The document discusses various eco-friendly textile finishing techniques and practices adopted by manufacturers, including plasma treatment, sandblasting, laser treatment, enzymatic action, nanotechnology, stonewashing, microencapsulation, and ultrasonic wet processing. Plasma treatment modifies fabric surfaces physically and chemically without altering bulk characteristics. Sandblasting gives fabrics a worn look but uses silica sand that can be hazardous. Laser treatment and enzymatic action alter fabric surfaces without chemicals. Nanotechnology and microencapsulation impart functional finishes. Stonewashing and ultrasonic wet processing are also discussed.
Recent advances in chemical processing edited.pptxNazmaShaik17
Recent advances in chemical processing of synthetic fibres and yarns discusses new technologies like plasma treatment, ultrasonic waves, waterless dyeing, foam finishing, surface modification using enzymes, nano particles coating, bio-finishing, and surface modification using laser treatment. These technologies help reduce water and energy usage compared to conventional chemical processes and help make textile processing more sustainable by reducing effluent generation and other environmental impacts. The document provides details on how each new technology works and the advantages they provide for textile chemical processing.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It introduces nano technology and how it can be applied to textile finishing to impart new characteristics. Some key applications of nano finishing discussed include providing water and stain resistance, UV protection, antibacterial properties, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. The document also describes various nano particles that can be used for different functions and synthesis methods like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition. In conclusion, nano finishing is still in its early stages but offers exciting opportunities to further innovate textile properties through research.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to textile finishing to impart various properties at the molecular level, such as water repellency, UV protection, antibacterial effects, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. Various nanoparticles like silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silica are used in nano finishing processes according to their properties. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition are used to synthesize nanoparticle coatings on textiles. Nano finishing is still an emerging field that holds potential to further enhance textile performance and functionality.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to textile finishing to impart various properties at the molecular level, such as water repellency, UV protection, antibacterial effects, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. Various nanoparticles like silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silica are used in nano finishing processes according to their properties. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition are used to synthesize nanoparticle coatings on textiles. Nano finishing is still an emerging field that holds potential to further enhance textile performance and functionality.
Developments in environment friendly functional finishesAdane Nega
The document discusses developments in environmentally friendly functional finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It provides an overview of finishes that are formaldehyde-free, as well as silicone softeners, bio-finishes, water repellent breathable finishes, and anti-microbial finishes. Emerging technologies discussed include plasma treatment, fiber coating, and genetically modifying cotton through biotechnology. The document then focuses on wrinkle-free finishes for cotton and methods for imparting these finishes through pre-cure, post-cure, dip, and tumble processes.
Lyocell microfibre fabrics were produced using rapier weaving machine, which is to be used as inner layer while developing the Multilayered Technical Tecxtiles. The lyocell microfibre fabric has been treated with plasma using low pressure Oxygen. Then the plasma treated and untreated fabrics were dyed using reactive dyes. The dyed lyocell fabrics of plasma treated and untreated were tested for the comfort properties such as Wickablity, Air Permeablilty and Water Vapour Permeablilty. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant improvments in Wickablilty and Air permeablilty of plasma treated fabrics which are essential characteristics for inner layer of the Multilayered Technical Textiles. The significant improvements due to new porus in the treated fabrics allow more air to penterate and also to increase the Wickablilty. Where as the Water Vapour Permeablilty characteristics of the untreated fabric have better results than plasma treated fabrics due to new etching on the surface of the treated fabrics which retain more vapour than untreated fabrics. The Plasma treated lyocell fabric can be used as inner layer for the development of Multilayered Technical Textiles.
This document discusses various nano-finishing techniques for textiles, including:
1. Easy care hydrophobic finishing using fluorocarbons to impart durable water and oil repellency.
2. Anti-microbial finishing using silver nanoparticles to impart anti-bacterial properties.
3. Photocatalytic self-cleaning finishing using TiO2 which uses the photo-catalytic effect to break down and remove stains when exposed to sunlight.
The document covers the basics of nano-technology and nano-materials as well as several other nano-finishing techniques such as anti-pollen, flame retardant, odour reduction, UV protection, and self-cleaning.
Recent advances in chemical processing edited.pptxNazmaShaik17
Recent advances in chemical processing of synthetic fibres and yarns discusses new technologies like plasma treatment, ultrasonic waves, waterless dyeing, foam finishing, surface modification using enzymes, nano particles coating, bio-finishing, and surface modification using laser treatment. These technologies help reduce water and energy usage compared to conventional chemical processes and help make textile processing more sustainable by reducing effluent generation and other environmental impacts. The document provides details on how each new technology works and the advantages they provide for textile chemical processing.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It introduces nano technology and how it can be applied to textile finishing to impart new characteristics. Some key applications of nano finishing discussed include providing water and stain resistance, UV protection, antibacterial properties, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. The document also describes various nano particles that can be used for different functions and synthesis methods like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition. In conclusion, nano finishing is still in its early stages but offers exciting opportunities to further innovate textile properties through research.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to textile finishing to impart various properties at the molecular level, such as water repellency, UV protection, antibacterial effects, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. Various nanoparticles like silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silica are used in nano finishing processes according to their properties. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition are used to synthesize nanoparticle coatings on textiles. Nano finishing is still an emerging field that holds potential to further enhance textile performance and functionality.
