This document discusses the application of microbial enzymes in various industries. It covers their use in the textile industry for processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching, biopolishing, and denim finishing. It also discusses the application of microbial enzymes in the leather industry for processes like soaking, liming, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Finally, it discusses the use of microbial enzymes like sialidases and mucinases in diagnostic purposes for detecting diseases like bacterial vaginosis.
This document discusses xanthan gum, a biopolymer produced through the fermentation of glucose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It provides information on:
1) Xanthan gum's properties, structure, production process, and applications in foods, cosmetics, and industrial products like drilling fluids and textiles.
2) How xanthan gum is commercially produced through the fermentation of glucose in a bioreactor, followed by recovery processes to extract and purify the biopolymer.
3) Ongoing research seeking to improve xanthan gum production through genetic engineering of bacteria strains and the use of alternative carbon sources for fermentation.
Biodeterioration of paper and leather ppt..ShaistaKhan60
This document discusses the biodeterioration of paper and leather. It defines biodeterioration as the breakdown of materials by microorganisms or undesirable changes caused by organisms. For paper, factors like humidity, chemicals, and microbes like fungi can cause staining, foxing, and weakening. Leather deterioration is also caused by bacteria and fungi when conditions are poor, leading to hardening, deformation, and discoloration. Preventing biodeterioration requires controlling moisture, chemicals, insects, and proper storage conditions.
Steroid transformation, bioreactor and bioprocess engineeringRitasree Sarma
1. Steroids are organic molecules containing four rings of carbon atoms that are synthesized in tissues to act as hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins.
2. Common types of steroids include sex hormones, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, and bile salts.
3. Microbial transformation of steroids involves enzymatic reactions that can modify steroid structures through oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, and other processes. This is an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis.
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Anti-foaming agents, inducers, precursors and inhibitors in Fermentation tech...Dr. Pavan Kundur
The document discusses antifoaming agents, inducers, precursors, and inhibitors used in fermentation technology. Antifoaming agents like oils and silicones are added to fermentation to reduce foam formation which can contaminate processes. Precursors are added to increase product yields, like corn steep liquor for penicillin production. Inducers trigger secondary metabolite production in microbes and are necessary for genetically modified organisms. Inhibitors redirect metabolism toward the target product or halt pathways to prevent degradation.
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions and are used in various industries including textiles. In the textile industry, enzymes are used for desizing, bio-polishing, stone washing, and stain removal. Enzymes offer advantages over chemicals as they are effective under mild conditions, reduce water and energy usage, and are environmentally friendly. Specific enzymes like cellulase and polyesterase are used to treat fabrics containing materials like cotton and polyester respectively.
This document discusses xanthan gum, a biopolymer produced through the fermentation of glucose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It provides information on:
1) Xanthan gum's properties, structure, production process, and applications in foods, cosmetics, and industrial products like drilling fluids and textiles.
2) How xanthan gum is commercially produced through the fermentation of glucose in a bioreactor, followed by recovery processes to extract and purify the biopolymer.
3) Ongoing research seeking to improve xanthan gum production through genetic engineering of bacteria strains and the use of alternative carbon sources for fermentation.
Biodeterioration of paper and leather ppt..ShaistaKhan60
This document discusses the biodeterioration of paper and leather. It defines biodeterioration as the breakdown of materials by microorganisms or undesirable changes caused by organisms. For paper, factors like humidity, chemicals, and microbes like fungi can cause staining, foxing, and weakening. Leather deterioration is also caused by bacteria and fungi when conditions are poor, leading to hardening, deformation, and discoloration. Preventing biodeterioration requires controlling moisture, chemicals, insects, and proper storage conditions.
Steroid transformation, bioreactor and bioprocess engineeringRitasree Sarma
1. Steroids are organic molecules containing four rings of carbon atoms that are synthesized in tissues to act as hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins.
2. Common types of steroids include sex hormones, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, and bile salts.
3. Microbial transformation of steroids involves enzymatic reactions that can modify steroid structures through oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, and other processes. This is an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis.
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Anti-foaming agents, inducers, precursors and inhibitors in Fermentation tech...Dr. Pavan Kundur
The document discusses antifoaming agents, inducers, precursors, and inhibitors used in fermentation technology. Antifoaming agents like oils and silicones are added to fermentation to reduce foam formation which can contaminate processes. Precursors are added to increase product yields, like corn steep liquor for penicillin production. Inducers trigger secondary metabolite production in microbes and are necessary for genetically modified organisms. Inhibitors redirect metabolism toward the target product or halt pathways to prevent degradation.
