The document discusses various tenses in English grammar. It explains that there are two tenses in English - present and past. The present tense can refer to ongoing actions, states, or habitual occurrences, while the past tense refers to completed events prior to the present moment. It also discusses aspects like the progressive and perfect, and how they are used to provide additional meaning around the timing and duration of events. Common uses of different tenses and aspects like the present continuous, past simple, present perfect, and past perfect are outlined.
Part 3 of the 7 writing rules but can be used for all papers. An overview of 7 elements a student should pay extra attention to. These slides are only with the introduction to tenses and some explanation on simple present, past and future tenses.
English basic verb tenses, including Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present perfect, Future (will and be going to).
Adapted from a presentation I downloaded from Shawn Toh (thanks Shawn!) which was a bit too detailed for my third grade students.
Part 3 of the 7 writing rules but can be used for all papers. An overview of 7 elements a student should pay extra attention to. These slides are only with the introduction to tenses and some explanation on simple present, past and future tenses.
English basic verb tenses, including Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present perfect, Future (will and be going to).
Adapted from a presentation I downloaded from Shawn Toh (thanks Shawn!) which was a bit too detailed for my third grade students.
Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical CommunicatorsBen Woelk, CISSP, CPTC
Brief overview of career options in cybersecurity for technical communicators. Includes discussion of my career path, certification options, NICE and NIST resources.
This comprehensive program covers essential aspects of performance marketing, growth strategies, and tactics, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, content marketing, social media marketing, and more
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
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2. TENSES
Grammatical expression of the location of events in
time
Anchors an event to the speaker’s experience of
the world by relating the event time to a point of
reference
The universal, unmarked referece point – the
moment of speaking – speech time
3. ENGLISH TENSES
Two tenses: the present and the past, the past
being the marked form, both morphologically and
semantically
4. TENSES
Past time now future time
speech
time
the present
moment
5. THE PRESENT TENSE
The basic meaning of the present tense – to locate
a situation holding at the present moment: this may
be an instantaneous event (I promise to come), a
state which holds over time (Jupiter is the largest
planet), or a habitual occurrence (He works in an
office)
Secondary meanings of the present include
reference to past and future events, ‘historic
present’ (This man comes up to me and…) and the
quotative (and she says ‘I don’t believe it’)
6. THE PAST TENSE
Refers to a definite event or state that is prior to
utterance time;
Its seconday uses refer to a present event or state
as hypothetical (If I were you)
7. FUTURE
English has no verbal inflection to mark a future
tense; instead, English makes use of a number of
forms to refer to future events
8. PAST EVENTS AND PRESENT TIME CONNECTED:
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT
While tense situates an event or state in present or past
time, aspect is concerned with such notions as duration
and completion or incompleton of the process expressed
by the verb
English has two aspects, the Perfect and the Progressive
The Present Perfect views a state or event as occurring at
some indefinite time within a time-frame that leads up to
speech time
The event is viewed as psychologically relvant to the
present; by contrast, an event encoded in the Past tense
is viewed as disconnected from the present
Implications of recency, completion and result are all
manifestations of current relevance
The Past Perfect refers to events previous to those
expressed by a past tense or by a Present Perfect
9. SITUATION TYPES AND THE PROGRESSIVE
ASPECT
Important aspectual contrasts include perfectivity
(viewing the event as a whole) vs imperfectivity (viewing
the event as incomplete)
The only grammaticalised aspectual contrasts in English
are the Progressive vs non-progressive and the Perfect
vs non-perfect
Progressiveness focuses on the continuousness of the
internal part of the event. Another type, that of past
habituality, is expressed by the lexical auxiliary used
to+inf
Situations can be classed as states (It’s hot), as
punctual occurrences (the cable snapped), as durative
occurrences without an end-point: we walked along
(activities) and as durative with an end-point: we walked
home (accomplishments)
11. PRESENT SIMPLE
FORM
He works
Question:
Does he work?
Negative:
He does not (doesn’t) work
12. PRESENT SIMPLE
Functions:
To talk about things in general:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals
To say how often we do things:
I get up at 7 o’clock every morning
In summer John plays tennis once a week.