This document provides an overview of nano finishing of textiles, which is an incipient technology. It discusses how nanotechnology can be applied to textile finishing to impart various properties at the molecular level, such as water repellency, UV protection, antibacterial effects, wrinkle resistance, and flame retardancy. Various nanoparticles like silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silica are used in nano finishing processes according to their properties. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition and plasma deposition are used to synthesize nanoparticle coatings on textiles. Nano finishing is still an emerging field that holds potential to further enhance textile performance and functionality.
Developments in environment friendly functional finishesAdane Nega
The document discusses developments in environmentally friendly functional finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It provides an overview of finishes that are formaldehyde-free, as well as silicone softeners, bio-finishes, water repellent breathable finishes, and anti-microbial finishes. Emerging technologies discussed include plasma treatment, fiber coating, and genetically modifying cotton through biotechnology. The document then focuses on wrinkle-free finishes for cotton and methods for imparting these finishes through pre-cure, post-cure, dip, and tumble processes.
Lyocell microfibre fabrics were produced using rapier weaving machine, which is to be used as inner layer while developing the Multilayered Technical Tecxtiles. The lyocell microfibre fabric has been treated with plasma using low pressure Oxygen. Then the plasma treated and untreated fabrics were dyed using reactive dyes. The dyed lyocell fabrics of plasma treated and untreated were tested for the comfort properties such as Wickablity, Air Permeablilty and Water Vapour Permeablilty. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant improvments in Wickablilty and Air permeablilty of plasma treated fabrics which are essential characteristics for inner layer of the Multilayered Technical Textiles. The significant improvements due to new porus in the treated fabrics allow more air to penterate and also to increase the Wickablilty. Where as the Water Vapour Permeablilty characteristics of the untreated fabric have better results than plasma treated fabrics due to new etching on the surface of the treated fabrics which retain more vapour than untreated fabrics. The Plasma treated lyocell fabric can be used as inner layer for the development of Multilayered Technical Textiles.
This document discusses various nano-finishing techniques for textiles, including:
1. Easy care hydrophobic finishing using fluorocarbons to impart durable water and oil repellency.
2. Anti-microbial finishing using silver nanoparticles to impart anti-bacterial properties.
3. Photocatalytic self-cleaning finishing using TiO2 which uses the photo-catalytic effect to break down and remove stains when exposed to sunlight.
The document covers the basics of nano-technology and nano-materials as well as several other nano-finishing techniques such as anti-pollen, flame retardant, odour reduction, UV protection, and self-cleaning.
Nano finishing-of-textiles-091107130656-phpapp02Anwaar Ahmed
This document summarizes nano-finishing techniques for textiles. It describes how nanoparticles can be used to impart properties like water and oil repellency, antimicrobial effects, self-cleaning, UV protection, and odor reduction. Specific nano-finishes discussed include using fluorocarbons to make fabrics hydrophobic, encapsulating silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial benefits, coating fabrics with titanium dioxide for photocatalytic self-cleaning, and adding minerals like tourmaline or clays to eliminate odors or block UV light. The document concludes that nano-finishing can enhance textile properties and replace conventional finishing methods to produce higher quality and lower cost textile products.
This document discusses various finishing treatments for industrial textile fabrics used in filtration applications. It describes mechanical treatments like heat setting, singeing, raising and calendaring which improve fabric stability, filtration efficiency and dust release. It also discusses chemical treatments like antistatic, water and oil repellent, PTFE and fire retardant treatments which assist with dust release and protect from chemicals. Special surface treatments like PTFE membrane lamination and low density foam coating are also outlined which restrict dust to the fabric surface and reduce blinding.
Shrinkage finishing for cellulosic fabricsRajeev Sharan
The document discusses several techniques for providing shrink proof and durable press finishes to cellulosic fabrics, including ultra high pressure treatment, corona discharge treatment, foam finishing, zero/zero compressive shrinkage finishing, plasma processing, and nano-care finishing. These techniques can reduce shrinkage, improve wrinkle resistance, and increase the durability of finishes through mechanical or chemical means. The finishes provided by these techniques allow for end uses such as activewear, sportswear, uniforms, and home and commercial textiles.
This presentation provides an overview of nonwoven materials, including their definition, properties, production processes, bonding methods, finishing treatments, and applications. Nonwovens are sheets of fibers or filaments that are formed into a web and bonded together without weaving or knitting. They are made through processes like drylaying, spunlaying, meltblowing, and wetlaying. Common bonding methods are chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Nonwovens are used widely in hygiene products, agriculture, filtration, medical products, and packaging due to their desirable properties such as absorbency, strength, and breathability.
LOW PICK UP FINISHING Green Textile Operation: How Can We Make It Profitable?pattarachat
A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc.
