This lecture defines the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals; it describes the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding; it also describes the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science is assumed.
Thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are the two main types of adhesives. Thermosetting adhesives harden permanently once heated, while thermoplastics soften when heated and reharden when cooled. Common thermosetting adhesives include phenol-formaldehyde, polyesters, and silicones. Thermoplastics include cellulose derivatives, starches, and polyvinyls. The strength of adhesive bonds depends on factors like the smoothness, thickness, and thermal expansion properties of the adhered surfaces as well as the degree of polymerization, polarity, and complexity of the adhesive molecule. Adhesives are applied through methods like brushing, rolling, spraying, or using reactive
Thermosetting polyurethane including foam gradesfaheem maqsood
This document discusses thermosetting polyurethane, including its production from polyol and isocyanate monomers, properties, applications, and research. It notes that thermosetting polyurethane is commercially important and can be molded or formed into rigid parts, elastomers, rigid or soft foams, and coatings. Research showed that adding nanoclay fillers to polyurethane increases its mechanical properties like tensile strength and abrasion resistance due to strong adhesion between particles. Polyurethane has many applications and adding fillers can further enhance its properties.
Unsaturated polyester resin is prepared from diethylene glycol and maleic anhydride and can be cross-linked with styrene. It is used as a matrix material for fiber reinforced composites. The document discusses the preparation of unsaturated polyester resin and its composites with nano silica, glass fibers, and bagasse fibers. It is found that adding these fillers improves the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the composites compared to neat resin. Nano silica composites in particular exhibit better electrical properties than micro silica or neat resin composites.
Introduction to adhesive and adhesion, this powerpoint slide will explain you about what is an adhesive, advantage and disadvantage of joining using adhesive. In addition, you will understand the basics of adhesive theory i.e. the requirement of a good bond, good joint design, types of adhesives.
What is and what is the function of a rubber seal
The Increasing of the speed of mechanical systems, driven by the desire for greater productivity, leads to higher operating temperatures and reduced fluid viscosities. This, coupled with higher pressures, causes an increasing tendency for fluid to leak. This leak in fuel systems that handle highly flammable solvents cannot be overlooked as there is a high probability of a fire hazard.
For this reason it has become common practice to include a safe leak path in the system design, to an escape or collection point, in order to minimize risk.
Seals prevent fluid from escaping from a hollow cylinder when a shaft penetrates the cylinder wall. Most commonly, the axis will have a rotary or linear motion. If a seal is not made for functional requirements, or installed and maintained properly, it can fail, causing fluid loss. The two main functions of a seal are to keep the fluid in while keeping dirt and debris out.
Adhesives bond materials together through various mechanisms of adhesion. The main types are non-reactive adhesives like drying, pressure-sensitive, contact and hot melt adhesives and reactive adhesives like multi-part and one-part adhesives. Adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking, chemical bonds, dispersive interactions or diffusive bonding between adhesive and adherend surfaces. Factors like surface properties, adhesive chemistry and curing influence adhesive strength. While adhesives provide benefits like load distribution and corrosion resistance, disadvantages include curing times and temperature/aging effects. Adhesives have applications in construction, electronics, automotive, aerospace and other industries.
For extrusion, polymer mixing occurs in two steps - dry mixing before introduction to the extruder, and wet mixing inside the extruder as the polymers melt. A homogenous melt is critical for dimensional stability, process stability, and good mechanical properties of the extruded product. Wet mixing in the extruder is achieved through the screw design, which conveys the polymers through feeding, compression, and mixing sections using elements like Maddock mixers that provide dispersive and distributive mixing of the melt.
Thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are the two main types of adhesives. Thermosetting adhesives harden permanently once heated, while thermoplastics soften when heated and reharden when cooled. Common thermosetting adhesives include phenol-formaldehyde, polyesters, and silicones. Thermoplastics include cellulose derivatives, starches, and polyvinyls. The strength of adhesive bonds depends on factors like the smoothness, thickness, and thermal expansion properties of the adhered surfaces as well as the degree of polymerization, polarity, and complexity of the adhesive molecule. Adhesives are applied through methods like brushing, rolling, spraying, or using reactive
Thermosetting polyurethane including foam gradesfaheem maqsood
This document discusses thermosetting polyurethane, including its production from polyol and isocyanate monomers, properties, applications, and research. It notes that thermosetting polyurethane is commercially important and can be molded or formed into rigid parts, elastomers, rigid or soft foams, and coatings. Research showed that adding nanoclay fillers to polyurethane increases its mechanical properties like tensile strength and abrasion resistance due to strong adhesion between particles. Polyurethane has many applications and adding fillers can further enhance its properties.
Unsaturated polyester resin is prepared from diethylene glycol and maleic anhydride and can be cross-linked with styrene. It is used as a matrix material for fiber reinforced composites. The document discusses the preparation of unsaturated polyester resin and its composites with nano silica, glass fibers, and bagasse fibers. It is found that adding these fillers improves the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the composites compared to neat resin. Nano silica composites in particular exhibit better electrical properties than micro silica or neat resin composites.
Introduction to adhesive and adhesion, this powerpoint slide will explain you about what is an adhesive, advantage and disadvantage of joining using adhesive. In addition, you will understand the basics of adhesive theory i.e. the requirement of a good bond, good joint design, types of adhesives.
What is and what is the function of a rubber seal
The Increasing of the speed of mechanical systems, driven by the desire for greater productivity, leads to higher operating temperatures and reduced fluid viscosities. This, coupled with higher pressures, causes an increasing tendency for fluid to leak. This leak in fuel systems that handle highly flammable solvents cannot be overlooked as there is a high probability of a fire hazard.
For this reason it has become common practice to include a safe leak path in the system design, to an escape or collection point, in order to minimize risk.
Seals prevent fluid from escaping from a hollow cylinder when a shaft penetrates the cylinder wall. Most commonly, the axis will have a rotary or linear motion. If a seal is not made for functional requirements, or installed and maintained properly, it can fail, causing fluid loss. The two main functions of a seal are to keep the fluid in while keeping dirt and debris out.
Adhesives bond materials together through various mechanisms of adhesion. The main types are non-reactive adhesives like drying, pressure-sensitive, contact and hot melt adhesives and reactive adhesives like multi-part and one-part adhesives. Adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking, chemical bonds, dispersive interactions or diffusive bonding between adhesive and adherend surfaces. Factors like surface properties, adhesive chemistry and curing influence adhesive strength. While adhesives provide benefits like load distribution and corrosion resistance, disadvantages include curing times and temperature/aging effects. Adhesives have applications in construction, electronics, automotive, aerospace and other industries.
