A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.
Fibre optic cable definition and related terms,propagation modes,performance characteristics,composition of cable,fibre optic sizes,applications,advantages and disadvantages in simple form
Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study, design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy through semiconductors. This device is made from solid crystalline materials which are lighter than metals and heavier than insulators. Optoelectronics device is basically an electronic device involving light. This device can be found in many optoelectronics applications like military services, telecommunications, automatic access control systems and medical equipments.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
this is presentation about light emitting diode. it includes it working, figure and application. also shows the live example of led. it also contains its preference website..
any changes suggested are welcomed..
Semiconductors materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), have electrical properties somewhere in the middle, between those of a “conductor” and an “insulator”. They are not good conductors nor good insulators (hence their name “semi”-conductors).
Introduction to semiconductor lasers, and its working. construction of semiconductor laser, Ga As laser, and construction, achievement of population inversion, pumping.
Construction method, moladi, affordable housing, construction method, housing, construction, building, alternative building technology, building system, building method, new method, alternative construction method, Housing Construction Method, construction method, innovative construction method
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.
Fibre optic cable definition and related terms,propagation modes,performance characteristics,composition of cable,fibre optic sizes,applications,advantages and disadvantages in simple form
Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study, design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy through semiconductors. This device is made from solid crystalline materials which are lighter than metals and heavier than insulators. Optoelectronics device is basically an electronic device involving light. This device can be found in many optoelectronics applications like military services, telecommunications, automatic access control systems and medical equipments.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
this is presentation about light emitting diode. it includes it working, figure and application. also shows the live example of led. it also contains its preference website..
any changes suggested are welcomed..
Semiconductors materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), have electrical properties somewhere in the middle, between those of a “conductor” and an “insulator”. They are not good conductors nor good insulators (hence their name “semi”-conductors).
Introduction to semiconductor lasers, and its working. construction of semiconductor laser, Ga As laser, and construction, achievement of population inversion, pumping.
Construction method, moladi, affordable housing, construction method, housing, construction, building, alternative building technology, building system, building method, new method, alternative construction method, Housing Construction Method, construction method, innovative construction method
this unit basically contain detailed and animated description of LED, Varactor diode, Photo diode, Schottky diode, Tunnel diode, their characteristics and applications.
the concept of Transistors as a switch is also discussed in the last
A p-n junction diode which emits spontaneous emission of radiation in the visible and IR regions when forward biased is called Light Emitting Diode.
This converts the input electrical energy into optical energy in the visible or IR spectrum depending on the semiconductor material
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Objectives
What is LED?
4 Main Issues
By the end of this lecture you must be able to …
For the LED lectures you need:
Construction of Typical LED
Injection Luminescence in LED
LED Construction
References
3. OBJECTIVES:
To learn the basic design principles of LED
To relate properties of semiconductor material to the
principle of LED
To be able select appropriate materials for different types of
LED
To be able to apply knowledge of band gap engineering to
design appropriate materials for a particular LED
To acknowledge other materials that can and have been
used in LED
4. LED are semiconductor p-n junctions that under forward bias conditions can emit
radiation by electroluminescence in the UV, visible or infrared regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The qaunta of light energy released is approximately
proportional to the band gap of the semiconductor.
5. H.J. Round, Electrical World, 49, 309, 1907
On applying a potential to
a crystal of carborundum
(SiC), the material gave
out a yellowish light
6. 1. The device configuration
2. Materials requirements
3. Materials selection
4. Material issues
7. Draw a typical construction of an LED.
Explain your drawing.
State all the issues regarding the materials
selection of an LED.
State all of the possible answers regarding your
materials issues.
Explain band gap engineering
Explain the isoelectronic doping in GaAsP system
State examples of materials that emit, UV, Vis, IR
lights
8. 1. Complete set of notes (3 lecture presentation and
lecture notes)
2. A photocopy from Kasap (p.139-150)
3. A photocopy from Wilson (p-141-155)
4. Some reading materials
9.