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions and are used in various industries including textiles. In the textile industry, enzymes are used for desizing, bio-polishing, stone washing, and stain removal. Enzymes offer advantages over chemicals as they are effective under mild conditions, reduce water and energy usage, and are environmentally friendly. Specific enzymes like cellulase and polyesterase are used to treat fabrics containing materials like cotton and polyester respectively.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
The document discusses oxygen transfer in aerobic fermentation processes. It states that the majority of fermentation processes require oxygen, which has low solubility in water. For efficient oxygen transfer, dissolved oxygen must be continuously supplied to microorganisms at a rate equal to their demand. Key factors that influence oxygen transfer rate include bubble size, agitation intensity, viscosity, foaming, and vessel geometry. Equations are provided to characterize oxygen transfer rates and model maximum cell densities supported by reactors based on process conditions. Scale-up of fermentation processes requires matching critical environmental parameters like dissolved oxygen levels between small and large scales.
Industrial production of chemical solvents “Acetone”Esam Yahya
This document discusses various types of chemical solvents including their classification and common uses. It focuses on acetone, describing its structure and various industrial production methods such as the cumene process, fermentation, and oxidation. Acetone is widely used as an industrial and laboratory solvent as well as in products like nail polish remover due to its ability to dissolve many compounds.
Cheese production involves several key steps:
1) Curdling of milk through the addition of starter cultures or rennet, which causes casein to coagulate and separate from whey.
2) Draining the curd to remove moisture and separate whey.
3) Salting the curd, which acts as a preservative and controls moisture.
4) Ripening the curd through bacterial or mold cultures, during which flavor and texture develop.
Different cheeses are produced by varying the cultures, temperatures, and other conditions during the production process.
Fermentation is a process mediated by microorganisms that produces a product of economic value. There are two main types - aerobic fermentation which requires oxygen and anaerobic fermentation which does not. Examples of fermentation processes include alcoholic fermentation which converts sugars into ethanol, and solid state fermentation which occurs on the surface of solid substrates like mushroom cultivation. Fermentation can be carried out through different methods like batch, continuous, or dual fermentation using multiple microorganisms.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Microorganisms play an important role in food production through various fermentation processes. Bacteria, yeasts and molds are used to produce foods like bread, cheese, yogurt, wine and beer. They ferment carbohydrates, converting sugars into acids, gases and flavors. This preserves foods and extends shelf life. Lactic acid bacteria are particularly useful, fermenting milk into dairy products. Yeast converts grape juice into wine through alcoholic fermentation. The carbon dioxide produced by yeast leavens bread dough. Microbes also enhance nutrition and safety of fermented foods through biological enrichment.
This document discusses airlift fermenters, which are a type of bioreactor. It provides three key points:
1) Airlift fermenters are pneumatic bioreactors that use gas injection and density gradients to circulate liquids without a mechanical agitator, reducing shear stress and heat generation.
2) There are two main types - internal loop fermenters with a central draft tube, and external loop fermenters with separate circulation channels.
3) Airlift fermenters are commonly used for aerobic processes, producing products like single cell proteins, due to their efficiency and ability to handle fragile cells. They have simple designs but require higher gas pressures and throughputs than stirred
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
This document summarizes biodeterioration of paper by microorganisms. It discusses how paper is commonly used but is susceptible to deterioration by various fungi, bacteria, insects during production and storage. Common paper deteriorating microorganisms produce cellulases and xylanases that break down cellulose and hemicellulose in paper. Deterioration occurs through discoloration and weakening of fibers during manufacturing due to organisms like Aspergillus and during storage by fungi like Alternaria. Factors like temperature, humidity and pests accelerate deterioration which can be prevented through good housekeeping, fumigation and controlling humidity and light exposure.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganismsMicrobiology
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
This document discusses the production of microbial pigments for use in the food industry. It describes several microorganisms commonly used to produce pigments like beta-carotene, riboflavin, lycopene, and Monascus pigments. These pigments have applications as natural food colorants and additives. The document also outlines some benefits of microbial pigments like lower production costs and their potential health benefits.
This document discusses steroid biotransformation, which is the biological modification of steroids through microbial enzymes. It describes various types of microbial transformations of steroids including hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, and others. Commonly transformed steroids include progesterone, cortisol, and testosterone. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria are used in fermentation to commercially produce steroid hormones and derivatives for uses as medications. The advantages of microbial transformations include enzyme selectivity and ability to produce novel compounds, while disadvantages include potential toxicity and low chemical yields.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the leather industry. It notes that the conventional chemical-heavy leather processing generates significant pollution. The document proposes using microbial enzymes as an alternative that can reduce pollution by simplifying steps and replacing chemicals in processes like soaking, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Future tanneries may combine enzymes and chemicals to produce eco-friendly leather labeled products.
