from the kingdom level down to species. It also asks several questions about taxonomic hierarchy, levels of classification, scientific names, and who proposed key taxonomic concepts. Finally, it provides a partial taxonomic classification for lions that needs to be completed.
Bentham and Hookers Classification System
- The document describes the classification system of flowering plants proposed by George Bentham and Joseph Hooker in their work Genera Plantarum.
- It groups flowering plants into 202 orders (now recognized as families) based on morphological, physiological and reproductive characteristics in a natural system.
- The system was considered very accurate, easy to follow, and an improvement over previous artificial classification systems. However, it does not provide evolutionary histories.
Physical Science Documentation Report by Emilyn Ragasa
This document contains observations from field trips to different areas recording the animals, plants, and trees seen each day along with their taxonomic classifications. It is divided into sections for the Bottom of the Hill, Hill Top, Field, and Miniforests areas. For each area and day, it lists the observed species and provides their taxonomic information, such as scientific name and classification within the animal or plant kingdom. The purpose seems to be to document biodiversity and teach taxonomic organization.
Weeds.pdf
This document provides information on common weeds found in India, organized by season. It lists the English and scientific names of over 100 weeds from the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Amaranthaceae, and other families. The weeds are grouped as Kharif (monsoon season), Rabi (winter season), and perennial weeds. It appears to be an excerpt from a manual on identifying and classifying common agricultural weed species in India.
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insectaclassification and orders of important insects
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Physical Science Documentation Report by Emilyn Ragasa
Physical Science Documentation Report by Emilyn Ragasa
More from Rachel Raines
MIPA Plan book
This is my AdZou Teams MIPA Plan Book. This book includes my teams campaign and all of our ideas and suggestions made to MIPA. All of this work was developed and created during my time with AdZou and our client MIPA.
Biotechnology 2010
This document discusses how plant breeding and agriculture biotechnology can help address issues related to rising global population and food demand. It argues that these practices allow farmers to produce more food on less land, conserve resources through reduced pesticide and fertilizer use, and improve lives by increasing small farmer productivity and incomes. Specific data is presented showing yield increases for biotech corn and benefits to US farmers from reduced pesticide use and carbon emissions since the introduction of these technologies.
Gentics
There are three main sources of genetic variability in sexually reproducing organisms: 1) Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis results in random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes. 2) Crossing over between non-sister chromatids during prophase I shuffles genetic material. 3) Fertilization is random, with each egg being fertilized by a randomly selected sperm cell. Together, these processes generate a vast number of potential genetic combinations.
Genetics
Genetics and inheritance technologies will continue advancing rapidly, enabling new possibilities like designing children in labs or ordering them online that could reshape human reproduction and society. This raises important ethical questions about how to responsibly guide such technologies and their social effects, making it crucial for Christians to educate themselves on these issues in order to thoughtfully contribute.
Infertility
The document discusses various assisted reproductive technologies (ART) used to treat infertility including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, cytoplasmic transfer, surrogacy, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. It raises ethical concerns about these technologies, noting they must pass ethical standards regarding the sanctity of human life, God's ideal for the family, and a theology of infertility. Specifically, it argues technologies that involve destroying or risking embryos, violating monogamous marriage, or treating reproduction as commercial violate these standards. The document advocates understanding the ethical issues fully before using ART and considering adoption of already existing frozen embryos if experiencing infertility.
Cells
The cell membrane and cell wall function to regulate what passes in and out of cells. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with proteins that acts as a selective barrier through passive diffusion and active transport. The cell wall provides additional support and protection for plant, fungi and bacteria cells. Osmosis allows for diffusion of water across the cell membrane to equalize concentrations. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation impairing proper ion transport across cell membranes, resulting in thick mucus buildup.
Gamete Devloment
Gamete development differs between males and females. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes over approximately two months, producing hundreds of millions of sperm that remain viable until death. In females, oogenesis begins before birth with hundreds of thousands of primary oocytes present, but only one per month completes meiosis from puberty until menopause, having a limited 12-24 hour window for fertilization after ovulation.
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction involves two main processes - mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and results in identical daughter cells. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and completes the formation of two daughter cells from one parent cell. A key difference between plant and animal cell division is that animal cells use centrioles and constriction to divide the cytoplasm, while plant cells form a cell plate to divide without constriction or centrioles.
Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples into fragments that are placed in wells of a gel. An electric current is applied, causing the negatively charged fragments to migrate through the gel towards the positive end. Smaller fragments travel farther than larger ones, allowing DNA fragments to be sorted by length and identified by their band patterns.
Biological Diversity
This document summarizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin began to question the prevailing ideas that species were fixed and the Earth was relatively young during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Through his observations of organisms around the world, fossils, and influences from scientists like Lyell and Malthus, Darwin developed the theory that species evolve over time through natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. The document outlines some of the evidence that has accumulated in support of evolution, including the fossil record, geographic distribution of species, homologous structures, similarities in development, and molecular biology.