For extrusion, polymer mixing occurs in two steps - dry mixing before introduction to the extruder, and wet mixing inside the extruder as the polymers melt. A homogenous melt is critical for dimensional stability, process stability, and good mechanical properties of the extruded product. Wet mixing in the extruder is achieved through the screw design, which conveys the polymers through feeding, compression, and mixing sections using elements like Maddock mixers that provide dispersive and distributive mixing of the melt.
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic polymer that is part of the polyester family. It has good electrical resistance, toughness, and surface finish, making it useful in the electrical and electronics industries. PBT can be made flame retardant and resistant to chemicals and water. It is produced through polycondensation of terephthalic acid and 1,4-butanediol. PBT can be injection molded or extruded and has applications in electrical components, automotive parts, and other industrial uses due to its properties and processability.
This document discusses various polymer processing techniques. It begins by outlining three general phases of plastics processes: heating, shaping/forming under constraint, and cooling. It then describes specific processes like thermoforming, compression and transfer molding, rotational molding, extrusion and extrusion-based processes, injection molding, and blow molding. For each process, it provides details on how it works, its advantages and disadvantages, and common applications.
Polymer processing, characterisation and applicationsAvinash Singh
This document discusses various types of polymers, plastics, elastomers and fibers. It describes the key differences between thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers. Important thermoplastics like polyethylene, PVC and Teflon are explained. Phenol-formaldehyde is provided as an example of a thermosetting resin. Natural rubber and synthetic diene elastomers like SBR and nitrile rubber are outlined. The document also discusses the manufacturing of polymers and how they are compounded and molded into end products using various molding techniques.
This document discusses various types of additives used in polymer processing and their functions. It describes additives like stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, fibers, coupling agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, anti-block agents, nucleating agents, optical brighteners, colorants, anti-aging additives, impact modifiers, flame retardants, blowing agents, and master batches. It provides examples and explains how each additive type alters polymer properties or facilitates processing to achieve the desired characteristics in final products.
Hot pressing is a technique that combines powder compaction and sintering into a single step. Powder is placed in a graphite die and sintered under pressure and heat. This allows densification of materials that otherwise have poor sintering behavior. The process involves placing powder in a die and applying heat and pressure simultaneously. The temperature increases during compaction to allow sintering through mechanisms like plastic deformation and diffusion. Hot pressing produces fully dense materials in less time compared to conventional sintering. It finds applications in advanced ceramics and dispersion strengthened metals.
Compression molding is a process that molds material into a confined shape by applying pressure and usually heat. The process involves placing a charge in a mold cavity, closing the mold, applying pressure to squeeze the material and fill the cavity, and heating under pressure to cure the material. There are two main stages - plastication where the material is compressed and heated, and flow once the yield stress is exceeded allowing the mold to fill. Parameters like material quantity, pressure, temperature and cure time must be controlled. Common applications include dinnerware, buttons, and automotive parts.
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
The document discusses various theories of adhesion including physical absorption, chemical bonding, diffusion, electrostatic, and mechanical interlocking theories. It explains that adhesion occurs due to molecular contact and surface forces between two materials. Adhesives are now commonly used in manufacturing across many industries like construction, automobiles, footwear, and more due to advantages like joining dissimilar materials and reducing weight.
The document discusses various polymer processing techniques. It begins by explaining that the main goal of polymer processing is to produce usable objects and lists the necessary parameters for processing including flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical reactions. It then focuses on extrusion, describing it as shaping material by forcing it through a die. Various extrusion techniques are discussed including single screw extrusion, twin screw extrusion, blown film extrusion, co-extrusion, and injection molding. Other processing methods summarized include thermoforming, vacuum forming, rotational molding, calendering, and spinning.
Miscibility and Thermodynamics of Polymer BlendsAbhinand Krishna
Presentation includes classification of polymer blends based on miscibility, phase diagram of polymer blends and thermodynamics polymer blends which includes Gibbs energy theory and Flory-Huggins Theory
This document discusses the mechanism and theories of adhesive bonding. It describes three main theories:
1. Mechanical theory - adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking of the adhesive in surface irregularities of the adherends.
2. Diffusion theory - adhesion results from diffusion and entanglement of polymer chains at the interface between compatible adhesive and adherend materials.
3. Adsorption theory - adhesion is due to secondary bonding forces that develop at the adhesive-adherend interface through wetting and thermodynamic adsorption processes.
Effect of polymer structural factors on the mechanical propertiesVishal K P
This document discusses how various structural factors affect the mechanical properties of polymers. It examines the effects of molecular weight, cross-linking, crystallinity, polarity, copolymerization, and steric factors. Higher molecular weight, cross-linking density, crystallinity, and polarity generally increase the glass transition temperature and modulus. Crystallinity has a more pronounced effect above the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization can result in properties between the homopolymers or phase separation depending on the type of copolymer. Long flexible side chains decrease properties while branched side chains increase them.
This document discusses fundamentals of polymer engineering, specifically polymer additives and blends. It defines additives as any substance added in small amounts to polymers to improve properties, facilitate processing, or reduce costs. Common additives include stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Fillers extend materials at low cost and can improve mechanical properties when well-dispersed. Polymer blends combine two or more polymers and offer benefits like extended temperature ranges, lighter weight, and improved toughness or barrier properties compared to the individual polymers. The classifications, functions, and examples of additives and blends in various polymer applications are covered in detail.
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
1) Release liners are carrier substrates with non-stick coatings that protect self-adhesive products. They comprise a web-form substrate with a coated surface that prevents adhesives from sticking.
2) Silicone polymers are commonly used in release coatings due to their low surface energy and thermal stability. They are applied via solvent-based, water-based, or radiation-cured systems.
3) Radiation curing allows quick curing without heat, allowing smaller coating machinery. It also avoids limitations of thermally-cured coatings for heat-sensitive substrates.
(1) Compression molding is a manufacturing process used to mold thermosetting materials under heat and pressure in a mold cavity.
(2) The process involves preheating the molding material, placing it into the mold, applying pressure using a hydraulic press, and allowing the material to cure.