Different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates Azmir Latif Beg
Enzymes are proteins with highly specialized catalytic functions, produced by all living organisms. The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans, and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textile materials.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
The document discusses oxygen transfer in aerobic fermentation processes. It states that the majority of fermentation processes require oxygen, which has low solubility in water. For efficient oxygen transfer, dissolved oxygen must be continuously supplied to microorganisms at a rate equal to their demand. Key factors that influence oxygen transfer rate include bubble size, agitation intensity, viscosity, foaming, and vessel geometry. Equations are provided to characterize oxygen transfer rates and model maximum cell densities supported by reactors based on process conditions. Scale-up of fermentation processes requires matching critical environmental parameters like dissolved oxygen levels between small and large scales.
Industrial production of chemical solvents “Acetone”Esam Yahya
This document discusses various types of chemical solvents including their classification and common uses. It focuses on acetone, describing its structure and various industrial production methods such as the cumene process, fermentation, and oxidation. Acetone is widely used as an industrial and laboratory solvent as well as in products like nail polish remover due to its ability to dissolve many compounds.
Cheese production involves several key steps:
1) Curdling of milk through the addition of starter cultures or rennet, which causes casein to coagulate and separate from whey.
2) Draining the curd to remove moisture and separate whey.
3) Salting the curd, which acts as a preservative and controls moisture.
4) Ripening the curd through bacterial or mold cultures, during which flavor and texture develop.
Different cheeses are produced by varying the cultures, temperatures, and other conditions during the production process.
Fermentation is a process mediated by microorganisms that produces a product of economic value. There are two main types - aerobic fermentation which requires oxygen and anaerobic fermentation which does not. Examples of fermentation processes include alcoholic fermentation which converts sugars into ethanol, and solid state fermentation which occurs on the surface of solid substrates like mushroom cultivation. Fermentation can be carried out through different methods like batch, continuous, or dual fermentation using multiple microorganisms.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Microorganisms play an important role in food production through various fermentation processes. Bacteria, yeasts and molds are used to produce foods like bread, cheese, yogurt, wine and beer. They ferment carbohydrates, converting sugars into acids, gases and flavors. This preserves foods and extends shelf life. Lactic acid bacteria are particularly useful, fermenting milk into dairy products. Yeast converts grape juice into wine through alcoholic fermentation. The carbon dioxide produced by yeast leavens bread dough. Microbes also enhance nutrition and safety of fermented foods through biological enrichment.
This document discusses airlift fermenters, which are a type of bioreactor. It provides three key points:
1) Airlift fermenters are pneumatic bioreactors that use gas injection and density gradients to circulate liquids without a mechanical agitator, reducing shear stress and heat generation.
2) There are two main types - internal loop fermenters with a central draft tube, and external loop fermenters with separate circulation channels.
3) Airlift fermenters are commonly used for aerobic processes, producing products like single cell proteins, due to their efficiency and ability to handle fragile cells. They have simple designs but require higher gas pressures and throughputs than stirred
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
This document summarizes biodeterioration of paper by microorganisms. It discusses how paper is commonly used but is susceptible to deterioration by various fungi, bacteria, insects during production and storage. Common paper deteriorating microorganisms produce cellulases and xylanases that break down cellulose and hemicellulose in paper. Deterioration occurs through discoloration and weakening of fibers during manufacturing due to organisms like Aspergillus and during storage by fungi like Alternaria. Factors like temperature, humidity and pests accelerate deterioration which can be prevented through good housekeeping, fumigation and controlling humidity and light exposure.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganismsMicrobiology
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
This document discusses the production of microbial pigments for use in the food industry. It describes several microorganisms commonly used to produce pigments like beta-carotene, riboflavin, lycopene, and Monascus pigments. These pigments have applications as natural food colorants and additives. The document also outlines some benefits of microbial pigments like lower production costs and their potential health benefits.
This document discusses steroid biotransformation, which is the biological modification of steroids through microbial enzymes. It describes various types of microbial transformations of steroids including hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, and others. Commonly transformed steroids include progesterone, cortisol, and testosterone. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria are used in fermentation to commercially produce steroid hormones and derivatives for uses as medications. The advantages of microbial transformations include enzyme selectivity and ability to produce novel compounds, while disadvantages include potential toxicity and low chemical yields.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the leather industry. It notes that the conventional chemical-heavy leather processing generates significant pollution. The document proposes using microbial enzymes as an alternative that can reduce pollution by simplifying steps and replacing chemicals in processes like soaking, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Future tanneries may combine enzymes and chemicals to produce eco-friendly leather labeled products.
Different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates Azmir Latif Beg
Enzymes are proteins with highly specialized catalytic functions, produced by all living organisms. The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans, and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textile materials.
