Energy And Life
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The document discusses how ATP is the energy currency of cells, storing energy in its bonds. ATP acts like a rechargeable battery, where ATP is fully charged and ADP is partially charged. It also describes how NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers or coenzymes in cellular respiration, being constantly reduced to gain electrons and oxidized to lose electrons. When reduced, NAD+ and FAD become high energy NADH and FADH2, and when oxidized they revert back to NAD+ and FAD.
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Energy Molecules
ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) is a molecule that provides cells with energy by being broken down through hydrolysis reactions, releasing energy and leaving ADP and phosphate. Electron carriers like NADPH, NADH, and FADH2 indirectly provide energy to cells by assisting in ATP production, with NADPH carrying electrons in plant cells and NADH and FADH2 carrying electrons in plant and animal cells. ATP is broken down to release energy for cellular processes and then regenerated through electron transport processes aided by electron carriers.
What is life
Living things are made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop. They obtain and use matter and energy, operate using genetic codes, and respond, adapt and change over time. The document discusses the key characteristics that define life and asks where one would go to study life.
Ecosystems and Energy
Producers like plants, algae and some bacteria capture energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and scavengers. Decomposers break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil, functioning like nature's recyclers. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms, always beginning with a producer and ending with a consumer. Climate change can affect ecosystems by altering environmental conditions.
Module 4, ecosystem life energy
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems and photosynthesis. It discusses how organisms depend on each other in an ecosystem, with plants playing a key role as producers. It then focuses on how plants produce food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction in the thylakoid membrane that converts light to chemical energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon dioxide into sugars. Stomata on plant leaves allow for gas exchange of carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release to power photosynthesis, while also enabling water loss through transpiration.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions in the chloroplasts absorb sunlight and split water, producing oxygen and energized molecules. The Calvin cycle then uses this energy to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments capture sunlight and transfer the energy through electron transport chains to produce ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into sugars.
Powerpoint respiration
1. Respiration is the process by which living cells produce energy from food sources like glucose.
2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, producing more energy. Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing less energy.
3. In humans, muscles use anaerobic respiration during intense exercise when oxygen delivery is insufficient, producing lactic acid as a byproduct which must later be broken down.
ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
This document discusses energy flow through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins by defining energy and the different forms it can take, including chemical energy stored in ATP. Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through two reactions - the light-dependent reaction where ATP is produced, and the Calvin cycle where glucose is formed. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to release the energy stored in ATP through three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain where a large amount of ATP is generated to store energy from food.
Unit 4 energy
Energy is the ability to do work and can be transformed from one form to another, not created or destroyed. Cells store and release energy from biochemical reactions using ATP, which is produced through photosynthesis in plants or cellular respiration in animals and plants. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy stored in sugars, while cellular respiration releases energy from sugars through a series of redox reactions to ultimately produce ATP.
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Energy Molecules
ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) is a molecule that provides cells with energy by being broken down through hydrolysis reactions, releasing energy and leaving ADP and phosphate. Electron carriers like NADPH, NADH, and FADH2 indirectly provide energy to cells by assisting in ATP production, with NADPH carrying electrons in plant cells and NADH and FADH2 carrying electrons in plant and animal cells. ATP is broken down to release energy for cellular processes and then regenerated through electron transport processes aided by electron carriers.
What is life
Living things are made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop. They obtain and use matter and energy, operate using genetic codes, and respond, adapt and change over time. The document discusses the key characteristics that define life and asks where one would go to study life.
Ecosystems and Energy
Producers like plants, algae and some bacteria capture energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and scavengers. Decomposers break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil, functioning like nature's recyclers. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms, always beginning with a producer and ending with a consumer. Climate change can affect ecosystems by altering environmental conditions.
Module 4, ecosystem life energy
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems and photosynthesis. It discusses how organisms depend on each other in an ecosystem, with plants playing a key role as producers. It then focuses on how plants produce food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction in the thylakoid membrane that converts light to chemical energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon dioxide into sugars. Stomata on plant leaves allow for gas exchange of carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release to power photosynthesis, while also enabling water loss through transpiration.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions in the chloroplasts absorb sunlight and split water, producing oxygen and energized molecules. The Calvin cycle then uses this energy to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments capture sunlight and transfer the energy through electron transport chains to produce ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into sugars.
