Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, used to obtain in-depth information (qualitative data - insight) from a group of people about a particular topic.
The focus group discussion yields information about people’s opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.
Qualitative research is primarily an exploratory research used to understand underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations and provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, used to obtain in-depth information (qualitative data - insight) from a group of people about a particular topic.
The focus group discussion yields information about people’s opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.
Qualitative research is primarily an exploratory research used to understand underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations and provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, which yield qualitative data on the community level by facilitating interaction between participants.
Researching people: using questionnaires and interviewsJenna Condie
Social research methods lecture for animation masters students @salforduni. Introducing the two dominant social research methods - questionnaires and interviews.
In this talk, we’ll look at the process of designing a research methodology. Is it better to stick to the safety of the lab, or to broaden our horizons? And how can we convince colleagues and stakeholders to buy into the decision? We’ll introduce a set of principles and a thinking tool to help you weigh up and justify your approach.
Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Research- Divergent InsightsDivergent Insights
Data Collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest. It helps you learn more about your customers, discover market trends, improves the quality of decisions, helps understand the needs, resolve issues and improve the quality of your products or services. It always helps to gather useful information about customers, their needs, market status, etc. Divergent Insights always helps you know your customers by collecting data to improve the business. Visit us to know more: www.divergentinsights.com
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, which yield qualitative data on the community level by facilitating interaction between participants.
Researching people: using questionnaires and interviewsJenna Condie
Social research methods lecture for animation masters students @salforduni. Introducing the two dominant social research methods - questionnaires and interviews.
In this talk, we’ll look at the process of designing a research methodology. Is it better to stick to the safety of the lab, or to broaden our horizons? And how can we convince colleagues and stakeholders to buy into the decision? We’ll introduce a set of principles and a thinking tool to help you weigh up and justify your approach.
Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Research- Divergent InsightsDivergent Insights
Data Collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest. It helps you learn more about your customers, discover market trends, improves the quality of decisions, helps understand the needs, resolve issues and improve the quality of your products or services. It always helps to gather useful information about customers, their needs, market status, etc. Divergent Insights always helps you know your customers by collecting data to improve the business. Visit us to know more: www.divergentinsights.com
Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.
Learn more about the basics of experience research on https://blog.morethanmetrics.com/research-basics/
This is a short introduction to the most important methods used in customer experience research – how they work and what advantages and disadvantages they have.
Chapter Session 2.5 data collection 27.3.18.pptetebarkhmichale
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Its concerned with '...developing explanations of social phenomena...’
The world in which we live
Why things are the way they are
Concerned with social aspects of our world
Seeks to answer questions like
Why people behave the way they do
How opinions and attitudes are formed
How people are affected by the events that go on around them
How and why cultures have developed in the way they have
The differences between social groups
What is Qualitative research
4. Data
Collection
It is defined as the “process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of
interest, in an established systematic fashion
that enables one to answer queries for stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes.”
are time consuming, so a smaller sample is
opted compared to quantitative approaches -
therefore more expensive.
The benefits of the qualitative approach is
that the information is richer and has a
deeper insight into the phenomenon under
study
5. Data collection approaches
Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves:
Direct interaction with individuals on
a one to one basis
in a group setting
6. Strategies for generating data
The main strategies for generating qualitative research data are:
◦ Individual in-depth interviews
◦ Focus group discussions
◦ Participant Observations
◦ Written Narratives
◦ Chat rooms
◦ Field Notes
7. Indepth interviews
direct, one-on-one engagement with
individual participants.
small number of respondents
to explore their perspectives on a particular
idea, program, or situation
fairly informal and participants feel they
are taking part in a conversation or
discussion rather than in a formal question
and answer situation.
8. Key aspects
Self reflexivity stance of the interviewer
Building rapport
ensure confidentiality
Specific population concerns
Mutual trust and respect
9. Access to participants- specific strategies for large scale studies
Stakeholder Analysis
Identification of gatekeepers
Snowballing
Advertising
Dispersing questionnaires in public areas
Street interviews
‘Being there’
10. Interviews
Requires skill to get involved
careful consideration and planning
Interviews can be
Unstructured
Semi structured
Structured
11. Interviews
'depth' or 'in depth' interviews
mostly semi structured
questions and probes for greater detail
find out more about a specific topic using interview
guides
Open ended questions gives scope for discussing
more on topic
Use prompts to get great details
12.
13.
14. Components of interview guide
Introduction Key Components:
• Thank you , Your name , Purpose ,Confidentiality ,Duration
• How interview will be conducted , Opportunity for questions
• Signature of consent
Questions
• Not more than 15 open-ended questions • Ask factual before opinion
• Use probes as needed
Closing Key Components:
• Additional comments • Next steps • Thank you
15. It is not only important
what questions you ask
and how you ask them—
you must also consider
the order in which you
ask specific questions, as
this can make a difference
in how they’re answered
16. Advantages and limitations
Advantages
detailed information
Rich in content
Relaxed atmosphere
comfortable to answer
Limitations
Prone to bias
Can be time-intensive
trained in interviewing technique
Not generalizable results
17. How are In-Depth Interviews Presented?
Introduction and Justification
How was the process carried out?
(Describe the process of selecting the interviewees and conducting the interviews.)
Results What are the key findings?
Providing quotes from respondents throughout the report adds credibility to the
information.