This articles is based on information regarding how to produce microbial enzymes, methods of enzyme purification including sources and application of microbial enzymes.
Did you find the soy sauce kept at your home spoiled? You made sure that it is kept in the desired storage conditions but still found the soy sauce without it's characteristic flavor. Have a look at this presentation to know the reason behind the spoilage of Soy Sauce & the various microbiological aspects responsible for the spoilage.
Fermented soy products have a long history in Asian cuisines. Soybeans are fermented through processes like those used to make miso, tempeh, natto, and soy sauce. Fermentation improves the digestibility and nutrition of soybeans by breaking down proteins and increasing mineral availability. It also produces health benefits like reducing cancer and cholesterol risks. Traditional fermented soy foods contain probiotics and isoflavones that are converted into more absorbable forms. The document provides details on the production processes for various fermented soy foods like soy sauce, which involves koji mold and multiple month-long fermentation stages.
The document discusses the application of biotechnology in textile wet processing. It describes how enzymes are used as an alternative to chemical treatments to make the wet processing more environmentally friendly. Specifically, it discusses how enzymes are used for desizing and bio-scouring cotton fabrics. The benefits of enzymatic desizing and bio-scouring include reduced water and energy usage, lower environmental impact with easier to treat wastewater, and cost savings compared to traditional chemical processes.
This document summarizes the classes of β-lactam antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects. It discusses the four main classes: penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Each class is further broken down into generations or subtypes that have varying spectra of coverage and pharmacokinetic properties. Mnemonics are provided to help distinguish between the classes and generations.
There are two types of antimicrobial finishes for textiles:
1) Controlled-release finishes that leach antimicrobial agents onto the fabric surface over time, requiring reapplication.
2) Bound antimicrobial finishes where antimicrobial molecules are chemically bonded to the fiber surface, providing durable protection.
Common controlled-release agents include triclosan and quaternary ammonium salts. Bound agents include organosilane and PHMB compounds that form durable coatings or bonds on fibers. The choice of finish depends on the desired longevity and mechanism of antimicrobial action.
Microbes in biological control,Fermentation and enzyme technologyGowri Prabhu
The document discusses microbes used for biocontrol, fermentation, and enzyme technology. It describes how various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses can act as biocontrol agents against pests and pathogens. It provides examples of microbial pesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces toxins that selectively kill insect larvae. The document also discusses how microbes are used in fermentation to produce products like ethanol, lactic acid, and antibiotics through large-scale cultivation. It explains how enzymes produced by microbes through fermentation are used widely in industries like food processing, detergents, and biofuel production. Key enzymes discussed are cellulase, subtilisin, amylase, pectin
This document provides information about enzymes, including their general properties, chemical nature, and various classification systems. Some key points:
- Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living organisms that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life processes. They are proteins that typically function best around body temperature.
- Enzymes can be classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze (oxidation, hydrolysis, etc.), where they act in the body (intracellularly or extracellularly), or the type of substrate they break down (carbohydrates, proteins, etc.).
- Important individual enzymes discussed include pepsin, rennin, pancreatin, and others and their sources, functions, and
This document summarizes the leather production process. It discusses the preparatory stages of soaking, unhairing, splitting, and degreasing raw hides. Then it explains the tanning process of treating hides with chemicals like chromium to make them stable. Finally, it discusses crusting where hides are thinned, softened and dyed. It also categorizes different types of leather and lists common leather products and their uses.
The document discusses India's trade policies and their impact on the leather industry. It outlines how trade policies have shifted from an emphasis on control to development and liberalization. Key changes include streamlining trade procedures, liberalizing import regimes, and placing a thrust on export orientation. The policies aim to double India's share of global merchandise trade by 2009. Specific initiatives for the leather industry include increasing duty-free import entitlements and exempting machinery for effluent treatment plants from customs duties to boost leather exports from Rs. 10,000 crore to Rs. 20,000 crore.
This document discusses microbial enzymes and their applications. It describes the different types of enzymes produced by microbes, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases and isomerases. Specific microbial enzymes are discussed in detail, including amylases, proteases, pectinases, and glucose isomerase. The document outlines the industrial applications of these enzymes and describes the microbial production processes through fermentation. Key aspects like strain selection, nutrient media optimization, and downstream processing methods are summarized.
Leather is created through the tanning of animal hides and skins to make them durable and flexible. The tanning process involves soaking, dehairing, bating, pickling, tanning, neutralizing, splitting, shaving, retanning, fat liquoring, drying, and finishing the hides through the use of vegetable or chromium salts to preserve the material over time. The leather manufacturing process transforms raw hides through several chemical processes and is impactful on the environment.