Powerpoint respiration
1. Respiration is the process by which living cells produce energy from food sources like glucose.
2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, producing more energy. Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing less energy.
3. In humans, muscles use anaerobic respiration during intense exercise when oxygen delivery is insufficient, producing lactic acid as a byproduct which must later be broken down.
ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
This document discusses energy flow through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins by defining energy and the different forms it can take, including chemical energy stored in ATP. Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through two reactions - the light-dependent reaction where ATP is produced, and the Calvin cycle where glucose is formed. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to release the energy stored in ATP through three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain where a large amount of ATP is generated to store energy from food.
Unit 4 energy
Energy is the ability to do work and can be transformed from one form to another, not created or destroyed. Cells store and release energy from biochemical reactions using ATP, which is produced through photosynthesis in plants or cellular respiration in animals and plants. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy stored in sugars, while cellular respiration releases energy from sugars through a series of redox reactions to ultimately produce ATP.
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The document summarizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that transfers energy within cells. It describes ATP's structure of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is generated through cellular respiration breaking down glucose and lipids from food. Energy is stored in ATP's bonds and released when a phosphate is removed, converting ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The cycle is recharged as ADP regains a phosphate with energy from cellular respiration to reform ATP. ATP powers various cellular functions and transports molecules before being broken down again.
Cell Energy 2: Respiration & Fermentation
1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
3. Without oxygen, glycolysis continues as lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation to produce a small amount of ATP. Large animals use lactic acid fermentation briefly during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
What is an ATP
1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. It acts as the main energy currency in cells.
2. ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells by breaking its high-energy phosphate bonds. When a cell needs energy, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, releasing energy. Excess energy is stored by reforming ATP from ADP and phosphate.
3. ATP is uniquely suited to act as the primary energy carrier in cells. Its high-energy bonds are unstable and readily broken to fuel cellular reactions, then reformed when energy is available. This allows ATP to efficiently provide short-term energy storage and transport.
Atp production
1) ATP is the energy currency of cells and is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
2) ATP is regenerated as cells use it to power cellular work through a process where its terminal phosphate bond is broken through hydrolysis, releasing energy.
3) The energy from exergonic reactions like cellular respiration is used to regenerate ATP by adding a phosphate back to ADP, driven by ATP synthase in the mitochondria.
Bioenergetics.ppt
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow through living systems. Energy is required by all organisms and can be in kinetic or potential forms. Kinetic energy is energy of motion like heat or light, while potential energy is stored energy like in chemical bonds. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in cells and manages energy and material resources. Catabolic pathways release energy through exergonic reactions like cellular respiration. Anabolic pathways use this energy in endergonic reactions like photosynthesis to build molecules. ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate during its hydrolysis and reformation. This allows cells to do work like transport or muscle contraction.
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important biological molecule that supplies energy to the cell.
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The document provides information about energy and how ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells. It discusses how ATP is formed through cellular respiration, with glycolysis generating ATP without oxygen and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain producing more ATP with oxygen. Photosynthesis is also summarized, explaining how plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Atp And Metabolism
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of cells that is constantly recycled. ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. All living cells continuously make ATP, which is used almost immediately and lasts less than a minute before being broken down. When cells need energy, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy. Like money, ATP is constantly recycled as cells use and replenish their supply.
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This document provides an overview of ATP production through cellular respiration. It explains that ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria is the main ATP-producing pathway and involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like lactic acid fermentation produce less ATP in the absence of oxygen. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can all be broken down to feed into ATP production pathways.
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The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers.
3. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which pumps protons across a membrane, building an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce the majority of ATP from cellular respiration.
