Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.

1. B Y
J O S H U A P A S T O R Y K A B Y E M E L A
( 2 0 1 7 )
E M A I L : a m a n y a j p k 1 2 m n q @ g m a i l . c o m
METHOD FOR DATA
COLLECTION
[2]

2. Introduction
 As we observed earlier on the previous slides that
factor to be considered during selecting of the
method of collection of data, comprises of nature,
scope and object of enquiry, availability of funds,
Issue of Time as well as precision required.
 This is due to fact that Inaccurate data collection
can impact the results of a study and eventually
lead to invalid results.

3. Data Collection
 Data Collection is the significant segment of any
type of research study. At the time when researcher
need examine answers to the research problem data
collection methods is critical for collection relevant
information.

4. Researcher Decision Towards data
collection
Decision of Researcher
in data Collection
When to
collect
data???
Which data to
collect???
Means to
collect those
data???
Who is responsible
for data collection???

5. Method of data collection
 The following are the methods to be used in
collection of data;
 Interview
 Observation
 Questionnaire
 Focus group discussion

6. Interview method
 Interview refers to spoken dialogue between to
people for the aim of examine relevant information
to research survey or study.
 Interviews: forms which are completed through an
interview with the respondent.

7. Advantages of Interview
 Accurate screening. Face-to-face interviews help with more
accurate screening.
 Capture verbal and non-verbal ques.
 Keep focus. The interviewer is the one that has control over
the interview and can keep the interviewee focused and on
track to completion.
 Capture emotions and behaviors. Face-to-face interviews
can no doubt capture an interviewee’s emotions and
behaviors.
 They are better for more complex questions

8. Disadvantages of Interview
 More expensive than questionnaires
 Low literacy or less co-operation.
 Quality of data by interviewer. The quality of
data you receive will often depend on the ability of
the interviewer.
 Manual data entry. If the interview is
administered on paper, the data collected will need
to be entered manually, or scanned, if a inspectable
interview questionnaire is created.
 Limited sample size.

9. Observation method
 Observation refers to a systematic data
collection approach whereby researchers use all of
their senses {five sense organs i.e. Humans have a
multitude of senses. Sight (vision), hearing
(audition), taste (gestation), smell (olfaction), and
touch (sensation) are the five traditionally
recognized senses.} to examine people in natural
settings or naturally occurring situations.
 Observation of a field setting involves: prolonged
engagement in a setting or social situation.

10. Advantages of Observation
 Observation does not require the willingness of the
people to provide various information about them.
 Simplest Method: Observation is probably the most
common and the simplest method of data collection
 Useful for Framing Hypothesis
 Greater Accuracy
 It is an Universal Method: it is a ordinary method
used in all sciences, both physical and social or either of
them.
 Observation can deal with phenomena which are not
capable of giving verbal information about their
behaviour, feeling and activities simply for the reason
that they cannot speak e.g. infants or animals.

11. Disadvantages of Observation
 Lack of Reliability
 Some of the incidences may not be Open to
Observation.
 Not all Occurrences Lend Themselves to
Observational Study
 Faulty Perception: Observation is a highly
technical job. One is never sure that what he is
observing is the same as it appears to his eyes.
 Slow Investigation Observation is a time taking
process.

12. Questionnaire method
 This means a set of printed or written questions with
a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a
survey or statistical study. According to
Business.com defined questionnaire as a list of
questions, usually printed, submitted for replies that
can be analyzed for usable information:

13. Why using questionnaires ?
Questionnaires are a helpful data collection method to
examine:
 Blueprint, frequency, smoothness and success of use
 Needs of users with their expectations, perspectives,
priorities and preferences.
 Perception and satisfaction of the user over the
particular service.
 shifts in user attitudes and opinions
 Significance of collections and services to user needs

14. Advantages of questionnaires
 Sensible or practical
 Collection of large amounts of information from a large number of
respondent in a short period of time and at lower cost.
 Can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people
with limited affect to its validity and reliability
 The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily
quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software
package
 Can be analyzed more 'scientifically' and objectively than other
forms of research
 When data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and
contrast other research and may be used to measure change
 Positivists believe that quantitative data can be used to create new
theories and / or test existing hypotheses

15. Disadvantages of questionnaires
 Inadequate to understand some forms of information -
i.e. changes of emotions, behaviour, feelings etc.
 Lacks validity
 No means to tell how truthful a respondent is being
 No means of telling how much thought a respondent has
put in
 The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within
the full context of the situation
 People may read differently into each question and
therefore reply based on their own interpretation of the
question.

16. Focus group discussion method
 A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good
method of gathering together people from similar
backgrounds or experiences to converse a specific
topic of interest necessary for the study.
 Focus groups provide the opportunity to hear the in-
depth attitudes and perceptions of individuals in a
group setting in so as to more completely understand
the issue at hand.

17. Advantages of Focus group Discussion
 Easily Measure Customer Reaction
 Socially oriented research method
 Flexible
 High face validity
 Speedy results & Low in cost {Time and Money
Saving}
 Participants are given a chance to reflect or react to
the viewpoint of others with which they may disagree
or of which they’re unaware.

18. Disadvantages of Focus group Discussion
 Not as In Depth: Compared to individual interviews,
focus groups are not as efficient in covering maximum
depth on a particular issue
 Data can be difficult to analyze.
 Expense: Compared with surveys and questionnaires,
focus groups are much more expensive to execute.
Usually, each participant will have to be compensated in
cash or in kind.
 Moderator Bias :Moderators can greatly impact the
outcome of a focus group discussion.
 Less control than individual interviews.
 Moderators must be skilled.
 Focus group discussions typically are not replicable.

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