Leather tanning is the process of treating raw animal hides to prevent decay and make them suitable for use. It involves soaking, hair removal, pickling, and tanning the hides through either the more common chrome tanning process or vegetable tanning. Chrome tanning uses chemicals containing trivalent chrome to tan the hides over 8 hours, while vegetable tanning uses tannic acid extracted from tree bark over 2-4 days. After tanning, the hides undergo further processing like dyeing, rolling, and finishing to produce leather. Tanning can cause environmental impacts through air and water pollution from chemicals used. Methods to reduce impacts include reusing water, recovering chrome, using more efficient processes, and choosing vegetable tanning
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are highly specific and only catalyze particular reactions. Enzymes work by weakening the bonds of reactants, reducing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur. The substance an enzyme acts on is called the substrate, which binds to the enzyme's active site to induce a shape change that facilitates the reaction. Environmental conditions like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity, as can cofactors, coenzymes, and enzyme inhibitors.
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
This document discusses a student's project on bio-processing of textiles using enzymes. It includes sections on the objectives of studying the bio-polishing effect of enzymes on knit fabric and the washing effect on denim. The methodology, introduction to enzymes and their industrial applications, and specific experiments on bio-polishing knit fabric are described. The effects of varying the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and other factors are summarized.
Influence of enzyme and silicone wash on the physico mechanical properties of...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Garments washing is one of the most important finishing treatments applied on apparels which have vital use to create special outlooks and improving the fashion. Technologically washing is one of the most important fashion elements for clothing industry and production of washed garments depends on the machine quality. In order to achieve an optimum effect of washing process, on the woven fabric in different washing time, Enzyme Wash and then Silicone wash were carried out for cotton fabric. However, there are some of the comments that when the garments have longer washing time, use of the chemical on the washing procedure will affect the physical and mechanical performance. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of industrial enzyme silicone wash combined with silicone wash. For this study currently fashionable regular Non- denim (100% cotton with twill 3/1 weave construction) trouser was chosen. The selected Non-denim trouser has been processed by enzyme and then silicone wash. In order to evaluate the washing effects on Non-denim trouser, changes of fabric handle, fabric specification (ends/inch, picks/inch, surface density, warp & weft yarn linear density), fabric strength has been determined during and after washing
Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textilesVijay Prakash
This document is a seminar report on the topic of "Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textiles". It discusses how enzymes are used in various textile processes like scouring, bleaching, desizing, and biopolishing to make them more sustainable by reducing water, energy and chemical usage. It provides examples of how specific enzymes allow certain processes to be combined, like bleach clean-up and dyeing in the same bath. The report concludes that using enzymes in textile production can significantly lower its environmental impact and carbon footprint.
This document reviews the use of enzymes in textile and apparel processes. It discusses how enzymes can be used as alternatives to harsh chemicals in steps like desizing, scouring, bleaching, and finishing. Specific enzymes are identified for different processes, like amylase for desizing and pectinase for scouring. The document concludes that enzyme technology provides eco-friendly options for the textile industry and can reduce costs through lower water and energy usage, though high enzyme costs remain a limitation.
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the textile industry. It begins by explaining what enzymes are and how they have been used in textile processing for over 2000 years, such as removing starch from cloth. The document then outlines several key textile processes where enzyme technology is widely used today, including desizing cotton fibers, bio-scouring cotton, bleaching fabric, and degumming silk. It explains the specific enzymes used and benefits over conventional chemical methods, such as being more eco-friendly and reducing processing time and costs. The document concludes by discussing future applications of enzymes in areas like synthetic fibers and treating textile effluent.
This document discusses enzymatic treatments for cotton textiles. It begins with an introduction to enzymes and their advantages over conventional chemical processes for textile processing. Specifically, enzymes operate under milder conditions and can treat fibers without damage. The document then reviews the applications of specific enzymes for cotton, including amylases for desizing and cellulases for denim finishing and biopolishing. It also discusses recent commercial uses of cellulases for denim finishing and laccases for decolorization of textile effluents. In closing, the document surveys research on finding suitable enzymes for various cotton processing steps in a sustainable manner.