(3) Compression molding is commonly used to make electrical parts, dinnerware, gears, buttons, and automotive and medical components. It allows for high volume, low-cost production with minimal material waste.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
The document summarizes research on the effect of time delay between etching and adhesive bonding on lap-shear strength of aluminum alloys. It finds that etching significantly improves bond strength compared to non-etched aluminum. While the environmentally-friendly P2 etchant achieves similar bond strengths as the current FPL etchant, increased outlife times between etching and bonding generally result in lower shear strengths. Statistical analysis showed significant decreases in bond strength past 1 hour outlife for most alloys, though results were inconclusive for 2024 alloy due to data variability. Recommendations include using larger sample sizes, randomization, and controlling storage conditions.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on air-free tires. It discusses the problems with traditional aired tires, such as punctures and blowouts. Air-free tires do not use air and instead use flexible spokes to support an outer rim. They cannot burst or go flat like traditional tires. The document outlines the construction of air-free tires, which use polyurethane spokes and a shear band below the tread. It compares advantages of air-free tires like maintenance-free operation and recyclability to disadvantages like potential increased heat and vibration. Air-free tires are currently used in some small vehicles and military applications.
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic polymer that is part of the polyester family. It has good electrical resistance, toughness, and surface finish, making it useful in the electrical and electronics industries. PBT can be made flame retardant and resistant to chemicals and water. It is produced through polycondensation of terephthalic acid and 1,4-butanediol. PBT can be injection molded or extruded and has applications in electrical components, automotive parts, and other industrial uses due to its properties and processability.
This document discusses various polymer processing techniques. It begins by outlining three general phases of plastics processes: heating, shaping/forming under constraint, and cooling. It then describes specific processes like thermoforming, compression and transfer molding, rotational molding, extrusion and extrusion-based processes, injection molding, and blow molding. For each process, it provides details on how it works, its advantages and disadvantages, and common applications.
Polymer processing, characterisation and applicationsAvinash Singh
This document discusses various types of polymers, plastics, elastomers and fibers. It describes the key differences between thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers. Important thermoplastics like polyethylene, PVC and Teflon are explained. Phenol-formaldehyde is provided as an example of a thermosetting resin. Natural rubber and synthetic diene elastomers like SBR and nitrile rubber are outlined. The document also discusses the manufacturing of polymers and how they are compounded and molded into end products using various molding techniques.
This document discusses various types of additives used in polymer processing and their functions. It describes additives like stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, fibers, coupling agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, anti-block agents, nucleating agents, optical brighteners, colorants, anti-aging additives, impact modifiers, flame retardants, blowing agents, and master batches. It provides examples and explains how each additive type alters polymer properties or facilitates processing to achieve the desired characteristics in final products.
Hot pressing is a technique that combines powder compaction and sintering into a single step. Powder is placed in a graphite die and sintered under pressure and heat. This allows densification of materials that otherwise have poor sintering behavior. The process involves placing powder in a die and applying heat and pressure simultaneously. The temperature increases during compaction to allow sintering through mechanisms like plastic deformation and diffusion. Hot pressing produces fully dense materials in less time compared to conventional sintering. It finds applications in advanced ceramics and dispersion strengthened metals.
Compression molding is a process that molds material into a confined shape by applying pressure and usually heat. The process involves placing a charge in a mold cavity, closing the mold, applying pressure to squeeze the material and fill the cavity, and heating under pressure to cure the material. There are two main stages - plastication where the material is compressed and heated, and flow once the yield stress is exceeded allowing the mold to fill. Parameters like material quantity, pressure, temperature and cure time must be controlled. Common applications include dinnerware, buttons, and automotive parts.
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
The document discusses various theories of adhesion including physical absorption, chemical bonding, diffusion, electrostatic, and mechanical interlocking theories. It explains that adhesion occurs due to molecular contact and surface forces between two materials. Adhesives are now commonly used in manufacturing across many industries like construction, automobiles, footwear, and more due to advantages like joining dissimilar materials and reducing weight.
The document discusses various polymer processing techniques. It begins by explaining that the main goal of polymer processing is to produce usable objects and lists the necessary parameters for processing including flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical reactions. It then focuses on extrusion, describing it as shaping material by forcing it through a die. Various extrusion techniques are discussed including single screw extrusion, twin screw extrusion, blown film extrusion, co-extrusion, and injection molding. Other processing methods summarized include thermoforming, vacuum forming, rotational molding, calendering, and spinning.
Miscibility and Thermodynamics of Polymer BlendsAbhinand Krishna
Presentation includes classification of polymer blends based on miscibility, phase diagram of polymer blends and thermodynamics polymer blends which includes Gibbs energy theory and Flory-Huggins Theory
This document discusses the mechanism and theories of adhesive bonding. It describes three main theories:
1. Mechanical theory - adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking of the adhesive in surface irregularities of the adherends.
2. Diffusion theory - adhesion results from diffusion and entanglement of polymer chains at the interface between compatible adhesive and adherend materials.
3. Adsorption theory - adhesion is due to secondary bonding forces that develop at the adhesive-adherend interface through wetting and thermodynamic adsorption processes.
Effect of polymer structural factors on the mechanical propertiesVishal K P
This document discusses how various structural factors affect the mechanical properties of polymers. It examines the effects of molecular weight, cross-linking, crystallinity, polarity, copolymerization, and steric factors. Higher molecular weight, cross-linking density, crystallinity, and polarity generally increase the glass transition temperature and modulus. Crystallinity has a more pronounced effect above the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization can result in properties between the homopolymers or phase separation depending on the type of copolymer. Long flexible side chains decrease properties while branched side chains increase them.
This document discusses fundamentals of polymer engineering, specifically polymer additives and blends. It defines additives as any substance added in small amounts to polymers to improve properties, facilitate processing, or reduce costs. Common additives include stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Fillers extend materials at low cost and can improve mechanical properties when well-dispersed. Polymer blends combine two or more polymers and offer benefits like extended temperature ranges, lighter weight, and improved toughness or barrier properties compared to the individual polymers. The classifications, functions, and examples of additives and blends in various polymer applications are covered in detail.
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
1) Release liners are carrier substrates with non-stick coatings that protect self-adhesive products. They comprise a web-form substrate with a coated surface that prevents adhesives from sticking.
2) Silicone polymers are commonly used in release coatings due to their low surface energy and thermal stability. They are applied via solvent-based, water-based, or radiation-cured systems.
3) Radiation curing allows quick curing without heat, allowing smaller coating machinery. It also avoids limitations of thermally-cured coatings for heat-sensitive substrates.
(1) Compression molding is a manufacturing process used to mold thermosetting materials under heat and pressure in a mold cavity.