The document discusses various waterless dyeing mechanisms, including air dyeing, supercritical fluid (CO2) dyeing, plasma treatment dyeing, and foam dyeing. Air dyeing uses high pressure air flow to transport atomized dye onto fabrics without water. Supercritical CO2 dyeing dissolves and deposits dyes using compressed CO2 above its critical point. Plasma treatment increases fabric wettability before dyeing. Foam dyeing pads fabrics with dye-containing foam to reduce water usage. These techniques aim to reduce the textile industry's environmental impact by consuming less water and energy during dyeing.
Sand blasting washing process for denim garmentsmhmudul
This presentation discusses the sand blasting process for garment washing. Sand blasting involves using an air flow gun to apply high pressure sand to specific areas of garments in order to remove color in a dry condition. Aluminum oxide, which looks like sand, is used and applied at angles of 10-20 degrees. While the process can produce varied looks, it carries disadvantages like potential for lung disease if not properly ventilated and risk of skin penetration if protective equipment is not worn.
The Effect of Plasma and Enzyme Treatment on the Comfort Properties of Organi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the effect of plasma and enzyme treatment on the comfort properties of organic cotton woven fabric. Plasma treatment with atmospheric air and treatment with the cellulase enzyme were performed on plain woven organic cotton fabric. The comfort properties of air permeability, water vapour permeability, and wickability were evaluated. The plasma treated fabric showed better air permeability and wickability compared to the enzyme treated and untreated fabrics. However, the enzyme treated fabric demonstrated better water vapour permeability characteristics. The research helps understand how the surface modifications impact the comfort properties of organic cotton fabric.
Tandem wet on-wet foam application of both crease-resist and antistatic finishesEvans Marshall
The document describes a study on applying crease-resistant and antistatic finishes to fabric using successive foam treatments without drying in between (tandem wet-on-wet foam application). This method could significantly reduce effluent waste and energy usage compared to conventional pad-mangle application. The study tested different dwell times between applying the two finishes by foam. Results showed the foam method was as effective as pad-mangle application in terms of finish performance, and longer dwell times improved some properties like shrinkage resistance while potentially reducing others like abrasion resistance.
Plasma Technologies for Textile and Apparel-WPI India.pdfsitraspinning
This document discusses plasma technologies for textile and apparel. It begins with an overview of plasma treatment of textiles, noting that plasma treatment can modify surface properties without affecting bulk properties. This allows for improvements to properties like dye affinity and surface adhesion. The document then reviews cold plasma treatment of various natural and synthetic textile materials. It discusses how cold plasma generates reactive species that can introduce functional groups to surfaces. The principles of cold plasma treatment are explained, along with typical plasma setup equipment. Specific research on silk hydrophilization and antimicrobial cotton development using plasma is also summarized.
Antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabric using atmospheric pressureAakash Singh
This document describes a process for imparting antimicrobial properties to polyester fabric using atmospheric plasma treatment and subsequent chemical modifications. The process involves mild scouring of the fabric, surface hydrolysis using NaOH, plasma treatment using a helium-oxygen gas mixture, graft copolymerization with GMA, and treatment with chitosan modified with GTMAC. Characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM, and tensile testing are used to analyze the treated fabrics. The conclusion is that atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable for fabric finishing and does not significantly impact bulk or tensile properties.
Wrinkle resistance varies from quite low in many fabrics to very high in resilient fabrics. In order to form a wrinkle, a fabric’s wrinkle resistance must be overcome. The fabric may, however, produce strains and store potential energy that can become evident as wrinkle recovery under suitable conditions.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textilesVijay Prakash
This document is a seminar report on the topic of "Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textiles". It discusses how enzymes are used in various textile processes like scouring, bleaching, desizing, and biopolishing to make them more sustainable by reducing water, energy and chemical usage. It provides examples of how specific enzymes allow certain processes to be combined, like bleach clean-up and dyeing in the same bath. The report concludes that using enzymes in textile production can significantly lower its environmental impact and carbon footprint.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in the textile industry. It begins by explaining how nanoparticles and nanofibers can be used to design fabrics with improved properties like strength, resistance, and water repellency. It then discusses some challenges in producing nano-enhanced textiles at scale. Potential health and environmental risks of nanoparticle exposure are also noted. The document goes on to define nanotechnology and explain why it is useful for textiles. It provides examples of how nanotechnology works to produce self-cleaning clothes and materials with antibacterial properties. A variety of applications are outlined, including sportswear, electronics, and lifestyle products. In conclusion, the economic potential of nanotechnology for businesses is highlighted.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
This document discusses various types of functional finishes that are applied to fabrics to improve their performance properties. It focuses on antimicrobial and antistatic finishes. Antimicrobial finishes inhibit microbial growth on fabrics. Antistatic finishes reduce static electricity buildup. The document explains the mechanisms, application methods, benefits and uses of these two types of functional finishes.
The document discusses various types of functional finishes for textiles, including antimicrobial, antistatic, crease resistant, durable press, flame resistant, soil release, and water and stain repellent finishes. It provides details on the objectives, methods, benefits, and requirements of antimicrobial finishes. It also explains the mechanisms and methods of application for antistatic and crease resistant finishes.