10.
11. Advantages of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Longevity:
The light emitting element in a diode is a small
conductor chip rather than a filament which greatly
extends the diode’s life in comparison to an
incandescent bulb (10 000 hours life time compared
to ~1000 hours for incandescence light bulb)
Efficiency:
Diodes emit almost no heat and run at very low
amperes.
Greater Light Intensity:
Since each diode emits its own light
Cost:
Not too bad
Robustness:
Solid state component, not as fragile as
incandescence light bulb
12. LED chip is the part
that we shall deal
with in this course
13. Luminescence is a term used to describe the
emission of radiation from a solid when the
solid is supplied with some form of energy.
Electroluminescence excitation results from
the application of an electric field
In a p-n junction diode injection
electroluminescence occurs resulting in light
emission when the junction is forward biased
14. P-n junction Electrical
Contacts
A typical LED needs a p-n junction
Junction is biased to produce even more
e-h and to inject electrons from n to p for
recombination to happen
There are a lot of electrons and holes at
the junction due to excitations
Electrons from n need to be injected to p
to promote recombination
Recombination
produces light!!
15. Under forward bias – majority carriers from both sides of the junction
can cross the depletion region and entering the material at the other
side.
Upon entering, the majority carriers become minority carriers
For example, electrons in n-type (majority carriers) enter the p-type
to become minority carriers
The minority carriers will be larger minority carrier injection
Minority carriers will diffuse and recombine with the majority carrier.
For example, the electrons as minority carriers in the p-region will
recombine with the holes. Holes are the majority carrier in the p-
region.
The recombination causes light to be emitted
Such process is termed radiative recombination.
16. eVo
Eg
p n+
h =Eg
Eg
p n+
(a) (b)
Electrons in CB
Holes in VB
EC
EV
EF
◘Ideal LED will have all injection electrons to take part in the recombination process
◘In real device not all electron will recombine with holes to radiate light
◘Sometimes recombination occurs but no light is being emitted (non-radiative)
◘Efficiency of the device therefore can be described
◘Efficiency is the rate of photon emission over the rate of supply electrons
17. ◘ The number of radiative recombination is proportional to the carrier injection rate
◘ Carrier injection rate is related to the current flowing in the junction
◘ If the transition take place between states (conduction and valance bands) the
emission wavelength, g = hc/(EC-EV)
◘ EC-EV = Eg
◘ g = hc/Eg
18. If GaAs has Eg = 1.43ev
What is the wavelength, g it emits?
What colour corresponds to the wavelength?
20. Efficient light emitter is also an efficient absorbers of
radiation therefore, a shallow p-n junction required.
Active materials (n and p) will be grown on a lattice
matched substrate.
The p-n junction will be forward biased with contacts
made by metallisation to the upper and lower surfaces.
Ought to leave the upper part ‘clear’ so photon can
escape.
The silica provides passivation/device isolation and
carrier confinement
21. Need a p-n junction (preferably the same
semiconductor material only different dopants)
Recombination must occur Radiative
transmission to give out the ‘right coloured LED’
‘Right coloured LED’ hc/ = Ec-Ev = Eg
so choose material with the right Eg
Direct band gap semiconductors to allow efficient
recombination
All photons created must be able to leave the
semiconductor
Little or no reabsorption of photons
22. Correct band gap Direct band gap
Material can be
made p and n-type
Efficient radiative
pathways must exist
23. Direct band gap
materials
e.g. GaAs not Si
UV-ED ~0.5-400nm
Eg > 3.25eV
LED - ~450-650nm
Eg = 3.1eV to 1.6eV
IR-ED- ~750nm- 1nm
Eg = 1.65eV
Readily doped n or p-typesMaterials with refractive
index that could allow light
to ‘get out’
24. Describe the principles of operation of an
LED and state the material’s requirements
criteria to produce an efficient LED.
(50 marks)