(2) The process involves preheating the molding material, placing it into the mold, applying pressure using a hydraulic press, and allowing the material to cure.
(3) Compression molding is commonly used to make electrical parts, dinnerware, gears, buttons, and automotive and medical components. It allows for high volume, low-cost production with minimal material waste.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
The document summarizes research on the effect of time delay between etching and adhesive bonding on lap-shear strength of aluminum alloys. It finds that etching significantly improves bond strength compared to non-etched aluminum. While the environmentally-friendly P2 etchant achieves similar bond strengths as the current FPL etchant, increased outlife times between etching and bonding generally result in lower shear strengths. Statistical analysis showed significant decreases in bond strength past 1 hour outlife for most alloys, though results were inconclusive for 2024 alloy due to data variability. Recommendations include using larger sample sizes, randomization, and controlling storage conditions.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on air-free tires. It discusses the problems with traditional aired tires, such as punctures and blowouts. Air-free tires do not use air and instead use flexible spokes to support an outer rim. They cannot burst or go flat like traditional tires. The document outlines the construction of air-free tires, which use polyurethane spokes and a shear band below the tread. It compares advantages of air-free tires like maintenance-free operation and recyclability to disadvantages like potential increased heat and vibration. Air-free tires are currently used in some small vehicles and military applications.
This presentation give the total overview of aircraft tyre from manufacturing to storage to basic design criteria and selection of main wheel, nose wheel. This ppt gives brief view into manufacturing process, precaution in storage and types of wear occurring in tire
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes fabrication processes for superplastic forming, i.e. female and male die forming, and the criteria for selecting the correct process. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.4: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
1) The document is a 10 page example from a lecture on designing members for bending moment that analyzes the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands using a class 4 cross section.
2) It presents the geometry, material properties, nodes, and elements of the hollow cross section and performs iterative calculations of the effective cross section area, stress distribution, and effective thicknesses accounting for any heat affected zones to determine the bending moment resistance.
3) The example is considered comprehensive because it shows calculations in detail, covers all classes of cross sections, and demonstrates how to increase effective thickness for non-fully stressed elements through
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.5: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 3-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a laced column. It includes dimensions, material properties, and calculations of various parameters needed for the analysis. Key steps and results are shown, such as determining the effective length, flexural buckling resistance, and checking that the lacing can resist the required shear force. In the end, it is determined that the lacing can adequately resist the applied axial load of 270 kN.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3505: Tools for Impact ExtrusionCORE-Materials
This lecture provides knowledge about design philosophy and tool materials for impact tools, which are a cost factor and eminently important for successful impact extrusion. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4703: Design and Calculation of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the basic types of loadings of adhesive joints and to give examples of recommended joint designs; it shows how to calculate the strength of adhesive joints. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4702: Factors Influencing the Strength of Adhesive JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the factors governing the strength of adhesive joints in order to appreciate these factors for the design of adhesively bonded joints, i.e. geometry of joint, stiffness and strength of the adjoining parts, stress distribution in the adhesive layer as well as the effects of humidity and ageing. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4105: Combination of Joining MethodsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the combination of mechanical joining with adhesive bonding with respect to application criteria, productions considerations and resultant properties. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4104 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4101: Definition and Classification of Mechanical Fastening Met...CORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of mechanical fastening methods for joining aluminum parts, including definitions and classifications. It discusses screw joints, folds, rivets, and clinching. Screw joints can be pierced, through, or blind holes. Folds are formed locking joints created through folding, interlocking, and pressing sheets together. Riveting includes indirect and direct methods. Blind rivets have a predetermined break point. The document aims to introduce the principal types of mechanical fastening methods for aluminum.
- Heating rate and peak temperature
- Cooling rate
- Composition of filler metal
- Pre/post heating of base metal
- Stress relieving heat treatment
Controls the microstructure and properties of the weld.
41
Heat transfer in welding process
- Heat input to the weld is from the energy source
- Heat is conducted away from the weld zone into the base metal
- Heat flow depends on thermal properties of base metal and weld metal
- Heat affected zone experiences thermal cycle due to heat input
- Rapid heating and cooling rates in welding leads to non-equilibrium
microstructures
- Control of heat input and cooling rate is important to control weld
metallurgy
Experimental Investigation On Tin Based Babbitt Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation of tin-based babbitt composite materials. Babbitt alloys are commonly used for manufacturing journal bearings but have relatively low fatigue strength and moderate wear resistance. To address these limitations, silicon carbide particles are incorporated into the babbitt matrix at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% using stir casting. Wear tests are conducted on the composite materials and pure babbitt under varying loads and speeds. The results show that a composite with 4% SiC exhibits the lowest wear compared to the other materials tested. Reinforcing babbitt with silicon carbide improves its mechanical properties and makes it more suitable for use in bearings with high operating stresses.
IRJET- Characterization of Aluminum 7085/WC/Fly Ash Hybrid Composites for...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on aluminum 7085/tungsten carbide/fly ash hybrid composites for vibration applications. The composites were fabricated using stir casting and then characterized through various tests. Tensile, compression, and hardness tests showed improvements in properties with the addition of reinforcements. Tensile strength increased from 245 to 314 MPa while compressive strength increased from 1274 to 1522 MPa. Hardness also increased. Vibration testing found the composites effectively dampened vibrations compared to aluminum 7085 alone. The study demonstrated the fabrication of aluminum matrix composites with uniform dispersions of reinforcements via stir casting.
This document discusses the design and manufacturing of a testing machine to analyze the tribological behavior of sliding contact materials. It provides background information on tribology and its importance. The testing machine was designed and manufactured to measure the dynamic coefficient of friction of various materials in order to evaluate their potential for applications requiring low friction and wear resistance. Common problems with mechanical seals are also summarized, including failure due to restricted motion, thermal degradation, material attacks, and incorrect installation.
Comparison of friction stirs welding technique with conventional welding methodseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Behaviour of Epoxy Resin Reinforced wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of a composite made from epoxy resin reinforced with woven glass fibers and jute fibers. The composite was fabricated using hand lay-up techniques. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the composite according to ASTM standards. The results of the experimental investigation are not discussed in the summary as the focus is on providing a high-level overview of the purpose and methodology described in the document.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Coconut Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on coconut fiber reinforced concrete. The study aimed to analyze how the strength of coconut fiber concrete varies with different fiber contents and to compare it to conventional concrete. The strengths tested included flexural, compressive, and durability at fiber contents from 1% to 5% of cement weight. Results showed the compressive strength of M20 grade concrete increased at 7 and 28 days with higher fiber contents. Including coconut fibers in concrete enhances its mechanical properties by increasing toughness, flexural strength, energy absorption, and reducing cracking. Factors like fiber content, orientation, aspect ratio, and workability affect the properties of fiber reinforced concrete.