18. Example
Study title : The Patient’s Experience of the Psychosocial Process That Influences
Identity following Stroke Rehabilitation
Theme : Evolution of identity
Sub Theme : Reintegrating Identity with their Life
Verbatim/quote :
My goal is to live a normal life, just as it used to be. My children should not need to
think that it is an awkward old man that they are walking together with. I do not
want to deviate more than before. It’s important for oneself too”
( Stroke survivor ,72 year old )
20. Focus group discussion
The focus groups are used to obtain information from a group rather than
individuals.
Group interviews can be used when:
Limited resources (time, manpower, finances)
a collective discussion to understand the circumstances, behavior/opinions
Greater insights of the group dynamics - cause and consequence
Triangulation of the data obtained in interviews.
The aim of the focus group is to make use of participants' feelings, perceptions
and opinions
22. Characteristics of a focus group
Recommended size of the sample group is 6 - 10 people
Several focus groups to get a more objective and macro view
add to the breadth and depth of information.
A minimum of three focus groups is recommended for best practice approaches
group should have something in common which is important to the investigation
be mindful of the group dynamics
23. FGD
This method requires the researcher to use a range of skills:
group skills
facilitating
moderating
listening/observing
analysis
24. Focus group interviews
FGD guide
6 to 12 participants with common experience
audiotape or videotape
note taking
transcribing data for content analysis
26. Observation
Observation may take place in natural settings
involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of happenings.
a participant observer, is taking part in the situation
obtain more reliable information about certain things - how people actually
behave (may not find out the reasons for why they behave in a particular way).
Observation can also serve as a technique for verifying of nullifying information
provided in face to face encounters.'
People or environment can be observed.
27. Types
Complete observer
Observer as a participant
Participant as observer
Complete participant
Structured or unstructured
28.
29.
30. Techniques for collecting data
1. Written descriptions of the people, situations or environment
◦ Limitations include
◦ miss out on an observation as they are taking notes
◦ can get focused on a particular event or situation
◦ chance for subjective interpretation of what is happening
2. Video recording
◦ Allows the researcher to also record notes
◦ Limitations may include people acting unnaturally towards the camera or others
avoiding the camera
◦ The camera may not always see everything
31. 3.Photographs and artefacts
◦ Useful to collect observable information or phenomena
◦ Eg:buildings, neighbourhoods, dress and appearance
◦ Artefacts include objects of significance - memorabilia, instruments, tools etc
4.Documentation
- any type of information on a local paper, a notice board, administrative policies and
procedures...previous research etc
Techniques for collecting data, contd…
32. Strengths and limitations
Limitations of observation:
Change in people's behaviour when they
know they are observed
gives only a 'snap shot' view of a whole
situation
may miss something while they are
watching and taking notes
May misunderstand what has been
observed
Strengths of observation
offer a flavour for what is happening
give an insight into the bigger picture
demonstrate sub-groups
used to modify the rest of the research
33. Written Narratives
to narrate “ to tell a story in detail”
researchers describe the lives of individuals,
collects stories about people’s lives,
write narratives of individual experiences .
( Connelly & Clandinin, 1990 )
• desired information taken in the form of written responses from the participants
• Old data collection strategy
• Eliminates transcription requirements/ audiotaping
• Can be used in place of interview or as an additional strategy
34. Chat Rooms
Interviewing Online: qualitative research in the
network(ed) society
Collect data online
chat rooms on web allow interested parties to
log on and communicate synchronously
narrative data has to be copied and stored in
different folder
not fully developed or completely explored
35.
36. Field notes
Notations ethnographers generally make to document observations
Need to record what they have heard, seen, thought or experienced
Eliminates cost and time
Include descriptions and interpretations of individuals on certain
events.
Record time and location of observations
Should include Key informations
37. Example of field notes
Field note No..1 July 2 2019,
place and weather conditions too if needed be mentioned
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Ethnographer ‘s comments ……………………………….
Participant comment…………..………………………………….
38. Ethics and Data Protection
written consent or assent prior to data collection.
Under the age of 18, both written assent from the participant and
written consent from the participant’s parent.
Participants were informed of their rights to terminate the interview
at any time and to skip questions or topics they were uncomfortable
discussing.
Names and other identifiers collected during the interview were
redacted during the transcription process and the original audiofiles
destroyed.
Ethical approval for study
39. Data collection in Ethnography
means 'portrait of a people’, and culture.
entails extensive fieldwork,time consuming
Data collection includes:
formal and informal interviews
often interviewing an individual on several occasions
participative observations
40. Phenomenological research
Study of self awareness ,experiences of
people
Data collection methods are
Indepth interviews
Written or oral self reports
Aesthetic expressions like poetry, art or
narratives
41. Grounded theory research
generating theory
broadening concepts
Data collection methods include
in depth interviews,
participant observation
Documents, audio, video and artefacts
42. Narrative research
Mostly used to tell the lives of people ,tell stories , write
narratives of individual experiences
Data collected through
Participant or non participant observation
Story telling
Letter writing
collecting information through Documents, photos, books
images ,photos etc
43. Case study research
Indepth study of a single case or collective cases
Data collection by
Indepth interviews
Focus groups
Participant and non participant observations
Documents ,audio,images, books ,video
Editor's Notes
i.e. focussing on one group may give you idiosyncratic results.
When conducting research, one must be mindful of ethical and data protection issues. Ethical guidelines seek to work towards protecting the individuals, communities and environments involved in the studies against any form of harm, manipulation or malpractice.