Plasma Treatment as Green Technology for Dyeing of Textile FabricsCrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Use of synthetic dyes for dyeing of textile fabrics are most problematic environmental concerned for textile industry owing to their toxic effect
on ecosystem. Thus, sustainable novel technologies for textile dyeing are needed that utilize enhanced dye uptake and improved performance
characteristics of fabric. Such technology may reduce dye concentration in waste-water effluents from textile sector and ultimately become energy
efficient and cost effective. Plasma technology has proven to impart enhanced dye exhaustion, dye penetration, dyeing in shorter time with minimal of
chemical auxiliaries and energy usage. The potential attributes of plasma on textile dyeing is discussed in this article..
The document discusses various types of finishes used in the textile industry. It describes finishing as the final step that adds functionality and improves surface quality. There are several types of finishes that can be applied to fabrics, including preparatory, stabilizing, textural, and functional finishes. Preparatory finishes prepare fabrics for downstream processing, while stabilizing finishes control the dimensional stability of fabrics. Textural finishes alter the surface appearance and hand of fabrics, and functional finishes provide properties like crease-resistance, waterproofing, or flame retardancy. The document focuses on temporary, semi-durable, and permanent finishes, as well as specific finishes for water-repellency and flame retardancy.
The document provides details about the machinery and equipment needed at different stages of garment production for a purple fleece hoodie. It describes the marker making, spreading, cutting, and bundling machines used in pre-production, as well as the single needle lockstitch, overlock, and flatlock machines used for stitching. Post-production machinery for thread trimming, washing, ironing, and packaging are also outlined. The document specifies the appropriate machinery for small and large scale industries.
Nano finishing-of-textiles-091107130656-phpapp02Anwaar Ahmed
This document summarizes nano-finishing techniques for textiles. It describes how nanoparticles can be used to impart properties like water and oil repellency, antimicrobial effects, self-cleaning, UV protection, and odor reduction. Specific nano-finishes discussed include using fluorocarbons to make fabrics hydrophobic, encapsulating silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial benefits, coating fabrics with titanium dioxide for photocatalytic self-cleaning, and adding minerals like tourmaline or clays to eliminate odors or block UV light. The document concludes that nano-finishing can enhance textile properties and replace conventional finishing methods to produce higher quality and lower cost textile products.
This document discusses various finishing treatments for industrial textile fabrics used in filtration applications. It describes mechanical treatments like heat setting, singeing, raising and calendaring which improve fabric stability, filtration efficiency and dust release. It also discusses chemical treatments like antistatic, water and oil repellent, PTFE and fire retardant treatments which assist with dust release and protect from chemicals. Special surface treatments like PTFE membrane lamination and low density foam coating are also outlined which restrict dust to the fabric surface and reduce blinding.
Shrinkage finishing for cellulosic fabricsRajeev Sharan
The document discusses several techniques for providing shrink proof and durable press finishes to cellulosic fabrics, including ultra high pressure treatment, corona discharge treatment, foam finishing, zero/zero compressive shrinkage finishing, plasma processing, and nano-care finishing. These techniques can reduce shrinkage, improve wrinkle resistance, and increase the durability of finishes through mechanical or chemical means. The finishes provided by these techniques allow for end uses such as activewear, sportswear, uniforms, and home and commercial textiles.
This presentation provides an overview of nonwoven materials, including their definition, properties, production processes, bonding methods, finishing treatments, and applications. Nonwovens are sheets of fibers or filaments that are formed into a web and bonded together without weaving or knitting. They are made through processes like drylaying, spunlaying, meltblowing, and wetlaying. Common bonding methods are chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Nonwovens are used widely in hygiene products, agriculture, filtration, medical products, and packaging due to their desirable properties such as absorbency, strength, and breathability.
LOW PICK UP FINISHING Green Textile Operation: How Can We Make It Profitable?pattarachat
A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc.
The document discusses various waterless dyeing mechanisms, including air dyeing, supercritical fluid (CO2) dyeing, plasma treatment dyeing, and foam dyeing. Air dyeing uses high pressure air flow to transport atomized dye onto fabrics without water. Supercritical CO2 dyeing dissolves and deposits dyes using compressed CO2 above its critical point. Plasma treatment increases fabric wettability before dyeing. Foam dyeing pads fabrics with dye-containing foam to reduce water usage. These techniques aim to reduce the textile industry's environmental impact by consuming less water and energy during dyeing.
Sand blasting washing process for denim garmentsmhmudul
This presentation discusses the sand blasting process for garment washing. Sand blasting involves using an air flow gun to apply high pressure sand to specific areas of garments in order to remove color in a dry condition. Aluminum oxide, which looks like sand, is used and applied at angles of 10-20 degrees. While the process can produce varied looks, it carries disadvantages like potential for lung disease if not properly ventilated and risk of skin penetration if protective equipment is not worn.
The Effect of Plasma and Enzyme Treatment on the Comfort Properties of Organi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the effect of plasma and enzyme treatment on the comfort properties of organic cotton woven fabric. Plasma treatment with atmospheric air and treatment with the cellulase enzyme were performed on plain woven organic cotton fabric. The comfort properties of air permeability, water vapour permeability, and wickability were evaluated. The plasma treated fabric showed better air permeability and wickability compared to the enzyme treated and untreated fabrics. However, the enzyme treated fabric demonstrated better water vapour permeability characteristics. The research helps understand how the surface modifications impact the comfort properties of organic cotton fabric.