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Technical use of microbial enzymes
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Technical use of Microbial Enzymes
I will discuuss here only on folloeing topis
1. Application of Microbial enzymes in Textile Industry
2. Application of Microbial enzymes in Leather Industry
3. Application of Microbial enzymes in Diagnostic purposes
Topic no. 1:- Application of Microbial enzymes in Textile Industry
The use of microbial enzymesintextile industryisone of the mostrapidlygrowingfieldinindustrial
Enzymology because Historically,the use of enzymesinthe textile industrybeganin1912 withthe use
of barleyforstarch sizingfromwovenfabrics.The firstmicrobial enzyme, ‘amylase’,wasusedin1950
for the same starch desizingprocessthatisnowadaysaroutine procedure.Today,microbialenzymes
are importanttoolsinthe textile industry,astheirnon-toxicandeco-friendlycharacteristics withthe
increasinlyimportantrequirementsfortextilemanufacturestoreduce pollutionintextile production
Presently,the textile industryisemployingan arrayof approximately75 enzymesthatcouldbe broadly
groupedas oxidoreductasesandhydrolases.The differentprocessesinwhichenzymesfindapplication
are :-
1) textile desizing,
2) enzymaticscouring,
3) denimfinishing,
4) biopolishing,
5) degummingof silk,
6) and fiberprocessing.
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Table: Microorganismsproducing enzymesoftextile important
Enzyme applications intextile preparatory process
1) Enzymatic Desizing
Cottonor blendedfabricsuse warpthreadscoatedwithadhesive knownas‘size’.Size helpsin
lubricating,thusprotectingthe yarnfromabrasionandpreventingthe threadsfrombreakingduring
weaving.Starchandits derivativesare mostcommonlyusedforthisprocessastheyhave excellent
filmformingcapacity,are easilyavailable,andare relativelycheaper.Afterweaving,the sizingagentand
othernon-cellulosicmaterial presentonthe cottonfibermust be removedforthe processof dyeingand
finishing. In the textile industryamylasesare usedtoremove starch-basedsize forimprovedand
uniformwetprocessing.Amylaseisahydrolyticenzymewhichcatalysesthe breakdownof dietary
starch to short chainsugars,dextrinandmaltose.The advantage of these enzymesisthattheyare
specificforstarch,removingitwithoutdamagingtothe supportfabric.Anamylase enzyme canbe used
for desizingprocessesatlow-temperature (30-60ºC) andoptimumpHis 5.5-6.5 .
2) Enzymatic Scouring (Bioscouring)
Untreatedcottonor greige containsvarietiesof cellulosicimpuritieslikewaxes,pectins,and
hemicelluloses,whichgive hydrophobicpropertiestothe fiberandtherebyinterfereinthe processof
dyeingandfinishing.Thus,scouringiscarriedouttoremove these impuritiesandenhance wettabilityof
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the fiber.Thiswas previouslyconductedwithchemical methods;however,nowadaysbioscouringis
carriedout usingmicrobial enzymes likepectinases,proteases,lipases,andcutinases – individuallyor
incombination. Pectinasesisageneral termappliedforpectinesterases,polygalacturonases,andpectin
lyases.
In thispectinasedestroythe cotton cuticle structure (Cuticleis a thin layerof cutin and Cutin is polyester
composed of epoxy and hydroxylfatty acids.) bydigestingthe pectinandremovingthe connection
between the cuticle andthe bodyof cottonfibre whereas cellulasecandestroycuticle structure by
digestingthe primarywall celluloseimmediatelyunderthe cuticle of cotton.Cutinases (cutinasefroma
bacterial source, P. mendocina ) are hydrolyticenzymesthatdegrade the cutin .Handle isverysoftin
enzymaticscouringcomparedtoharshfeel inalkaline scouringprocess.Enzymaticscouringmakesit
possible toeffectivelyscourfabricwithoutnegativelyaffectingthe fabricorthe environment.It also
minimiseshealthrisksenceoperatorsare notexposedtoaggressivechemicals .
3) Enzymatic Bleaching
The purpose of cotton bleachingistodecolourise natural pigmentsandtoconfera pure white
appearance tothe fibres.Mainlyflavonoidsare responsible forthe colourof cotton. The most common
industrial bleachingagentishydrogenperoxide.Conventional preparationof cottonrequireshigh
amountsof alkaline chemicalsandconsequently,huge quantitiesof rinse waterare generated.However,
radical reactionsof bleaching agentswiththe fibre canlead toa decrease inthe degree of
polymerisationand,thus,tosevere damage.
Therefore,replacementof hydrogenperoxide byanenzymaticbleachingsystemwould notonlyleadto
betterproductqualitydue tolessfibre damage butalsoto substantial savingsonwashingwaterneeded
for the removal of hydrogenperoxide.Analternative tothisprocessistouse a combinationof suitable
enzyme systems.Amyloglucosidases,pectinases,andglucoseoxidases are selectedthatare compatible
concerningtheiractive pHand temperature range.