Genbio1 q2 lesson 3
1. The document discusses the ATP-ADP cycle and how ATP is used as the main energy currency in cells. ATP stores chemical energy from breaking down glucose, fats, and proteins that is then released through hydrolysis to power cellular work like transport, mechanical movement, and chemical reactions.
2. Autotrophs like plants generate ATP through photosynthesis while heterotrophs obtain ATP indirectly by consuming autotrophs or other organisms. The sun is the ultimate source of energy entering ecosystems.
3. ATP is regenerated as energy from food breakdown is used to add a phosphate back to ADP, and energy is released when phosphate is removed from ATP, powering cellular work processes.
ATP_ppt.pptx
ATP is the molecule that transfers energy within cells through the addition and removal of phosphate groups. ATP is formed through cellular respiration as food molecules are broken down. When a phosphate is removed from ATP, it becomes ADP and energy is released for cellular processes. ADP can then regain a phosphate through energy input to reform ATP. This ATP-ADP cycle allows the cell to constantly store and provide energy for functions.
Energy storage and utilization
ATP is the major source of energy in cell metabolism, providing chemical energy converted from electron energy. ATP is used for transporting substances across cell membranes, mechanical work like muscle contraction, and supplying energy for chemical reactions and cell signaling. Plants use ATP to move water, repair themselves, and grow. Photosynthesis traps light energy in the bonds of sugar molecules through two phases - the light-dependent phase uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent phase uses this chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food, breaking down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis with oxygen or fermentation without
6.1 adenosine triphosphate UEC senior 1 biology 独中高一生物
The correct answer is B. 20 ATPs.
Each ATP molecule requires 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates. With 30 adenosines and 60 phosphates available, each adenosine can form 1 ATP (using 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates). Since there are 30 adenosines, 30 * 1 = 30 ATPs can be formed. But there are only enough phosphates for 60/3 = 20 ATPs. Therefore, the maximum number of ATPs that can be formed is 20.
Respiration biochemistry
This document discusses cellular respiration and the structures and processes involved in mitochondria. It begins with the overall equation for cellular respiration that converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It then describes the four main stages of respiration - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It discusses the structures of the mitochondrion, including the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, intermembrane space, cristae, mitochondrial DNA, and matrix. It relates these structures to their functions in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production.
cellularrespiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose with oxygen to release energy. Glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This process generates approximately 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
3a; cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells produce ATP from carbohydrates through a series of redox reactions. It occurs in four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. These phases take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and involve the breakdown of glucose and production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, water, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain generates the most ATP through an electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthase. Cellular respiration requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the maximum amount of ATP.
Photosynthesis
ATP is the energy-rich compound that provides energy for living things. It is produced through photosynthesis, which uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light-dependent reactions in which ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions in which CO2 is reduced to glucose using those energy carriers. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other nutrients to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. It has four stages - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, in which ATP is produced through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Anaerobic respiration can also
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This document discusses how plant breeding and agriculture biotechnology can help address issues related to rising global population and food demand. It argues that these practices allow farmers to produce more food on less land, conserve resources through reduced pesticide and fertilizer use, and improve lives by increasing small farmer productivity and incomes. Specific data is presented showing yield increases for biotech corn and benefits to US farmers from reduced pesticide use and carbon emissions since the introduction of these technologies.
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The document summarizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that transfers energy within cells. It describes ATP's structure of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is generated through cellular respiration breaking down glucose and lipids from food. Energy is stored in ATP's bonds and released when a phosphate is removed, converting ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The cycle is recharged as ADP regains a phosphate with energy from cellular respiration to reform ATP. ATP powers various cellular functions and transports molecules before being broken down again.
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1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
3. Without oxygen, glycolysis continues as lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation to produce a small amount of ATP. Large animals use lactic acid fermentation briefly during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
What is an ATP
1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. It acts as the main energy currency in cells.
2. ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells by breaking its high-energy phosphate bonds. When a cell needs energy, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, releasing energy. Excess energy is stored by reforming ATP from ADP and phosphate.
