This document discusses the use of enzymes in the textile industry. It begins by explaining what enzymes are and how they have been used in textile processing for over 2000 years, such as removing starch from cloth. The document then outlines several key textile processes where enzyme technology is widely used today, including desizing cotton fibers, bio-scouring cotton, bleaching fabric, and degumming silk. It explains the specific enzymes used and benefits over conventional chemical methods, such as being more eco-friendly and reducing processing time and costs. The document concludes by discussing future applications of enzymes in areas like synthetic fibers and treating textile effluent.
Different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates Azmir Latif Beg
Enzymes are proteins with highly specialized catalytic functions, produced by all living organisms. The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans, and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textile materials.
Different kinds of enzyme on textile substrates Azmir Latif Beg
Enzymes are proteins with highly specialized catalytic functions, produced by all living organisms. The textile industry has used enzymes to remove hairiness of fabric. The textile industry has become familiar with the use of celluloses for stone-washing blue jeans, and more recently for finishing of fabrics and garments made on cotton, linen and other cellulose fibers. In the modern textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable enzymes can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which have hitherto been applied to improve the comfort and quality of textile materials.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
Swine and poultry cannot digest approximately one fourth of the diet they are fed because the feed ingredients contain undegradable harmful factors that hinder the digestive process and/or the animal is devoid of the necessary enzymes needed to degrade certain complexes in the feed.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
Swine and poultry cannot digest approximately one fourth of the diet they are fed because the feed ingredients contain undegradable harmful factors that hinder the digestive process and/or the animal is devoid of the necessary enzymes needed to degrade certain complexes in the feed.
Eco friendly technology for textile industrypreranawagh1
we should use ecofriendly technology for our textile industry as we know that textile industry is most polluted industry now. our small initial step towards Eco techniques can make biggest difference towards healthy and pure environment. give your little help for save earth, save life. i hope this presentation can influence people to move towards ecofriendly technology
A wastewater treatment plant is a facility in which different types of processes are included that helps to treat industrial wastewater and remove pollutant particles. The wastewater is a significant point of resource for AMRDs and antimicrobial. The wastewater is relatively high in nutrients contains heavily contaminated environments, including hospitals, industries, and different agricultural sites, including solid and liquid products. Influent comes with various diluted pollutants, including antimicrobial agents, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and heavy metals. Many microbial and chemical contaminants are not included in this wastewater degraded treatment process.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Enzymes in textiles
1. ENZYMES IN
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SUBMITTED BY:
CHITRANGNA TYAGI
MSc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
(PREVIOUS YEAR)
ROLL NO. 15
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. JITENDRA YADAV
2. SINCE 1990s the use of enzyme technology has increased
substantially, especially in the processing of natural fibers.
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYST THAT INCREASES THE
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CONSUMED IN
THE CHEMICAL PROCESS.
ENZYMES WORK AS ISOMERASES,TRANSFERASES, LYASES
OXIDOREDUCTASES,HYDROLASES, LIGASES.
USE OF ENZYMES IN THE TEXTILE PROCESSING HAS BEEN
KNOWN FOR MORE THAN 2000 YEARS.
1. EARLIER IT IS USED IN THE REMOVAL OF STARCH BY SOAKING
STARCH-SIZED CLOTH WITH WATER LIQUOR CONTAINING
BARLEY.
2.RETTING OF BAST FIBRES WITH THE USE OF THE MICRO-
ORGANISMS.
3. TEXTILE PROCESSES IN WHICH ENZYME
TECHNOLOGY WIDELY USED ARE:
DESIZING OF CELLULOSE FIBRES
SCOURING OF COTTON FIBRES (BIOSCOURING)
BLEACING OF FABRIC
REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
AGEING OF DENIM (BIOSTONING)
BIOPOLISHING
DEGUMMING OF SILK.
5. REASONS TO USE ENZYME TECHNOLOGY OVER
CONVENTIONAL METHODS:
ENZYMES ARE ECO-FRIENDLY AND REACTIONS CATALYSED
ARE VERY SPECIFIC WITH A FOCUSSED PERFORMANCE AS A
CONSEQUENCE.
WHEAREAS CHEMICAL PROCESSES ARE LESS SPECIFIC AND
OFTEN RESULT IN SIDE EFFECTS.
USE OF ENZYME SAVE WATER AND ENERGY.
IT IMPROVES PRODUCT QUALITY AND POTIENTIAL
PROCESS INTEGRATION.
ENZYMES CAN BE IMMOBILIZED AND REPEATEDLY USE.