Some researchabstractson bioleachingare givenbeow-
i. Tzanovet al.(2003) reportedforthe firsttime the enhancementof the bleachingeffect
achievedoncottonfabricsusinglaccasesinlow concentrations.Inaddition,the shorttime of
the enzymaticpre-treatmentsufficienttoenhance fabricwhitenessmakesthisbio-process
suitable forcontinuousoperations.
ii. Also,Pereiraetal.(2005) showedthata laccase froma newlyisolatedfungal strainof Trametes
hirsuta, wasresponsibleforwhitenessimprovementof cottonmostlikelydue tooxidationof
flavonoids.
iii. More recently,Bastoetal.(2006) proposeda combined ultrasound-laccase treatmentforcotton
bleaching.Theyfoundthatthe supplyof low ultrasoundenergy(7W) enhancedthe bleaching
efficiencyof laccase oncottonfabrics.Natural fabricssuch as cottonare normallybleachedwith
hydrogenperoxide before dyeing.Catalaseenzyme isusedtobreakdownhydrogenperoxide
bleachingliquorintowatermoleculesandlessreactivegaseousoxygen.Comparedwiththe
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traditional clean-upmethods,the enzymaticprocessresultsincleanerwaste waterorreduced
waterconsumption,areductionof energyandtime.
4) Biopolishing
Biopolishingisafinishingprocessthatimprovesfabricqualitybymainlyreducingfuzzinessandpilling
propertyof cellulosicfibre.The objectiveof the processiseliminationof microfibrils of cottonthrough
the action of cellulaseenzyme .The maincharacteristicsimpartedtothe fabricduringbiopolishing
treamentare as follow:
i. Cleanersurface isobtainedconferringacoolerfeel.
ii. Lustre is obtainedasa side effect
iii. Fabricobtainssofterfeel.
iv. Tendencyof the fabricto pill ends.
5) Enzymatic treatment to denim
Denimsare basicallycottoncloththat isconventionallydyedwithindigo,havingacharacteristicblue
color.The stonewashorwornlookispopularindenimfinishingandwasinitiallyachievedbylaundering
the denimwithabrasive pumice stones (sodiumhypochloriteorpotassiumpermanganate).
Disadvantage of these methodare asfollows:
i. Pumice stonescause large amountof back-staining.
ii. Pumice stonesare requiredinverylarge amount.
iii. Theycause considerable wearandtearof machine.
These disadvantagesleadtogive rise the processof use of enzymes.Cellulase enzymeisusedindenim
washing. Cellulasepossessasimilaractionbylooseningthe indigodye fromthe denimfibers,givinga
fadedabradedlook similartothatprovidedbythe stones ina processknow as “BioStonewashing”.A
small dose of enzyme canreplace several kilogramsof pumice stones.The use of lesspumice stones
resultsinlessdamage togarment,machine andlesspumice dustinthe laundryenvironment. More
recently,some authors showedthatlaccase wasaneffective agentforstonewashingeffectsof denim
fabricwithand withoutusingamediator .
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Table: applicationof oxidoreductase infabric preparation
Topic no. 2:- Application of Microbial enzymes in Leather Industry
Leather Industry :-
Microbial Enzymeshave beenusedintanneriesandthe leatherindustryforcenturiesastheywere
efficientindegradingthe proteinandlipidcomponentsof the hides/skin.Inearlydays,these enzymes
were derivedfromanimal excretaandlaterthe pancreas of cattle.
Leather-processingindustriesinvolvemanysequential stepsfromraw hidestoprocessedleather.The
stagesof leatherprocessingare :-
i. preservation,
ii. soaking,
iii. liming,
iv. dehairing,
v. flashing,
vi. splitting,
vii. reliming, deliming,
viii. bating,
ix. degreasing,
x. frizzing,
xi. beaching,
xii. pickling,depickling,
xiii. and tanning.
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Raw hidesundergomanyof these treatmentsinacascade mannerbefore itisconvertedintofinished
leather.
Disadvantageofconventional Leather processing
The pre-tanningoperations requirethe use of harshchemicalsinlarge amounts,hence the leather
industryisone of the worst environmental pollutionoffenders.
Advantageof microbial enzymein Leather processing
1) Duringleathermanufacturing,the non- collagenousconstituentsof raw hidesare completely
removedduringpre-tanningoperations,of whichdehairingisone of the majorprocesses.
Dehairingisthe single largestprocessinthe leatherproductionprocessandrequiresahuge
numberof enzymeslike proteases,amylases,and lipasestomake the processenvironmentally
friendly.
2) Today,microbesserve asresourcesof highlyspecificenzymesthatare fastintheiractionand
are therefore usedintanneriesforsoakinganddehairingprocesses.
3) Otheradvantagesof usingthese enzymesincludethe replacementof harmful chemicalsthat
pose a threatto the environmentandreductionsinprocessingtimesandproductioncosts
Role of enzymes indifferent Leather processing stages :-
1) Curing : Curingof the hide isdone to preserve themsotheydonotspoil before theyare
subjecttofurtherprocessingforleatherdevelopment.Hidesare steepedinabrine bathand
driedinthe sun; saltisaddedto the fleshside.