13. PRESENT SIMPLE:
Verbs not normally used in continuous tenses: like,
love, hate, want, need, prefer, realise, suppose,
mean, understand, believe, remember, belong,
contain, consist, depend, seem
Do you understand what I mean?
14. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORM
Present of the verb to be + -ing
He is reading
Question
Is he reading?
Negative
He is not reading
15. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
FUNCTIONS
Action happening at the time of speaking:
Let’s go now. It isn’t raining any more.
Action happening in a period around the time of
speaking:
Is Susan working this week?
Is your English getting better?
17. PAST SIMPLE
FORMS
I went out yesterday.
Question:
Did you go out yesterday?
Negative:
I did not (didn’t) go out yesterday.
18. PAST SIMPLE
FUNCTIONS
Action completed in the past:
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music
19. PAST CONTINUOUS
Was/were + ing
She was reading
Question
Was she reading?
Negative
She was not (wasn’t) reading.
20. PAST CONTINUOUS
FUNCTIONS
Limited duration
This time last year I was living in Brazil
Action which was interrupted by another action in
the past
I was watching TV when the phone rang.
21. PRESENT PERFECT
FORM
Have + -ed
I have finished.
Question:
Have you finished?
Negative
I have not (haven’t) finished.
22. PRESENT PERFECT
FUNCTION
Action in the past has a result now:
I’ve lost my key.
Action started in the past and continued until
now:
I have lived here for 15 years.
23. PRESENT PERFECT
Just, already:
I have just arrived. He’s already gone.
Yet (questions, negatives)
Has it stopped raining yet?
I haven’t posted it yet.
24. PRESENT PERFECT
Today; This morning/afternoon/evening (year,
month, week)
I’ve seen him today
Have you been there this year?
25. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FORM
Have + been + -ing
He has been waiting
Question
Has he been waiting?
Negative
He has not (hasn’t) been waiting
26. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Activity that has recently stopped or just stopped
It has been raining. (The ground is wet)
Activity is still happening
It has been raining for two hours.
27. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS VS.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Present perfect continuous: focus on activity
My hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing the car.
Present perfect simple: focus on result.
My car is o.k. now. I’ve repaired it.
28. PAST PERFECT
FORM:
HAD + -ED (Past participle)
I didn’t know who she was. I had never seen her
before.
29. PAST PERFECT
FUNCTION
Action which happened before another action in
the past
When Sarah arrived, Paul wasn’t there. He had
gone home.
30. EXERCISE
Use the past tense forms to complete the
sentences
Accuse, acquit, arrest, award, confess, charge,
drop, engage, fine, grant, imprison, plead, release,
seize, serve
31. EXERCISE:ACCUSE, ACQUIT, ARREST, AWARD,
CONFESS, CHARGE, DROP, ENGAGE, FINE, GRANT,
IMPRISON, PLEAD, RELEASE, SEIZE, SERVE
1. After six hours of questioning the accused man
_____.
2. The government____an amnesty to all political
prisoners.
3. Her boss ____her of stealing $250.
4. The secret police_____him for six months in a
high security jail.
32. ACCUSE, ACQUIT, ARREST, AWARD, CONFESS, CHARGE,
DROP, ENGAGE, FINE, GRANT, IMPRISON, PLEAD,
RELEASE, SEIZE, SERVE
5. We ___the best commercial lawyer we could find
to represent us but we still lost the case.
6. The prisoner ___guilty to all charges.
7. On 12 August they ___with murder.
8. The policemanstopped the car and___the driver.
33. ACCUSE, ACQUIT, ARREST, AWARD, CONFESS, CHARGE,
DROP, ENGAGE, FINE, GRANT, IMPRISON, PLEAD,
RELEASE, SEIZE, SERVE
9. The president ___ the opposition leader from
prison.
10. The court ___him $2,500 for obtaining money
by false pretences.
11. After consideration, the palintiff ____the case
against his neighbour.
12. The customs____the shipment of books.
34. ACCUSE, ACQUIT, ARREST, AWARD, CONFESS,
CHARGE, DROP, ENGAGE, FINE, GRANT,
IMPRISON, PLEAD, RELEASE, SEIZE, SERVE
13. He ____ six months in a local prison.
14. The court ___the plaintiff $75 in damage plus
costs.