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TALAT Lecture 4701: Terms and Definitions for Adhesive Bonding
1. TALAT Lecture 4701
Adhesive Bonding -
Terms and Definitions
20 pages, 24 figures
Basic Level
prepared by
Lutz Dorn, Technische Universität, Berlin
Objectives:
− to define the terms and definition of adhesive bonding of metals
− to describe the basic physical/chemical characteristics of adhesive bonding
− to describe the characteristics and the properties of adhesives used in metal bonding
Prerequisites:
− general background in production engineering and material science
− background in the physics and chemistry of metallic surfaces and polymer science
Date of Issue: 1994
EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 4701 Terms and Definitions for Adhesive Bonding
Table of Contents
4701 Terms and Definitions for Adhesive Bonding .......................................2
4701.01 Definition and Application of Adhesive Bonding .................................... 3
Adhesive bonding of aluminium..............................................................................3
Classification of adhesive bonding ..........................................................................3
Load distribution of joints........................................................................................4
Advantages and disadvantages of adhesive joining.................................................4
Structure of an adhesive joint ..................................................................................5
Adhesion and cohesion ............................................................................................6
Mechanism of deposition of macromolecules on surfaces ......................................7
Bond types in adhesive joints...................................................................................8
Bond forces in adhesive joints (dipole bonds).........................................................8
Bond forces in adhesive joints (hydrogen bonds) ....................................................9
Failure of adhesive joints .......................................................................................10
4701.02 Classification, Characteristics and Properties of Adhesives.............. 10
Classification of adhesives.....................................................................................10
Physically bonding adhesives ................................................................................11
Chemically reacting adhesives...............................................................................12
Classification of adhesives according to forming reaction and polymer structure 12
Structure of adhesives ............................................................................................13
Properties of duromeres .........................................................................................14
Properties of amorphous thermoplastics................................................................14
Properties of partly crystalline thermoplastics .......................................................15
Stress-strain curve of AlCuMg2 and an epoxy resin adhesive ...............................16
Creep properties of adhesive layers .......................................................................17
Variation of creep strength with temperature ........................................................17
Temperature stability of different adhesive basis ..................................................18
4701.03 Literature/References ............................................................................ 19
4701.04 List of Figures............................................................................................ 20
TALAT 4701 2
3. 4701.01 Definition and Application of Adhesive Bonding
• Adhesive bonding of aluminium
• Classification of adhesive bonding
• Load distribution of joints
• Advantages and disadvantages of adhesive joining
• Structure of an adhesive joint
• Adhesion and cohesion
• Mechanism of deposition of macromolecules on surfaces
• Bond types in adhesive joints
• Bond forces in adhesive joints (dipole bonds)
• Bond forces in adhesive joints (hydrogen bonds)
• Failure of adhesive joints
Adhesive bonding of aluminium
Adhesive joining is defined as the process of joining parts using a non-metallic
substance (adhesive) which undergoes a physical or chemical hardening reaction
causing the parts to join together through surface adherence (adhesion) and internal
strength (cohesion) (Figure 4701.01.01).
Adhesive Bonding of Aluminium
alu
Adhesive Bonding of Aluminium 4701.01.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Classification of adhesive bonding
In the German standards DIN 8580 and 8593, adhesive joining is classified within the
manufacturing processes in the main group joining, the group combination of substances
and the subgroup adhesive joining, together with welding and brazing/soldering (Figure
4701.01.02).
TALAT 4701 3
4. Classification of Adhesive Joining in the Manufacturing
Process According to DIN 8580 and DIN 8593
Manufacturing Process
Main Group Groups Subgroups
1. Amorphous Material 4.1 Combining 4.6.1 Welding
Forming 4.2 Filling
4.6.2 Brazing/Soldering
2. Forming 4.3 Mechanical Joining
3. Separating 4.4 Joining by Processing
Amorphous Materials Adhesive Joining
4.5 Joining by Forming
Joining
Process
4.6 Combining Materials
5. Coating
6. Altering Material
Combining Materials
Properties
alu
Classification of Adhesive Bonding 4701.01.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Load distribution of joints
The main advantage of adhesive joining over welding, riveting, brazing and screw
fastening is that the load is distributed more evenly at right angles to the loading
direction (Figure 4701.01.03). In the direction of the loading itself, however, this is
valid only for scarfed adhesive joints.
Load Distribution at Joints
Welded Joints
Riveted Joints
Adhesive Joint
alu
Load Distribution at Joints 4701.01.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Advantages and disadvantages of adhesive joining
It must be remarked that all the different joining processes are not generally competitive
and should rather be considered as being complementary.
The appropriate joining technology for any application should be chosen on the basis of
TALAT 4701 4
5. its technological and/or economical superiority.
The list showing the advantages and disadvantages of adhesive joining serves as a help
in choosing the appropriate joining method (Figure 4701.01.04).
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Load distributed uniformly at right 1. Influence of time on process properties
angles to loading direction 2. Pretreatment of joining parts surfaces
2. Microstructure unaffected
3. Limited form stability
3. Distortion-free joining
4. Different materials can be joined 4. Process parameters must be held
5. Very thin parts can be joined within very narrow range;low tolerance
6. Weight saving, light constructions 5. Change of properties of joint with time
7. Heat-sensitive materials can be joined
(ageing of adhesive layer etc.)
8. Metals with different electrochemical
properties can be joined (insulating 6. Complicated control of process
effect of adhesive) 7. Low peeling strength, creep sensitive
9. High strength in combination with 8. Low adhesive layer strength must e
riveting, spot welding screw-
compensated by large joining area
fastenings (eliminates crack corrosion)
10.High fatigue strength, good vibration 9. Repair possibilities limited
damping 10.Complicated strength calculation
Source: Habenicht
alu
Advantages and Disadvantages of Adhesive Joining 4701.01.04
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Structure of an adhesive joint
Adhesive joints are composite systems whose strength depends on both the geometrical
design and loading type as well as on the schematically illustrated individual strengths
of the components to be joint, the adhesive and the interface layer.
As in every composite system consisting of different members, the overall strength is
limited by the weakest member (Figure 4701.01.05).