2) Soaking :- Soaking isthe first tanningoperationthatinvolvesthe treatmentof hideswith
water.Soakingisusedto rehydrate the skin.The degree of rehydrationaffectsthe qualityof
leather;the betterthe rehydration,the superiorthe leather.Soakingsolutionsgenerally
comprise surfactantsandantimicrobial compounds.Ithasbeenfoundthatbrine andcured
hides,whensoaked inproteaseinthe presence of surfactants,reducedthe soakingtime by45
%,and sulphidesreducedby40 %.
3) Liming :-Limingisemployedonimproperlysoakedskin.These are re-soakedinmilkof lime
so that the desiredswellingof collagentakesplace andopensupthe fiberbundles.The
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objective of thisprocessistoremove hairs,nails,hooves,andotherkeratinousmaterials.
Alkalineproteases andalkalinelipases are usedin the processof soakingand liming.The
protease will openthe membranesaroundthe fatcells,makingthe fataccessible tolipase,
resultinginthe breakdownof fats.Furthermore,the breakdownproductsshall emulsifyintact,
whichshall distributethroughoutthe feltomittingthe use of degreasingsurfactants.NovoLime
® is a protease/lipaseblendforenzyme-assistedlimingof hidesandskins.
4) Dehairing : Dehairinginvolvesthe removingof hairsfromthe hideswithoutdamagingthe
hide,whichdependsonthe phenomenonof hairloosening.Specific proteasesare requiredthat
can remove the hairwithoutdamagingthe fibrouscollagen.Clarizyme® is an alkalineserine
protease from Aspergillus flavus by the Central LeatherResearchInstitute (CLRI),Chennai,
India,forthe dehairingof skinandhides.ProteasesfromBacillusand Streptomyces have been
usedforenzymaticdehairingprocesses.
5) Bating :- Bating isa processof beatingthe leather cruellywithaheavystroke usingwooden
logsand metal rods.Thisprocessiscarried outto loosenandpeptize non-collagenousskin
structuresviaremoval of interfibrillaryproteins,epidermis,andscuds.Forthe productionof soft
pliable leather,usedformakingpursesandgloves,astrongbeatingprocessmustoccur.
Thisprocessis generallycarriedoutinthe presence of proteolyticenzymesofbacterial origin.Effective
batingoccurs underalkaline conditionsconductedat95–100 °F (30–38 °C) between apHof 7.5 and8.5
or else the enzyme efficiency.
6) Degreasing :- Grease removal intanneryiscarriedout vialiming.However,the grease
contentinsome hides/skinsishigherandcausesfattyacid spuesandunevendyeingand
finishing.A variety ofmicrobial lipases have beenusedfordegreasing.The beststage of
degreasingispickling,asall the fatdepositsare available tothe surfactants.Since picklingisan
aqueousphase,acombinedactionof disruptionof fatcellsandtriglyceride splittingoccurs,
therebyimprovingthe degreasingprocess.
7) Tanning :-Tanningis the laststage of leathermanufacture whereincollageniscross- linked
to the active groupof the tanningagent,therebyirreversiblystabilizingthe skinthatisprone to
putrefaction.Thismakesthe collagenresistanttobacterial,enzymatic,andacidattack.
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Topic no. 3:-Application of Microbial enzymes in Diagnostic purposes
Diagnosticenzymesare definedasa componentof an assaysystemfordeterminationof manydifferent
substances.These are generallyemployedfordiagnosis/biomarkersof diseasesanduse blood,serum,
and urine foranalysis.Microbial enzymesare alsoused asindicatorsorbiomarkersof a disease.
1) Sialidasesare bacterial enzymesthatplaya role incellularinteractions,bacterial nutrition,and
immune response evasion,thusimprovingthe bacterial abilitytoadhere to,invade,anddestroy
the mucosal tissue.Sialidasesoccurinbacteria,mycoplasma,protozoa,fungi,andviruses.
Bacterial vaginosis(BV) isadisorderof the vaginal ecosystemcharacterizedbyashiftinthe vaginal flora
formthe normallypredominant Lactobacillus tomixedflora,including Gardnerellavaginalis,
Mobiluncus, Prevotella,Bacteroides,and Mycoplasma species.BVBluesystem(GryphusDiagnostics,
L.L.C.) isa chromogenicdiagnostictestbasedonthe presence of elevatedsialidase enzymesinvaginal
fluid samples.
2) Microbial mucinases(mucin-degradingenzymes)are associatedwithgenital tractconditions
and sexuallytrans-mitteddiseases(STDs).