NON –TOXIC
REDUCE PROCEESING TIME,COST AND
6. DESIZING OF COTTON FIBRES
PROCESS OF REMOVING THE STARCH
MATERIAL FROM WARP YARNS.
NATURAL SIZES OF STARCH ORIGIN ARE
REMOVED BY ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION
WITH AMYLASES.
FOR UNIFORM AND IMPROVED WET
PROCESSING.
AMYLASE IS A HYDROLYTIC ENZYME.
STARCH——AMYLASE— DEXTRIN,MALTOSE,SHORT
HAIN SUGARS
BECAUSE AMYLASES SPECIFICALLY ACT ON
STARCH, THEY REMOVE IT WITHOUT
CAUSING DAMAGE TO SUPPORT FABRIC
GENERALLY OBTAINED FROM BACTERIAL
SPECIES, LIKE BACILLUS SUBTILIS(PH 5-7)
7. BIOSCOURING OF COTTON
PROCESS WHICH REMOVES ALL THE NATURAL
IMPURITIES LIKE OIL, WAX, FAT FROM THE
SURFACE OF FABRIC TO MAKE IT MORE
HYDROPHILLIC AND WHITE.
IN BIOSCOURING,ALKALINE STABLE
PECTINASES OR PECTINASES IN
COMBINATION WITH CELLULASE IS USED TO
REMOVE PECTIN,WAX ,NON-CELLULOSIC
COMPONENTS SELECTIVELY FROM COTTON
FIBRES.
OTHER ENZYMES BEING EXAMINED FOR THIS
PROCESS ARE:
CELLOBIOHYEDROLASES
XYLANASES
PROTEASES
8. ENZYMATIC BLEACHING
PUROSE OF COTTON
BLEACHING IS TO
DECOLOURISE NATURAL
PIGMENTS.
ENZYMATIC GENERATION
OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
BY USING A GLUCOSE
OXIDASE.
IT BETTERS PRODUCT
QUALITYDUE TO LESS
FIBER DAMAGE
SUBSTANTIAL SAVING ON
WASHING WATER NEEDED
FOR THE REMOVAL OF
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
9. AGEING OF DENIM
CELLULASE ENZYMES ARE USED IN DENIM
GARMENT PROCESSING TO GET STONE
WASH LOOK WITHOUT USING PUMICE
STONE.
ENDOGLUCANASE IS THE BEST
PERFORMING ENZYME .
EGII FROM TRICHODERMA RESSI IS MOST
EFFECTIVE IN REMOVING COLOUR AND
PRODUCING STONE WASHED EFFECT
WITH LOWEST DEGREE OF HYDROLYSIS.
10.
11.
12. DEGUMMING OF SILK
PROCESS OF REMOVING
SERICIN OR SILK GUM FROM
SILK.
ALKALINE OPERATING
PROTEASES ARE USED IN
SERICIN DEGRADATION.
TENSILE STRENGHT LOSS IS
LIMITED.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
USED ARE: PAPAIN ,PEPSIN,
COMBINATION OF PROTEASE
WITH LIPASE –BEST RESULT.
ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING IS
ONLY USED IN CHINA.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. ENZYMES USED IN TEXTILE EFFLUENT
TREATMENT AND RECYCLING
WET PROCESSING OF TEXTILES IS MAJOR
SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION.
DYES ,AZODYES, PVA ARE TOXIC AND NON-
BIODEGRADABLE.
LACCASE , LIGNIN PEROXIDASE, MAGANESE
PEROXIDASE ARE CAPABLE OF DEGRADING
AROMATIC RINGS.
FUNGUS PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS AND
PHANEROCHEATE CHRYSPORIUM ARE USED TO
DEGRADE DYES.
19. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
BIOFINISHING OF WOOL
USE OF ENZYMES IN SYNTHETIC FIBERS LIKE
POLYESTER AND NYLON.
USE OF LIPASES TO INCREASE WATER WETTING
AND ABSORBENT PROPERTIES OF REGULAR
POLYESTER FIBER
CULTURE FILTERATE OF A WHITE-ROT FUNGUS
CAN SUBSTANTIALLY CHANGE THE SURFACE
PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDE FABRICS MADE OF
PA66 AND PA6.
20. REFRENCES :
ENZYMES IN INDUSTRY (EDITED BY
WOLFGANG AEHLE)
REASEARGHGATE.COM
REVIEW PAPER(APPLICATION OF
ENZYME IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY BY KIRO
MOJSOV)
