The document provides guidelines for testing chemicals for reproductive toxicity as outlined by the OECD. It discusses testing chemicals on both male and female rats to assess effects on fertility. For males, rats are dosed for a minimum of 4 weeks and examined for effects on testes and epididymides weight and histopathology as well as sperm motility and morphology. For females, rats are dosed throughout mating, pregnancy and lactation periods and examined for effects on fertility, gestation, and offspring parameters. Clinical observations and pathology exams are also conducted.
Dermal Irritation and Dermal Toxicity Studies Dinesh Gangoda
Dermal irritation and Corrosion test guidelines 204.
Dermal irritation is the production of reversible damage of the skin following the application of a test chemical for up to 4 hours.
Corrosive reactions are typified by ulcers, bleeding, bloody scabs, and, by the end of observation at 14 days, by discolouration due to blanching of the skin, complete areas of alopecia, and scars. Histopathology should be considered to evaluate questionable lesions. [1]
Dermal corrosion is the production of irreversible damage of the skin; namely, visible necrosis through the epidermis and into the dermis, following the application of a test chemical for up to four hours.[2]
REFERENCES
OECD/OCDE, Test No. 404: ‘‘Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion’’, 28 July 2015 OECD Publishing, peris, Page no, 1- 8.
Robert A., Turner., Screening Methods in Pharmacology; 1st edition; Academic press an imprint of Elsevier, pp, 279- 281.
OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals (1981). ‘‘Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity’’, 21/28- day Study.
Regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicity studies by ichAnimatedWorld
ICH is the “International Conference on Harmonization of
Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use”
ICH is a joint initiative involving both regulators and research based industry representatives of the EU, Japan and the US in
scientific and technical discussions of the testing procedures required
to assess and ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of medicines
Dermal Irritation and Dermal Toxicity Studies Dinesh Gangoda
Dermal irritation and Corrosion test guidelines 204.
Dermal irritation is the production of reversible damage of the skin following the application of a test chemical for up to 4 hours.
Corrosive reactions are typified by ulcers, bleeding, bloody scabs, and, by the end of observation at 14 days, by discolouration due to blanching of the skin, complete areas of alopecia, and scars. Histopathology should be considered to evaluate questionable lesions. [1]
Dermal corrosion is the production of irreversible damage of the skin; namely, visible necrosis through the epidermis and into the dermis, following the application of a test chemical for up to four hours.[2]
REFERENCES
OECD/OCDE, Test No. 404: ‘‘Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion’’, 28 July 2015 OECD Publishing, peris, Page no, 1- 8.
Robert A., Turner., Screening Methods in Pharmacology; 1st edition; Academic press an imprint of Elsevier, pp, 279- 281.
OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals (1981). ‘‘Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity’’, 21/28- day Study.
Regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicity studies by ichAnimatedWorld
ICH is the “International Conference on Harmonization of
Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use”
ICH is a joint initiative involving both regulators and research based industry representatives of the EU, Japan and the US in
scientific and technical discussions of the testing procedures required
to assess and ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of medicines
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY STUDIES, Definition
Introduction, OECD guidelines for reproductive toxicity studies
Principle of the test, Description of Method, Procedure, Experimental Schedule, Data and Reporting, Results, Male Fertility Toxicological Studies
Ms. I. Sai Reddemma.
Department of Pharmacology
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY STUDIES, Definition
Introduction, OECD guidelines for reproductive toxicity studies
Principle of the test, Description of Method, Procedure, Experimental Schedule, Data and Reporting, Results, Male Fertility Toxicological Studies
Ms. I. Sai Reddemma.
Department of Pharmacology
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
The identification of the carcinogenic properties of a chemical, resulting in an increased incidence of neoplasms, increased proportion of malignant neoplasms or a reduction in the time to appearance of neoplasms, compared with concurrent control groups.
The identification of target organ(s) of carcinogenicity.
The identification of the time to appearance of neoplasms.
Characterisation of the tumour dose-response relationship.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY STUDIES(Toxicokinetics).pptxKhanSabit
Toxicity studies of investigational new drug on male reproductive activity. Evaluation of the study.
Schedule of the study is also discussed in the presentation.
Observation and procedure
animal toxicity tests are useful in finding the right dose for drugs to be used in humans. this ppt contains the method of toxicity studies and different types of toxicity studies.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Male and female reproductive toxicology
1. Presented by: Khadga Raj Aran
M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
Isf College of Pharmacy
Moga, Punjab
2. contents
Introduction
OECD guideline for testing of chemicals on
reproductive toxicology
Male Fertility
Female fertility
3. What is Reproductive Toxicology?
Reproductive toxicity refers to structural and functional
alterations that affect reproductive system in sexually mature
males and females.
Reproductive toxicity includes effects on male fertility and
female fertility and lactation.
4. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals
on reproductive toxicology
Principle of the test:
The test chemical is administered in graduated doses to several groups
of males and females.
Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks and up to and
including the day before scheduled kill
pre-mating dosing period in males, fertility may not be a particular
sensitive indicator of testicular toxicity.
5. Therefore, a detailed histological examination of the testes is
essential.
histopathology of the male gonads, is considered sufficient to
enable detection of the majority of effects on male fertility and
spermatogenesis.
Females should be dosed throughout the study.
This includes mating, the duration of pregnancy and
including the day before scheduled kill.
6. Duration of study, following acclimatisation and pre-dosing oestrous
cycle evaluation, is dependent on the female performance and is
approximately 63 day.
DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD
Selection of animal species
Guideline is designed for use with the rat. The rat was the only species
used. The test animals should be characterized as to species, strain, sex,
weight and age.
