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There are three main sources of genetic variability in sexually reproducing organisms: 1) Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis results in random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes. 2) Crossing over between non-sister chromatids during prophase I shuffles genetic material. 3) Fertilization is random, with each egg being fertilized by a randomly selected sperm cell. Together, these processes generate a vast number of potential genetic combinations.
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Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis sets up organisms for sexual
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Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of questions.
Questions
1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1 chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase 1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is from dad.
2. In your diagram from question 1:
a. How many tetrads are formed? _______________
b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm? _______________
3. In what stage(s) of meiosis:
a. Are tetrads formed? ________________________________
b. Does crossing over occur? ________________________________
c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles? ________________________________
d. Do replicated chromosomes separate? ________________________________
e. Does the cytoplasm divide? ________________________________
4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There are two main processes; discuss both).
5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the following table.
Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and mitosis.
Characteristics
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of organisms it occurs in
# of chromosomes in human parent cell
Number of times chromosomes replicate
Number of cell divisions
Crossing over occurs? (Y/N)
Type of daughter cells produced
Number of daughter cells produced
Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N)
Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n?
# of chromosomes in human daughter cells
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In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species may have a different number of chromosomes than another species.
Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell, there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n (diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes.
In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n = 23 chromosomes. This means the.
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Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) like sperm and eggs, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange sections through crossing over, introducing genetic variation. This results in four daughter cells from two divisions for males and one viable egg cell for females. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number so fertilization restores the diploid number, maintaining genetic diversity between generations.
meiosis ppt.2014.ppt
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
meiosis ppt.2014.ppt
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each containing a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.
MEIOSIS-CELL DIVISION REVIEWER for GRADE-11
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
meiosis ppt.2014.ppt
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
1 Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes Tr.pdf
1) Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes. True/False
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain.
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain..
Meiosis
1. The document discusses meiosis, the process by which gametes are produced with half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid parent cell.
2. Key aspects of meiosis include homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis I followed by sister chromatid separation in meiosis II. Crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis I contribute to genetic variation.
3. Errors in chromosome separation during meiosis can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers, leading to conditions like Down syndrome if fertilization occurs. Amniocentesis and karyotyping can detect some genetic disorders
6. Sex Cells & Fertilisation
This document provides an overview of sexual reproduction in flowering plants and mammals. It discusses how gametes are produced through meiosis, containing half the number of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes fuse, restoring the full chromosome number and allowing for genetic variation in offspring. The document also describes DNA and genes, how genetic information is passed down, and sex determination in humans based on X and Y chromosomes.
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Activity 4 Understanding the basics of meiosisMitosis and mei.docx
Activity 4 Understanding the basics of meiosisMitosis and mei.docx
1 Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes Tr.pdf
1 Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes Tr.pdf
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