Tandem wet on-wet foam application of both crease-resist and antistatic finishesEvans Marshall
The document describes a study on applying crease-resistant and antistatic finishes to fabric using successive foam treatments without drying in between (tandem wet-on-wet foam application). This method could significantly reduce effluent waste and energy usage compared to conventional pad-mangle application. The study tested different dwell times between applying the two finishes by foam. Results showed the foam method was as effective as pad-mangle application in terms of finish performance, and longer dwell times improved some properties like shrinkage resistance while potentially reducing others like abrasion resistance.
Plasma Technologies for Textile and Apparel-WPI India.pdfsitraspinning
This document discusses plasma technologies for textile and apparel. It begins with an overview of plasma treatment of textiles, noting that plasma treatment can modify surface properties without affecting bulk properties. This allows for improvements to properties like dye affinity and surface adhesion. The document then reviews cold plasma treatment of various natural and synthetic textile materials. It discusses how cold plasma generates reactive species that can introduce functional groups to surfaces. The principles of cold plasma treatment are explained, along with typical plasma setup equipment. Specific research on silk hydrophilization and antimicrobial cotton development using plasma is also summarized.
Antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabric using atmospheric pressureAakash Singh
This document describes a process for imparting antimicrobial properties to polyester fabric using atmospheric plasma treatment and subsequent chemical modifications. The process involves mild scouring of the fabric, surface hydrolysis using NaOH, plasma treatment using a helium-oxygen gas mixture, graft copolymerization with GMA, and treatment with chitosan modified with GTMAC. Characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM, and tensile testing are used to analyze the treated fabrics. The conclusion is that atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable for fabric finishing and does not significantly impact bulk or tensile properties.
Wrinkle resistance varies from quite low in many fabrics to very high in resilient fabrics. In order to form a wrinkle, a fabric’s wrinkle resistance must be overcome. The fabric may, however, produce strains and store potential energy that can become evident as wrinkle recovery under suitable conditions.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textilesVijay Prakash
This document is a seminar report on the topic of "Enzyme biotechnology for sustainable textiles". It discusses how enzymes are used in various textile processes like scouring, bleaching, desizing, and biopolishing to make them more sustainable by reducing water, energy and chemical usage. It provides examples of how specific enzymes allow certain processes to be combined, like bleach clean-up and dyeing in the same bath. The report concludes that using enzymes in textile production can significantly lower its environmental impact and carbon footprint.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in the textile industry. It begins by explaining how nanoparticles and nanofibers can be used to design fabrics with improved properties like strength, resistance, and water repellency. It then discusses some challenges in producing nano-enhanced textiles at scale. Potential health and environmental risks of nanoparticle exposure are also noted. The document goes on to define nanotechnology and explain why it is useful for textiles. It provides examples of how nanotechnology works to produce self-cleaning clothes and materials with antibacterial properties. A variety of applications are outlined, including sportswear, electronics, and lifestyle products. In conclusion, the economic potential of nanotechnology for businesses is highlighted.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
This document discusses various types of functional finishes that are applied to fabrics to improve their performance properties. It focuses on antimicrobial and antistatic finishes. Antimicrobial finishes inhibit microbial growth on fabrics. Antistatic finishes reduce static electricity buildup. The document explains the mechanisms, application methods, benefits and uses of these two types of functional finishes.
The document discusses various types of functional finishes for textiles, including antimicrobial, antistatic, crease resistant, durable press, flame resistant, soil release, and water and stain repellent finishes. It provides details on the objectives, methods, benefits, and requirements of antimicrobial finishes. It also explains the mechanisms and methods of application for antistatic and crease resistant finishes.
Plasma Treatment as Green Technology for Dyeing of Textile FabricsCrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Use of synthetic dyes for dyeing of textile fabrics are most problematic environmental concerned for textile industry owing to their toxic effect
on ecosystem. Thus, sustainable novel technologies for textile dyeing are needed that utilize enhanced dye uptake and improved performance
characteristics of fabric. Such technology may reduce dye concentration in waste-water effluents from textile sector and ultimately become energy
efficient and cost effective. Plasma technology has proven to impart enhanced dye exhaustion, dye penetration, dyeing in shorter time with minimal of
chemical auxiliaries and energy usage. The potential attributes of plasma on textile dyeing is discussed in this article..
The document discusses various types of finishes used in the textile industry. It describes finishing as the final step that adds functionality and improves surface quality. There are several types of finishes that can be applied to fabrics, including preparatory, stabilizing, textural, and functional finishes. Preparatory finishes prepare fabrics for downstream processing, while stabilizing finishes control the dimensional stability of fabrics. Textural finishes alter the surface appearance and hand of fabrics, and functional finishes provide properties like crease-resistance, waterproofing, or flame retardancy. The document focuses on temporary, semi-durable, and permanent finishes, as well as specific finishes for water-repellency and flame retardancy.