7. weight variation of animals used should be minimal and not exceed 20% of the mean
weight of each sex.
animals from the same strain and source are used in both studies
Housing and feeding
The temperature in the experimental animal room should be 22 C (± 3). relative
humidity should be at least 30%
Lighting should be artificial, the photoperiod being 12 hours light, 12 hours dark
For feeding, laboratory diets used with an unlimited supply of drinking water.
8. no more than five animals should be housed per cage.
Pregnant females should be caged individually and provided with nesting
materials.
Lactating females will be caged individually with their offspring.
Preparation of the animals
Healthy young adult animals are randomly assigned to the control and
treatment groups.
Cages should be arranged in such a way that possible effects due to cage
placement are minimized.
9. The animals are uniquely identified and kept in their cages for at least
five days prior to the start of the study to allow for acclimatisation to
the laboratory conditions
Preparation of doses
the test chemical is dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle.
PROCEDURE
Number and sex of animals
It is recommended that each group be started with at least 10 males and
12-13 females.
10. Dosage
Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be
used.
Dose levels may be based on information from acute toxicity tests or
on results from repeated dose studies.
If a vehicle is used in administering the test chemical, the control group
should receive the vehicle in the highest volume used.
Dose levels should be selected taking into account any existing toxicity
and (toxico-) kinetic data available.
11. Administration of doses
The animals are dosed with the test chemical daily for 7 days a
week.
The volume should not exceed 1 ml/100 g body weight, except in
the case of aqueous solutions where 2 ml/100 g body weight may
be used
For test chemical administered via the diet or drinking water, it
is important to ensure that the quantities of the test chemical
involved do not interfere with normal nutrition or water balance.
When the test
12. Experimental schedule
pre exposure pre- mating mating Gestation Lactation
(14 days) (14 days) (maximum 14 days) (approx 22 days) (approx 13 days)
1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 73
start of study Necropsy
After dosing
period of
at least 4 weeks
pre exposure
evaluation of
oestrous cycle
Followed by daily
Monitoring of vaginal
Smear from the beginning
Of tratment until
Evidence of mating
13. Experimental schedule
Dosing of both sexes should begin at least 2 weeks prior to mating,
females have been screened for normal oestrous cycles .
Dosing is continued in both sexes during the mating period.
Males should further be dosed after the mating period at least until the
minimum total dosing period of 28 days has been completed.
14. They are then killed, or, alternatively, are retained and continued to be
dosed for the possible conduction of a second mating if considered
appropriate.
Daily dosing of the parental females should continue throughout
pregnancy.
Mating procedure
Normally, 1:1 (one male to one female) matings should be used in this
study.
Each morning the females should be examined for the presence of
sperm or a vaginal plug
15. In life observations
Clinical observation
Throughout the test period, general clinical observations should be
made at least once a day, and more frequently when signs of toxicity are
observed.
They should be made preferably at the same time(s) each day. all signs
of toxicity, including mortality, should be recorded.
These records should include time of onset, degree and duration of
toxicity signs.
16. Body weight and food/water consumption
Males and females should be weighed on the first day of dosing, at least
weekly thereafter, and at termination.
During pregnancy, females should be weighed on days 0, 7, 14 and 20.
Oestrous cycles
Oestrous cycles should be monitored before treatment starts to select
for the study females with regular cycle.
Vaginal smears should also be monitored daily from the beginning of
the treatment period until evidence of mating.
17. If there is concern about acute stress effects that could alter oestrous
cycles.
Offspring parameters
The duration of gestation should be recorded and is calculated from
day 0 of pregnancy.
any abnormal behaviour of the offspring should be recorded
18. .Clinical biochemistry
Blood samples from a defined site are taken.
Plasma samples specifically for hormone determination should be
obtained at a comparable time of the day.
The numerical value obtained when analysing hormone concentration .
Pathology
Gross necropsy
At the time of sacrifice or death during the study, the adult animals
should be examined macroscopically for any abnormalities or
pathological changes.
19. Vaginal smears should be examined in the morning on the day of
necropsy to determine the stage of the oestrous cycle and
histopathology of ovaries.
The testes and epididymides of all male adult animals should be
weighed.
Histopathology
Histological examination should be performed on the ovaries,
testes and epididymides of the animals of the highest dose group
and the control group.
20. DATA AND REPORTING
Individual animal data should be provided.
Additionally, all data should be summarised in tabular form,
showing for each test group the number of animals at the start of
the test, the number of animals found dead during the test or killed
the time of any death or humane kill, the number of fertile animals,
the number of pregnant females,
the number of animals showing signs of toxicity, a description of
the signs of toxicity observed.
21. Evaluation of results
The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the
observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings.
Test report
Test chemical:
source, limit date for use, if available
stability of the test chemical
physical appearance, water solubility, and additional relevant physicochemical
properties;
Vehicle
22. Test animals:
- species/strain used;
- number, age and sex of animals;
- source, housing conditions, diet, etc.;
- individual weights of animals at the start of the test.
Results:
body weight/body weight changes;
food consumption, and water consumption if available;
toxic response data by sex and dose, including fertility, gestation,
and any other signs of toxicity;
23. Reproductive Toxicology studies
A) Male fertility
Method
one rodent species(rat)
3 dose group taken
(each 6 adult males)
Drug treatment by clinical route for 28-72days
24. Mixed with female in 1:2 ratio
Female getting pregnant should be
examined after 13 days of gestation
All male animals sacrificed
weights of testis, epididymus recorded and examined
for their histology
sperms examined for motility and morphology
25. B) female fertility
Drugs administered to both males (28days)and female
(14 days) before mating
Segment I : fertility and general reproductive
performance study
Segment II: Teratogenicity
Segment III: Perinatal and post-natal study
perinatal : fertility and early embryonic development .
Post-natal development (rat) (post natal survival of offspring) growth
parameter, vital senses, behavioral effect