Dna Technology
Genetic engineering techniques are used to create transgenic organisms like papayas, mice, fish, and goats. Transgenic papayas were engineered to resist a devastating virus that was destroying the commercial papaya variety. Transgenic mice and fish were engineered to glow in the dark for research purposes. Transgenic goats were engineered to produce a blood-clotting protein in their milk. Potential benefits of genetic engineering include producing human insulin, herbicide-resistant crops, virus-resistant crops, drought-tolerant crops, and increasing crop nutrition. However, some people have concerns about the risks of genetic engineering.
Embryo Develoment
The document defines key terms related to early embryonic development including the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, and blastula. It explains that a blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage and morula stages. During the second week, cells in the blastocyst wall begin to fold inward through the process of gastrulation, forming three distinct cell layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm - and starting the specialization of cells through differentiation. By day 21, the amnion and chorion have formed embryonic membranes, with the chorion and uterine lining forming the placenta to allow nutrient exchange between the
Energy And Life
The document discusses how ATP is the energy currency of cells, storing energy in its bonds. ATP acts like a rechargeable battery, where ATP is fully charged and ADP is partially charged. It also describes how NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers or coenzymes in cellular respiration, being constantly reduced to gain electrons and oxidized to lose electrons. When reduced, NAD+ and FAD become high energy NADH and FADH2, and when oxidized they revert back to NAD+ and FAD.
Eye Trick
This document discusses colorblindness and how it relates to X-linked inheritance. It provides examples of numbers, shapes, or images that a normal vision person would see compared to what a colorblind person would see. It then discusses how Thomas Morgan's experiments with fruit flies led to the discovery of X-linked inheritance, where traits are carried on the X chromosome. Examples of other common X-linked conditions like baldness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are provided. It also explains how to use a Punnett square to solve problems involving X-linked traits and provides a sample question about a family with normal vision and colorblind members.
What is life
Living things are made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop. They obtain and use matter and energy, operate using genetic codes, and respond, adapt and change over time. The document discusses the key characteristics that define life and asks where one would go to study life.
Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic inheritance is when a single trait is controlled by multiple genes. Most human traits related to size, shape, and color are polygenic. A cross between parents that are heterozygous for three genes (AaBbCc x AaBbCc) would produce offspring with different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles, leading to a range of phenotypes. The number of dominant alleles an individual possesses determines how strongly or darkly a polygenic trait is expressed.
Natural Causes
Intelligent Design (ID) proposes that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process like natural selection. It points to two main ideas: 1) specified complexity, where an object has both complexity (improbability) and specification (meaningful pattern), and 2) irreducible complexity, where a system requires all of its parts to function. ID argues that systems like the mousetrap exhibit these properties by requiring all components to work. ID differs from creationism in that it does not attempt to identify the intelligent cause or make claims about the origin of the universe addressed in Genesis.
The Island
The document contains discussion questions about the film "The Island" regarding a clone who is produced to be a spare organ donor for its sponsor. Key topics addressed are whether clones have souls, if the human body is just a collection of parts like a machine, what the film says about science and technology, and if it can be considered a Christian film based on the values and ideas presented. The questions analyze themes around humanity, ethics, and the relationship between religion and scientific advancement as portrayed in the film.
Genes And Variation
This document discusses key concepts relating to genes, variation, and evolution. It defines evolution as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool over time. Allele frequencies can change due to mutations, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. For a population to maintain genetic equilibrium without evolving, it must meet five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, and no natural selection. Isolation through geographic or behavioral means can lead to the formation of new species through speciation over long periods of time.
Organelles
The document summarizes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It describes 10 organelles: the nucleus, which controls the cell and contains DNA; ribosomes, which synthesize proteins; the endoplasmic reticulum, which helps produce cell membranes; the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and packages molecules; lysosomes, which digest materials; vacuoles, which store water and nutrients in plant cells; mitochondria, which generate energy; chloroplasts, which capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells; the cytoskeleton, made of microfilaments and microtubules that support the cell; and centrioles, which help with cell division. It concludes by contrasting typical characteristics of plant and animal cells
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Terminology
- 2. PLANTS Division/Phylum -phyta Class -opsida Order -ales Family -aceae
- 3. ALGAE (Protists) Phylum -phyta Class -phyceae Order -ales Family -aceae
- 4. FUNGI Phylum -mycota Class -mycetes Order -ales Family -aceae ANIMAL – Family -idae
- 5. Name That Organism… Genus/species Amanita muscaria Family Amanitaceae Order Agaricales Class Agaricomycetes Phylum Basidiomycota Kingdom Fungi
- 6. Genus/species Quercus alba Family Fagaceae Order Fagales Class Magnoliopsida Phylum Magnoliophyta Kingdom Plant
- 7. Genus/species Balaenopteramusculus Family Balaenopteridae Order Cetacea Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animal
- 8. Genus/species Macrocystispyrifera Family Laminariaceae Order Laminariales Class Phaeophyceae Phylum Heterokontophyta
- 9. Genus/species Toxicodendronradicans Family Anacardiaceae Order Sapindales Class Magnoliopsida Phylum Magnoliophyta Kingdom Plant
- 10. Genus/species Haliaeetusleucocephalus Family Accipitridae Order Accipitriformes Class Aves Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animal