The document provides details about the machinery and equipment needed at different stages of garment production for a purple fleece hoodie. It describes the marker making, spreading, cutting, and bundling machines used in pre-production, as well as the single needle lockstitch, overlock, and flatlock machines used for stitching. Post-production machinery for thread trimming, washing, ironing, and packaging are also outlined. The document specifies the appropriate machinery for small and large scale industries.
The Indian textile industry contributes significantly to India's economy by providing employment and foreign exchange earnings. A SWOT analysis of the industry identifies strengths such as raw material resources, labor costs, and cultural heritage. Weaknesses include overdependence on cotton, lack of modernization, and poor infrastructure. Opportunities exist in growing global markets and new technologies. Threats include decreasing fashion cycles and increased competition from trade bloc formations.
This document provides information about a straight knife cutting machine. It discusses the key parts and features of the machine, including the straight knife, electric motor, handle, grinder, base plate, and wheels. The straight knife oscillates vertically to cut fabric, and knife heights typically range from 10-33 cm. The machine cuts efficiently and is widely used in the garment industry, accounting for over 99% of cutting. It is useful for cutting various fabrics and shapes in bulk production. Safety features like presser feet and gloves help protect operators.
This document presents information on straight knife cutting machines, including their parts, specifications, brands offered, and services provided. It discusses that straight knife cutters are versatile machines used to cut fabric components in bulk. They have parts like the knife, presser foot, base plate and rollers, motor, handles. It provides specifications for the knife, presser foot, and other parts. The document also lists advantages of straight knife cutters and models offered by Eastman and Consew brands, along with the services provided.
Prada is a luxury fashion brand founded in 1913 in Milan, Italy. It offers clothing, leather goods, footwear, eyewear and fragrances. Prada achieved 6% sales growth in 2018. The company's CEO intends to merge stationary retailing with digital channels to expand e-commerce and meet changing consumer needs. As Prada targets those under 30, verbal communication like ads on social media, television and radio are recommended over non-verbal strategies. An effective strategy communicates to multiple age groups through diverse mediums like social media for under-30s and newspapers for over-50s.
T H E C L O T H E S WE P U T O N E V E R Y D A Y T EL L A
S T O R Y A B O U T WH O WE A R E T O T H E WO R L D
A N D C A N H A V E A MA J O R IMP A C T O N O U R
EMO T I O N S A N D MO O D . C O G N I T I V E
P S Y C H O L O G I S T C A R O L Y N MA I R , P H D , WH O
C R E A T E D T H E P S Y C H O L O G Y O F F A S H I O N
D E P A R TME N T A T T H E L O N D O N C O L LE G E O F
F A S H I O N A T T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E A R T S
L O N D O N , E X P L A I N S T H E P S Y C H O L O G Y
B E H I N D O U R F A S H I O N C H O I C E S A N D WH Y
P S Y C H O L O G I S T S A R E N EE D E D T O H EL P
S O L V E S OME O F T H E B I G G E S T C H A L LE N G E S
F A C I N G T H E F A S H I O N I N D U S T R Y N OW A N D
I N T H E F U T U R E
The document discusses the science behind how bicycles work. It explains that bicycles use various simple machines like levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and gears to transfer energy from the rider's legs into forward motion. These simple machines include pedals and cranks, which use levers and wheels and axles to transfer torque to the rear wheel. Gears on the pedals and rear wheel allow riders to adjust effort needed for different speeds. Brakes, handlebars, chains, and sprockets also employ simple machines to stop motion and steer the bicycle. Overall, bicycles effectively harness human power through integrated applications of fundamental mechanical components and principles.
: Denim jacket is a type of outerwear garment that is made
from 100% cotton twill denim fabric of 280 GSM, which is a sturdy and
durable cotton twill weave. Denim jackets are typically designed with a
casual, rugged look, and they can be worn in a variety of settings, from
workwear to casual wear.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
We live in a world of Sensors. You can find different types of Sensors in our homes, offices, cars etc. working to make our lives easier by turning on the lights by detecting our presence, adjusting the room temperature, detect smoke or fire, make us delicious coffee, open garage doors as soon as our car is near the door and many other tasks.
A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and responds to some output on the other system. A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a digital signal) converted into a human-readable display or transmitted for reading or further processing.
The simplest example of a sensor is an LDR or a Light Dependent Resistor. It is a device, whose resistance varies according to intensity of light it is subjected to. When the light falling on an LDR is more, its resistance becomes very less and when the light is less, well, the resistance of the LDR becomes very high.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. ASSIGNMENT - 2
FABRIC SCIENCE
FOR
APPAREL -III
SUBMITTED TO :
MR. B. BANERJEE
SUBMITTED BY:-
VAIBHAV RAJ
BFT/21/272
2. Textile finishing determines the final appearance and
aesthetic qualities of a textile. Textile finishing is the final
stage in changing the quality of a fabric in terms of
appearance, handling, and functionality by mechanical
and chemical means. It has evolved through time into the
process by which textile resources are converted into
technical textiles. Developing multifunctional fabrics that
are highly efficient, durable, cost effective, and made in
an ecologically sustainable manner is undoubtedly the
future trend in textile finishing.