3. ATP is uniquely suited to act as the primary energy carrier in cells. Its high-energy bonds are unstable and readily broken to fuel cellular reactions, then reformed when energy is available. This allows ATP to efficiently provide short-term energy storage and transport.
Atp production
1) ATP is the energy currency of cells and is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
2) ATP is regenerated as cells use it to power cellular work through a process where its terminal phosphate bond is broken through hydrolysis, releasing energy.
3) The energy from exergonic reactions like cellular respiration is used to regenerate ATP by adding a phosphate back to ADP, driven by ATP synthase in the mitochondria.
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Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow through living systems. Energy is required by all organisms and can be in kinetic or potential forms. Kinetic energy is energy of motion like heat or light, while potential energy is stored energy like in chemical bonds. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in cells and manages energy and material resources. Catabolic pathways release energy through exergonic reactions like cellular respiration. Anabolic pathways use this energy in endergonic reactions like photosynthesis to build molecules. ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate during its hydrolysis and reformation. This allows cells to do work like transport or muscle contraction.
ATPPAdenosine triphosphate biological molecule .pptx
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important biological molecule that supplies energy to the cell.
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The document provides information about energy and how ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells. It discusses how ATP is formed through cellular respiration, with glycolysis generating ATP without oxygen and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain producing more ATP with oxygen. Photosynthesis is also summarized, explaining how plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Atp And Metabolism
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of cells that is constantly recycled. ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. All living cells continuously make ATP, which is used almost immediately and lasts less than a minute before being broken down. When cells need energy, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy. Like money, ATP is constantly recycled as cells use and replenish their supply.
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This document provides an overview of ATP production through cellular respiration. It explains that ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria is the main ATP-producing pathway and involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like lactic acid fermentation produce less ATP in the absence of oxygen. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can all be broken down to feed into ATP production pathways.
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The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers.
3. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which pumps protons across a membrane, building an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce the majority of ATP from cellular respiration.
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1. The document discusses the ATP-ADP cycle and how ATP is used as the main energy currency in cells. ATP stores chemical energy from breaking down glucose, fats, and proteins that is then released through hydrolysis to power cellular work like transport, mechanical movement, and chemical reactions.
2. Autotrophs like plants generate ATP through photosynthesis while heterotrophs obtain ATP indirectly by consuming autotrophs or other organisms. The sun is the ultimate source of energy entering ecosystems.
3. ATP is regenerated as energy from food breakdown is used to add a phosphate back to ADP, and energy is released when phosphate is removed from ATP, powering cellular work processes.
ATP_ppt.pptx
ATP is the molecule that transfers energy within cells through the addition and removal of phosphate groups. ATP is formed through cellular respiration as food molecules are broken down. When a phosphate is removed from ATP, it becomes ADP and energy is released for cellular processes. ADP can then regain a phosphate through energy input to reform ATP. This ATP-ADP cycle allows the cell to constantly store and provide energy for functions.
Energy storage and utilization
ATP is the major source of energy in cell metabolism, providing chemical energy converted from electron energy. ATP is used for transporting substances across cell membranes, mechanical work like muscle contraction, and supplying energy for chemical reactions and cell signaling. Plants use ATP to move water, repair themselves, and grow. Photosynthesis traps light energy in the bonds of sugar molecules through two phases - the light-dependent phase uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent phase uses this chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food, breaking down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis with oxygen or fermentation without
6.1 adenosine triphosphate UEC senior 1 biology 独中高一生物
The correct answer is B. 20 ATPs.
Each ATP molecule requires 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates. With 30 adenosines and 60 phosphates available, each adenosine can form 1 ATP (using 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates). Since there are 30 adenosines, 30 * 1 = 30 ATPs can be formed. But there are only enough phosphates for 60/3 = 20 ATPs. Therefore, the maximum number of ATPs that can be formed is 20.
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This document discusses cellular respiration and the structures and processes involved in mitochondria. It begins with the overall equation for cellular respiration that converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It then describes the four main stages of respiration - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It discusses the structures of the mitochondrion, including the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, intermembrane space, cristae, mitochondrial DNA, and matrix. It relates these structures to their functions in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production.