TALAT 4701 5
6. Structure of an Adhesive Joint
1 1 = Strenght of Material to Be Joint
2 2 = Adhering Strenght of the Metal Surface
3 Layer (Ex. Oxide Layer on Base Material)
4
3 = Strenght of the Metal Surface Layer
5
6 4 = Strenght of the Adhesion Bonding
5
4 Between Metal Surface Layer and
3 Adhesive Layer
2
5 = Strenght of Adhesive Layer Bordering
1 the Interface
6 = Cohesion Strenght of the Adhesive Layer
alu
Structure of an Adhesive Joint 4701.01.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Adhesion and cohesion
Adhesion is defined as the adhesive force acting between the adhesive and the surface of
the material. This force is the result of the mechanical interlocking between adhesive
and the material surface roughness (mechanical adhesion) as well as the physical and/or
chemical interaction between the adhesive and the material (specific adhesion).
Cohesion is the strength of the adhesive itself. This is a result of the mechanical
entangling and interlocking of the adhesive molecules and their physical and/or
chemical affinity for each other (Figure 4701.01.06).
Adhesion Cohesion
Specific Adhesion Mechanical Adhesion Cohesion
Physical attractive True chemical Mechanical interlocking
forces (adsorption) bonding between with microtopographic
between atoms and atoms and molecules surface roughness
molecules (chemisorption)
Source: Fauner, Endlich
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Definitions of Adhesion and Cohesion 4701.01.06
TALAT 4701 6
7. A necessary condition for attaining high adhesion forces is the ability of the adhesive to
wet the surfaces of the joining parts properly.
The wetting is optimal when the angle of contact α does not exceed 30° (Figure
4701.01.07). This can be achieved, in principle, by a suitable surface treatment of the
joining parts and by choosing an appropriate viscosity for the adhesive.
Macromolecules, and consequently adhesives also, are adsorbed point-wise and as loops
on the solid surfaces.
adhesive
wetting angle
α substrate surface
α=0° α<90° α=90° α>90° α=180°
spreading good incomplete none
wetting
alu Correlation between Wetting Angle and Wetting Behaviour 4701.01.07
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies of Adhesives
Mechanism of deposition of macromolecules on surfaces
During hardening, the parts of the molecular chains which are not adsorbed, form the
solid adhesive layer due to the formation of intermolecular forces (main and/or
secondary valency forces (Figure 4701.01.08). Among the chemical bond types, the
homopolar bonds (atomic bonds, non-polar bonds, covalent bonds) are the deciding
factors for the manufacturing and wetting capacity of adhesives (formation of main
valency bonds). The metallic bond is important for the formation of high adhesion
forces through chemisorption.
TALAT 4701 7
8. Mechanism of Deposition of Macromolecules
on Surfaces
Desposition Mechanism of Macromolecules on Surfaces
Source: Jenkel, Rumbach
alu
Mechanism of Deposition of Macromolecules on Surfaces 4701.01.08
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Bond types in adhesive joints
The intermolecular bonds (secondary valency bonds) act between the adhesive
molecules as well as between adhesive and the surfaces of the joining parts and are thus
relevant for the cohesion and adhesion strength (Figure 4701.01.09).
Bond Types in Adhesive Joints
Bonds Types
Chemical Bonds Intermolecular Bonds
Homopolar Bonds van-der-Waals Bonds Hydrogen Bonds
Dipole Forces
Heteropolar Bonds
Induction Forces
Metallic Bonds
Dispersion Forces
Source: Habenicht
alu
Bonds Types in Adhesive Joints 4701.01.09
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Bond forces in adhesive joints (dipole bonds)
Numerous adhesives contain polar molecule groups (dipoles) which have a strong
polarising action on the metallic joining parts, the latter being non-polar in themselves.
The dipole forces can operate effectively only if these molecule groups can approach to
TALAT 4701 8
9. within about 0.1 mm of the surface of the joining parts (Figure 4701.01.10). The above
is only possible if the adhesive can wet the solid surfaces optimally.
Bond Forces in Adhesive Joints (Dipole Bonds)
Development of Adhesion Forces Due to Dipole Action Between the Molecules
alu
Bond Forces in Adhesive Joints (Dipole Bonds) 4701.01.10
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Bond forces in adhesive joints (hydrogen bonds)
Hydrogen bonds are a special form of intermolecular bonds. These are, for example,
responsible for the relatively high cohesion strengths of PUR and PA adhesives (Figure
4701.01.11).
Principle of the Action of Hydrogen Bonds
(Example: Polyamides)
H O
- CH2 - CH2 - N - C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - C- N- CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -
O H
H O
-CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - N - C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - C- N- CH2 -
O H
alu
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Bond Forces in Adhesive Joints (Hydrogen Bonds) 4701.01.11
Hydrogen bonds can also be formed between adhesives and solid surfaces when the
latter are oxidised or contain adsorbed hydrogen molecules.
TALAT 4701 9
10. Failure of adhesive joints
The separation of adhesive joints occurs due to the failure of adhesion or cohesion or of
both (i.e., mixed adhesion and cohesion failure) (Figure 4701.01.12).
Failure of Adhesive Joints
Adhesion Failure Cohesion Failure Mixed Failure
alu
Failure of Adhesive Joints 4701.01.12
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
A cohesion failure is to be strived at. An adhesion failure indicates that the surfaces of
the parts to be joint had not been properly pretreated.
4701.02 Classification, Characteristics and Properties of Adhesives
• Classification of adhesives
• Physically bonding adhesives
• Chemically reacting adhesives
• Classification of adhesives according to forming reaction and polymer
structure
• Structure of adhesives
• Properties of duromeres
• Properties of amorphous thermoplastics
• Properties of partly crystalline thermoplastics
• Stress-strain curve of AlCuMg2 and an epoxy resin adhesive
• Creep properties of adhesive layers
• Variation of creep strength with temperature
• Temperature stability of different adhesive basis
Classification of adhesives
In principle, all the listed adhesives can be used for joining metals, albeit with different
results and performances.
TALAT 4701 10
11. Organic ceramic adhesives are a special case of adhesives which have to be hardened at
high temperatures, deliver relatively low strengths but can withstand high operating
temperatures (Figure 4701.02.01).