Sustainability is a critical aspect that must be addressed
to address the many problems provided by the textile
industry in terms of regulating the use of water, electricity
hazardous chemicals, and so on. Textile finishing in a
sustainable manner may be accomplished using
environmentally friendly techniques.
Eco-friendly approaches adopted in Textile finishing methods
and eco-friendly practices adopted by manufacturers
4. Plasma treatment is a physicochemical
approach for surface modification that
changes the surface both physically and
chemically while leaving the material’s
bulk characteristics intact.
The Concept :
The plasma atmosphere is made up of free
electrons, radicals, ions, atoms, molecules,
and different excited particles, depending
on the plasma gas involved. The
interaction of these excited species with
solid surfaces placed in plasma reactors
causes chemical and physical change of
the material surface.
All the active species react with the
surface of the substrate, resulting in
chemical functionality on the surface.
Furthermore, the reactive particles
produced react directly with the surface
of the treated substrates without altering
their bulk characteristics
Plasma completing
process
5. Cold plasmas, also known as non-thermal plasmas, are
used extensively in a wide range of textile applications.
Cold plasma is used to cure textiles either under vacuum or
at atmospheric pressure. Without a doubt, plasmas are the
most effective surface treatment treatments
The features differentiate plasma:
Because plasma is utilized at a low temperature, the
possibility of fabric damage is reduced.
The ability to apply plasma over a wide range of
thermal, physical, and chemical temperatures enables
fine-tuning of fabric surface treatments.
Because of its dry treatment procedures, plasma is an
ecologically friendly alternative.
Application of plasma in textiles:
The plasma modified polymeric materials
can be used as textiles, membranes, foils non-
wovens, composites and so on .
6. Sandblasting
Blasting Silica sand used in denim sandblasting can often
contain 90-95% crystalline silica.
Sandblasting is one of the most popular finishing
techniques
used to give a worn look to denim fabrics. It is a
mechanical
and abrasive process where sand particles are forced at
denim fabrics under controlled pressure settings. This
technique is used to give the fabric a faded look, and is
more
in style.
This is the process that also applied for removing the
color
and it is done at the dry condition of the garments.
·This process is done by air flow gun with the help of sand.
·The high pressure sand is applied on the specific area of
the
garments and eventually the color will reduce. However,
this
process has some disadvantages ,so that this process is
banned now.
What is sandblasting used for?
Sandblasting can remove paint, rust, and residue from
oxidation from materials quickly and efficiently.
Sandblasting
can also be used to change the condition of a metal'
s
surface, such as through removing scratches or casting
marks. Sandblasting as a cleaning method has been widely
used for over a hundred years
7. What material is used for sandblasting?
Although many sand blasting used in blasting rooms are
not hazardous in themselves, (steel shot and grit, cast
iron, aluminum oxide and glass bead), other abrasives
(silica sand, copper slag, nickel slag) have varying
degrees of hazard (typically free silica or heavy metals).
A process of Sand Blasting on
Denim/Canvas/Twill/Corduroy Garments :
·Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is used for Sand Blasting.
·These aluminum oxides through by gun with dry air to
perform sand blasting action.
·The garments to be Sand Blasting are placed on the bed
of a closed chamber.
·The garments are instantly faded by the frictional affect
of aluminum oxide.
·Sand Blasting area is isolated from other production
area.
·The flow of aluminum oxide on fabric surface is done at
10-20° angles.
Higher the blowing angle higher the fading affect &
higher the risk of fabric damage.
·The operators should have protective standard musk,
helmet, gloves, ear plug and uniform.
·Production/hour/gun varies from 25-50 pcs garments
depend on the area, extent of fading.
8. Advantages of sandblasting
·It is a purely mechanical process that uses no
chemicals.
·It is a water-free process; therefore no drying is
required.
·A variety of distressed or abraded looks is
possible.
·Any number of designs can be created by special
techniques.
·Send blasting is better for industrial applications
·Quicker cleaning in comparison to soda blasting
·Sand Blasting
·It is more effective at removing rust
9. Another physical surface treatment method to create the
hydrophilic groups on hydrophobic fibers and enhance the
dyeing process is laser treatment. Extensive research has
been carried out into the possibility of surface finishing of
synthetic fiber fabrics by laser irradiation. A laser type must
be selected which irradiates in a strongly absorbing spectral
region of the high polymers. It is possible to obtain surface
structuring without affecting the thermal and mechanical
properties of the body of the fiber. Surface properties
affected include particle adhesion, wettability and optical
properties
Laser treatment
10. Textile industries use various chemical agents in their
different
processes like denim washing, silk degumming, etc. these
chemicals after their use, cause pollution in the effluents;
some of them are corrosive which could damage equipment
and the fabric itself. With the introduction of enzymatic
processes in textiles, the scenario has changed in ensuring
eco-friendly production .
Enzymes being natural products are completely
biodegradable and accomplish their work efficiently without
leaving any pollutant behind. Also, the process would operate
at relatively low temperatures and atmospheric pressure with
little by-product formation14-16 .