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Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose with oxygen to release energy. Glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This process generates approximately 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells produce ATP from carbohydrates through a series of redox reactions. It occurs in four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. These phases take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and involve the breakdown of glucose and production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, water, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain generates the most ATP through an electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthase. Cellular respiration requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the maximum amount of ATP.
Photosynthesis
ATP is the energy-rich compound that provides energy for living things. It is produced through photosynthesis, which uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light-dependent reactions in which ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions in which CO2 is reduced to glucose using those energy carriers. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other nutrients to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. It has four stages - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, in which ATP is produced through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Anaerobic respiration can also
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Polygenic inheritance is when a single trait is controlled by multiple genes. Most human traits related to size, shape, and color are polygenic. A cross between parents that are heterozygous for three genes (AaBbCc x AaBbCc) would produce offspring with different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles, leading to a range of phenotypes. The number of dominant alleles an individual possesses determines how strongly or darkly a polygenic trait is expressed.
Natural Causes
Intelligent Design (ID) proposes that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process like natural selection. It points to two main ideas: 1) specified complexity, where an object has both complexity (improbability) and specification (meaningful pattern), and 2) irreducible complexity, where a system requires all of its parts to function. ID argues that systems like the mousetrap exhibit these properties by requiring all components to work. ID differs from creationism in that it does not attempt to identify the intelligent cause or make claims about the origin of the universe addressed in Genesis.
The Island
The document contains discussion questions about the film "The Island" regarding a clone who is produced to be a spare organ donor for its sponsor. Key topics addressed are whether clones have souls, if the human body is just a collection of parts like a machine, what the film says about science and technology, and if it can be considered a Christian film based on the values and ideas presented. The questions analyze themes around humanity, ethics, and the relationship between religion and scientific advancement as portrayed in the film.
Genes And Variation
This document discusses key concepts relating to genes, variation, and evolution. It defines evolution as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool over time. Allele frequencies can change due to mutations, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. For a population to maintain genetic equilibrium without evolving, it must meet five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, and no natural selection. Isolation through geographic or behavioral means can lead to the formation of new species through speciation over long periods of time.
Organelles
The document summarizes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It describes 10 organelles: the nucleus, which controls the cell and contains DNA; ribosomes, which synthesize proteins; the endoplasmic reticulum, which helps produce cell membranes; the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and packages molecules; lysosomes, which digest materials; vacuoles, which store water and nutrients in plant cells; mitochondria, which generate energy; chloroplasts, which capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells; the cytoskeleton, made of microfilaments and microtubules that support the cell; and centrioles, which help with cell division. It concludes by contrasting typical characteristics of plant and animal cells
Life Is Cellular
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. In the 17th-18th centuries, advances in microscope technology allowed scientists like Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek to observe cells. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory - that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The Cell Theory was a major unifying concept in biology and changed views of life by introducing a more materialistic, reductionist perspective.
More from Rachel Raines (20)
Energy And Life
- 2. Which one would you choose?
- 3. What is the currency of the cell? Understand ‘valuable’ vs. ‘usable’ The energy currency of cells is… Adenosine tri-phosphate. (ATP)
- 4. ATP – Energy molecule Energy is stored in the bonds. ATP ADP (+ P) and energy
- 7. ATP/ADP – Rechargeable battery ATP – Fully Charged Battery ADP – Partially Charged Battery
- 9. Electron Carriers/CoenzymesNAD and FAD …Act as a shuttle… …Are constantly being reduced and oxidized… Reduced – gain electron(s) Oxidized – lose electron(s) In addition to the enzymes the cell needs, there are two coenzymes used in cellular respiration. They are: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- 10. When reduced, NAD+ becomes… …NADH (high energy molecule) When oxidized, NADH becomes… …NAD+ When reduced, FAD becomes… …FADH2 (high energy molecule) When oxidized, FADH2 becomes… …FAD Reduced coenzymes (FADH2 and NADH) are used to convert ADP ATP. (They are good.)