15. Two of the men were sent to prison, but the
judge____the third.
36. ADVISE, APPEAL, COMMIT, DISCLAIM, DISCLOSE, EMBEZZLE,
ESTABLISH, FOLLOW, IMPOSE, LEGISLATE, MANIPULATE, OFFER,
PRECLUDE, PREVENT, VALUE
1. He___all knowledge of the robbery until
$250,000 in cash was found in his house.
2- He is___us $100,000 for the house,
which is $10,000 less than we wanted.
3. He says he’s innocent and he’s going
to_____to the supreme court against the
decision.
4. He was sent to prison for six months
for___his clients’ money.
37. ADVISE, APPEAL, COMMIT, DISCLAIM, DISCLOSE, EMBEZZLE,
ESTABLISH, FOLLOW, IMPOSE, LEGISLATE, MANIPULATE, OFFER,
PRECLUDE, PREVENT, VALUE
5. I believe that they are ___the accounts to
make the company look more profitable.
6. In my opinion they’ll ___the business at
about $2m
7. Our solicitor has___to take the documents
to the police.
8. Parliament has___against the sale of
drugs.
9. The bank has no right to____details of my
account to the tax office.
38. ADVISE, APPEAL, COMMIT, DISCLAIM, DISCLOSE, EMBEZZLE,
ESTABLISH, FOLLOW, IMPOSE, LEGISLATE, MANIPULATE, OFFER,
PRECLUDE, PREVENT, VALUE
10. The business was___in 1881.
11.The court has___the precedent set in the 1972
case.
12. The magistrate____a fine of $150.
13. The gang had___six robberies before they were
caught.
39. ADVISE, APPEAL, COMMIT, DISCLAIM, DISCLOSE, EMBEZZLE,
ESTABLISH, FOLLOW, IMPOSE, LEGISLATE, MANIPULATE, OFFER,
PRECLUDE, PREVENT, VALUE
14. They have changed the locks on the building
to____the former managing director from going in.
15. This agreement does not____further
agreements between these parties in the future.
41. ARRANGE, BLACKMAIL, CONVICT, CORROBORATE, EXONERATE,
FIND, FORFEIT, INFRINGE, OVERTURN,PROHIBIT, PROMISE,
RECOVER, REFRAIN, SENTENCE, SUE
1. He was asked to give an undertaking
to___from political activity.
2. My client intends to appeal and I am sure
that a higher court will___this sentence.
3. I can___Mr Waterman’s alibi. At the time
of the theft I saw him in Brighton.
4. The judge ___him to three
years’imprisonment.
42. ARRANGE, BLACKMAIL, CONVICT, CORROBORATE, EXONERATE,
FIND, FORFEIT, INFRINGE, OVERTURN,PROHIBIT, PROMISE,
RECOVER, REFRAIN, SENTENCE, SUE
5. After the accident he___the company for $50,000
in damages.
6. She was____of manslaughter and sent to prison
for eight years.
7. If you decide not to buy you will___your 25%
deposit.
8. The court has____him guilty on all charges.
43. ARRANGE, BLACKMAIL, CONVICT, CORROBORATE, EXONERATE,
FIND, FORFEIT, INFRINGE, OVERTURN,PROHIBIT, PROMISE,
RECOVER, REFRAIN, SENTENCE, SUE
9. We believe that this production____our
copyright as detailed below.
10. The company went out of business and
the original investment was never___.
11. We discovered that his secretary
was___him with certain details about his
private life.
12. You___to pay by August and it’s now
September. What’s your explanation?
44. ARRANGE, BLACKMAIL, CONVICT, CORROBORATE, EXONERATE,
FIND, FORFEIT, INFRINGE, OVERTURN,PROHIBIT, PROMISE,
RECOVER, REFRAIN, SENTENCE, SUE
13. The law ___the sale of alcohol to minors.
14. All the files are___in alphabetical order, so it’s
very easy to find.
15. The judge____the driver from all responsibility
for the accident.