Application :
Crease resistance of cotton garments can be improved by
enzyme catalysed cross-linking reactions at room
temperature, e.g. lipase class of enzymes can be used to
promote cross-linking reactions
Enzymatic action
(Bio-Technology)
11. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term covering a wide
range of technologies concerned with structures and
processes on the nanometre scale. Because of its
potential to change fundamentally whole fields of
technology, nanotechnology is regarded as a key
technology, which will not only influence
technological
development in the near future, but will also have
economic, social and ecological implications .
The technology can be used in engineering desired
textile attributes, such as fabric softness, durability,
and breath ability and in developing advanced
performance characteristics, namely, water
repellency, fire retardancy, antimicrobial resistance,
etc,, in fibres, yarns and fabrics
Nanotechnology
12. STONEWASH EFFECT
In traditional washing process, volcanic rocks or pumice
stones are added to the garments during washing as
abradant. Due to ring dyeing and heavy abrasion fading is
more apparent but less uniform. The degree of color fading
depends on the garment to stone ratio, washing time, size
of stones, material to liquor ratio and load of garments.
Normally after desizing, stone wash process starts with
pumice stone addition in rotary drum type garment washer.
Process time varies from 60-120 mins. Stone wash effect is
one of the oldest but highly demanded washing effects.
ADVANTAGE :
Stone wash process gives“used” look or“vintage”on the
garments, because of varying degree of abrasion in the
area such as waistband, pocket, seam and body.
13. Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation is one of the novel methods of
getting functional finishes on textiles.
Microencapsulation is a micro-packaging technique
involving deposition of thin polymeric coating on
small particles of solid or liquid. This process is more
advantageous to conventional process in terms of
economy, energy saving, eco-friendliness and
controlled release of substances. The anti-bacterial
agents reside in colloidal suspension with the
amorphous zone of the polymeric binder so that a
reservoir of agent is present in solid/ solution within
the polymer matrix.
14. Ultrasonic wet processing
Ultrasonic frequencies lie between 20 kHz and 500 MHz
.The occurrence of sound presupposes the existence of
material it can present itself in solid, liquid or gaseous
media. Wet processing of textiles uses large quantities of
water, and electrical and thermal energy. Most of these
processes involves the use of chemicals for assisting,
accelerating or retarding their rates and carried out at
elevated temperatures to transfer mass from processing
liquid medium across the surface of the textile material in a
reasonable time. Scaling up from lab scale trials to pilot
plant trials have been difficult. In order for ultrasound to
provide its beneficial results during dyeing, high intensities
are required. Producing high intensity, uniform ultrasound in
a large vessel is difficult.
15. Ultrasonic frequencies lie between 20 kHz
and 500 MHz
.The occurrence of sound presupposes the
existence of
material it can present itself in solid, liquid or
gaseous
media. Wet processing of textiles uses large
quantities of
water, and electrical and thermal energy.
Most of these
processes involves the use of chemicals for
assisting,
accelerating or retarding their rates and
carried out at
elevated temperatures to transfer mass from
processing
liquid medium across the surface of the
textile material in a
reasonable time. Scaling up from lab scale
trials to pilot
plant trials have been difficult. In order for
ultrasound to
provide its beneficial results during dyeing,
high intensities
are required. Producing high intensity,
uniform ultrasound in
a large vessel is difficult.
16. SOIL RELEASE FINISH
Soil release finish facilitate removal of waterborne
and oil stains from fabrics such as polyester and
cotton blends and fabrics treated for durable
press, which usually show some resistance to stain
removal by normal cleaning processes. This finish is
especially suitable for sportswear, underwear,
uniforms and work wear etc. These finishes are
provided by nano-particles which have a high
surface energy, the finish being durable upto 50
washes
17. UV PROTECTION
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes
deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun, reducing a
person’s UVR exposure and protecting the skinfrom
potential damage. The extent of skin protection required
by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity and geographical location, time of day, and
season. This protection is expressed as SPF (Sun
Protection Factor), higher the SPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation.
The SPF value of textile depends on fiber type, the fabric
construction (porosity and thickness), and the finish. It
means that transmission, absorption and reflectance
nature of textile influences SPF value. By using UV
absorbers, exposure of the textile to UV lights is reduced
on the one hand as well as the intensity of the transmitted
UV light on the other.
18. This finish gives hydrophobic features to the substrate.
There are three main product groups for this finish
1.Metal salt paraffin dispersion
2.Polysiloxane
PROCESS :
When finishing with these products, the surface of the
goods must be covered with molecules in such a way that
their hydrophobic radicals are ideally positioned as
parallel as possible facing outwards. Aluminium salt
paraffin dispersions are positively charged products due
to the trivalent aluminium salt. This produces a counter
polar charge on the fiber surface which is significant for
the adsorption of the product.
After drying, the fat radicals form a so-called “brush”
perpendicular to the fiber surface which prevents water
drops from penetrating into the fiber. Polysiloxanes form
a fiber-encircling silicone film with methyl group
’
s
perpendicular to the surface. The oxygen atoms are
facing towards the fiber. The film formation and direction
of the methyl groups are responsible for the hydrophobic
properties of the finish
WATER / OIL REPELLANT FINISH