Classsification of Adhesives
Organic Adhesives Inorganic Adhesives
(Natural and Synthetic Compounds) (Mostly Mineral Basis)
Mixed Classification
(i.e., Silicon Resins)
Physically Bond Chemically Reacting Physically Bond or
Adhesives Adhesives Chemically Reacting
Combined Adhesives
Source: Köhler
alu
Classification of Adhesives 4701.02.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Physically bonding adhesives
Pressure sensitive adhesives and melting adhesives of the physically bonding types can
be used efficiently and should receive, therefore, special consideration (Figure
4701.02.02).
Physically Bond Adhesives
Adhering Adhesives Adhesive Solutions Contact Adhesives Melting Adhesives
Plastic Based
(On Base Material) (Solvent or H O) (Ventilation Time) (Heat Required)
One-Sided One-Sided Double-Sided One-Sided One-Sided
Application Application Application Application Application
Pressure Necessary Pressure Necessary Short-Time high Contact Pressure Contact Pressure
Pressure
Hardening
Cold Hardening Hot Hardening
by Cooling
Single-Component Adhesives
Source: Köhler
alu
Physically Bond Adhesives 4701.02.02
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4701 11
12. Chemically reacting adhesives
Chemically reacting adhesives of the synthetical organic type are, for example, phenolic
resins (PR), epoxy resins (ER), unsaturated polyester resins (UP), polyurethanes (PUR),
cyanoarcylates (CA) and methylacrylates (MA) (Figure 4701.02.03).
Classification of Adhesives
Volatile Components
without Cracking Volatile Components
(Polymerisation and by Cracking
Polyaddition Products)
Contact Pressure High Pressure Necessary
Mechanism of Reaction
Hardener
Exclusion of Air Humidity Separate Hardener Hardener Additive
Heat; Light; and Heat
and Metal Contact (i.e. CA; "No-Mix" (i.e. EP; UP;
US or HF (i.e. Mod.
(i.e. MA) SI; PUR) (Primer, Activator) MA; PUR)
EP and UP)
Warm Warm
Cold Hardening Cold Hardening
Hardening Hardening
Single-Component Adhesive 2- or Multi-Component Adhesive
Source: Köhler
alu
Chemically Reacting Adhesives 4701.02.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Classification of adhesives according to forming reaction and polymer structure
Polymerisation is an exothermic process in which monomers link together to form
macromolecules by the breaking of the double bonds of the C atoms, without cracking
to by-products. Thermoplastics are produced exclusively.
During polycondensation, water is the most common by-product produced. Both
thermoplastics as well as thermosetting plastics are produced.
During polyaddition, the water atoms are only rearranged. Even here, thermoplastics as
well as thermosetting plastics are produced (Figure 4701.02.04).
TALAT 4701 12
13. Classification of Adhesives
Synthetic Adhesives
Polymerisation Polyaddition Polycondensation
Duromeres Duromeres Duromeres
unknown Epoxy Resins Phenol Formaldyde
Polyurethane Resins
(Cross-Linked) Cresol Resins
Resorcin Resins
Urea Resins
Melamine Resins
Polybenzimidazole
Thermoplastics Thermoplastics Polymide
Polyester Unsaturated
Silicone
Cycan Acrylate Polyurethane (Linear)
Anaerobic Adhesives
Mathylacrylates
Polyvinyl Acetate Thermoplastics
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
Polyvinyl Chloride Polyamide
Rubber Polymeres Polyesther Saturated
Ethylene Acrylic Acid Cop. Polysulfone
Source: Habenicht
Classification of Adhesives According to
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Forming Reaction and Polymer Structure
4701.02.04
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Structure of adhesives
Thermosetting plastics - The basic molecules cross-link across a number of free main
valencies to a spatial molecule structure. This results in high strengths and rigidities.
Thermoplastics have a linear molecular structure (string-like macromolecules). A large
number of molecule strings are held together by physical secondary valency bonds.
Amorphous thermoplastics have a "cotton wool" structure. In semi-crystalline
thermoplastics, parts of the microstructure depict a definite structural arrangement so
that the attractive forces in these regions are more intensive than in the amorphous areas
(Figure 4701.02.05).
TALAT 4701 13
14. Structure of Adhesives
Duromere Thermoplastic Thermoplastic
Cross-Linked String Molecules String Molecules
Molecules
Amorphous Amorphous Partly Crystalline
Construction of Polymer Structures of Monomeres
Source: Habenicht
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Structure of Adhesives 4701.02.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Properties of duromeres
Properties of Adhesive Layer
E
Modulus of Elasticity E
sB
B
e
Total Elongation
Tensile Strength
sB
Decomposition
Temperature Range
eB
Temperature [ T ]
Strength Parameters of Duromeres as a Function of Temperature
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Properties of Duromeres 4701.02.06
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
With increasing temperature up the decomposition temperature, the tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity of the thermosetting plastics falls only slightly but the elongation
increases somewhat (Figure 4701.02.06).
Properties of amorphous thermoplastics
With increasing temperature, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the
thermoplastics fall almost uniformly with the elongation increasing at the same time. On
TALAT 4701 14
15. reaching the glass-transition-temperature region, there is a rapid fall in tensile strength
accompanied by a sudden increase in elongation. A further increase in temperature leads
to a maximum in elongation, with the strength approaching zero. Increasing the
temperature further causes the elongation to fall (Figure 4701.02.07).
Properties of Amorphous Thermoplastics
E
Modulus of Elasticity, E
sB
Tensile Strength, sB
Total Elongation, eB
Glassy Entropy- Flow Decomposition
State Elastic Region Temperature Range
Region
eB
Temperature, T
Glass Transition Region
Strength Parameters of Amorphous Thermoplastics
as a Function of Temperature
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Properties of Amorphous Thermoplastics 4701.02.07
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Properties of partly crystalline thermoplastics
The glass-transition-temperature region, which in the case of amorphous thermoplastics
is higher than the practical operational temperature, lies by about 0 °C for the semi-
crystalline thermoplastics. At the melting region of the crystals, these thermoplastics
lose their form. This is the reason for the higher modulus of elasticity and the
insensitivity of the semi-crystalline thermoplastics to impact loadings (Figure
4701.02.08).
TALAT 4701 15
16. Properties of Adhesive Layers
E
Modulus of Elasticity, E
Tensile Strength, sB
Total Elongation, eB
sB
Glassy Entropy- Flow Decomposition
State Elastic Region Temperature Range
Region
eB
Glass Crystallites Temperature, T
Transition Melting
Region Region
Strength Parameters of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics
as a Function of Temperature
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Properties of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics 4701.02.08
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Stress-strain curve of AlCuMg2 and an epoxy resin adhesive
Adhesives exhibit a deformation behaviour very different to that of the metallic parts
being joined. Although the material AlCuMg2 still behaves elastically up to tensile
stresses of about 200 N/mm2 due to its modulus of elasticity, the linear correlation
between stress and strain is valid for only a very narrow region for the adhesive layer.
Characteristic for most polymers is the fact that the major part of the stress-strain curve
is non-linear and that the individual polymers exhibit very different stress-strain
behaviours among themselves (Figure 4701.02.09).
Properties of Adhesive Layers
AlCuMg2
300
Stress, σ
200
100
Epoxy Resin Adhesive
0 10 20 30 40 %
Strain, ε
alu Stress-Strain Curve of AlCuMg2 and
4701.02.09
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies an Epoxy Resin Adhesive
TALAT 4701 16
17. Creep properties of adhesive layers
The tendency of adhesives to creep is the main factor governing the time-temperature
behaviour of the adhesive joint. Creep can be defined as the time-dependent increase in
length of viscoelastic substances subject to a constant tensile load, whereby an
asymptotical load-dependent limiting value of elongation is reached.
Creep Properties of Adhesive Layer
3
Creep Strain [ V ]
2
1
Time [ t ]
Schematic Illustration of the Creep Strain of Adhesives
Source: Späth
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Creep Properties of Adhesive Layer 4701.02.10
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
A typical creep curve exhibits 3 stages of creep (Figure 4701.02.10):
− Primary (transient) creep: - elastic deformation of molecules - rupture of secondary
valency bonds and rearrangement of linked-chain segments - no plastic deformation.
− Secondary (stationary) creep: - constant creep rate - equilibrium between the
competing processes of rupture and creation of new bonds within the molecule
aggregate.
− Tertiary (accelerated) creep: - rupture of adhesive joint initiated - deformation limit
of adhesive layer reached.
Variation of creep strength with temperature
The hardened adhesive layers of the best-known base substances (i.e., phenolic resins,
epoxy resins, epoxy nylons, polyurethane) exhibit a strength behaviour within large
regions of temperatutes similar to the one shown in Figure 4701.02.11.
TALAT 4701 17
18. Strength Properties of Adhesive Layers
N/mm²
50
Adhesive Joint Strength, τB
40
30
20
10
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 °C
Temperature t
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Variation of Adhesive Joint Strength withTemperature 4701.02.11
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
At low temperatures, the strength of the adhesive layer rises only slightly with
temperature (glassy state) until the strength reaches a peak value which, depending on
the structure, can extend over a large temperature range. Due to the increased plasticity
of the adhesive layer, stress peaks occurring at the ends of the overlaps can be reduced.
At still higher temperatures a flow and decomposition process sets in, causing the
strength of the adhesive layer to fall.
Temperature stability of different adhesive basis
The values given in Figure 4701.02.12 are the maximum upper temperature ranges for
the operating condition. These can, however, only serve as rough estimates for limiting
values under operating conditions. Special modifications can be used to attain still
higher limiting values.
Properties of Adhesives
Adhesive Base Temperature Range °C
Epoxy Dicyanodiamide ( Warm Hardening ) 110 ... 130
Epoxy Polyamide ( Cold Hardening ) 60 ... 90
Phenolic Resins ( Warm Hardening ) 80 ... 120
Polymethyl Methylacrylate ( Cold Hardening ) 80 ... 100
Polyurethanes 80 ... 100
Polyesther 60 ... 80
Cyanoacrylate 70 ... 80
Polydiacrylacidester ( Anaerobic Hardening ) 120 ... 150
Polyamides 120 ... 140
Polyimide 200 ... 300
RTV - Silicones 180 ... 190
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Temperature Stability of Different Adhesive Basis 4701.02.12
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 4701 18
19. 4701.03 Literature/References
1. Habenicht, G.: Kleben. Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1990.
2. Fauner, G., Endlich, W.: Angewandte Klebtechnik. Carl Hanser Verlag,
München-Wien 1979.
3. Jenckel, E., Rumbach, B.: Adsorption von hochmolekularen Stoffen aus der
Lösung. J. Elektrochem. 55 (1951) pp. 612-618.
4. Köhler, R.: Zur Systematik der Klebstoffe. Adhäsion 8 (1964) S. 160-164.
5. Späth, W.: Gummi und Kunststoffe, Beiträge zur Technologie der Hochpolymeren.
Gentner, Stuttgart 1956.
6. Brockmann, W., Dorn, L. und Käufer, H.: Kleben von Kunststoff mit Metall.
Springer -Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1989.
7. VDI-Richtlinie 2229: Metallkleben. Ausgabe Juni 1979. VDI-Verlag Düsseldorf
1979.
8. Matting, A.: Metallkleben. Springer-Verlag Berlin 1969.
9. Schliekelmann, R.J.: Metallkleben - Konstruktion und Fertigung in der Praxis.
DVS Verlag Düsseldorf 1972
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20. 4701.04 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
4701.01.01 Adhesive Bonding of Aluminium
4701.01.02 Classification of Adhesive Bonding
4701.01.03 Load Distribution at Joints
4701.01.04 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adhesive Joining
4701.01.05 Structure of an Adhesive Joint
4701.01.06 Adhesion and Cohesion
4701.01.07 Correlation between Wetting Angle and Behaviour of Adhesives
4701.01.08 Mechanism of Deposition of Macromolecules on Surfaces
4701.01.09 Bond Types in Adhesive Joints
4701.01.10 Bond Forces in Adhesive Joints (Dipole Bonds)
4701.01.11 Bond Forces in Adhesive Joints (Hydrogen Bonds)
4701.01.12 Failure of Adhesive Joints
4701.02.01 Classification of Adhesives
4701.02.02 Physically Bond Adhesives
4701.02.03 Chemically Reacting Adhesives
4701.02.04 Classification of Adhesives According to Forming Reaction and Polymer
Structure
4701.02.05 Structure of Adhesives
4701.02.06 Properties of Duromeres
4701.02.07 Properties of Amorphous Thermoplastics
4701.02.08 Properties of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics
4701.02.09 Stress-Strain Curve of AlCuMg2 and an Epoxy Resin Adhesive
4701.02.10 Creep Properties of Adhesive Layer
4701.02.11 Variation of Adhesive Joint Strength with Temperature
4701.02.12 Temperature Stability of Different Adhesive Basis
TALAT 4701 20