This lecture aims at developing a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase Rule. It applies the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys; it also aims at extending the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and at showing how a so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system for alloys balanced in Mg<sub>2</sub>Si.
TALAT Lecture 1601: Process modelling applied to age hardening aluminium alloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the methodology for physical modelling of materials problems, with particular emphasis on heat treatment and welding of age hardening alloys materials; it establishes mathematical relations between different process variables (e.g. alloy composition, heat treatment procedure, welding conditions) and the alloy strength or hardness, based on sound physical principles (e.g. thermodynamics, kinetic theory, dislocation mechanics); it motivates faster process development, optimization of process and properties and development of real-time control. Knowledge in metallurgy, materials science, materials engineering is assumed.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
The document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It defines a phase diagram as a graph used to show equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases. It classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, ternary and quaternary depending on the number of components involved. Binary phase diagrams are described in more detail, including examples of eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and its application to phase diagrams is also covered. Homework questions on interpreting phase diagrams and performing equilibrium calculations are provided.
TALAT Lecture 1205: Introduction to Mechanical Properties, Casting, Forming, ...CORE-Materials
This lecture provides background, basic information on mechanical properties and testing, solidification and casting, joining and corrosion of aluminium and its alloys. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with lectures 1201 and 1203 is assumed.
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY Unit 1 Alloys and Phase Diagramsbooks5884
This document discusses engineering materials and metallurgy. It covers three main topics:
1. Alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase diagrams, and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
2. Heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams and hardenability are also discussed.
3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
Development of Microstructure in eutectic Alloys and Practice problems on Binary Eutectic system
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
The document provides information about phase diagrams and the different types of phases that can exist in alloy systems. It discusses the following key points:
- Phase diagrams show the phases in equilibrium for a given alloy composition at different temperatures. They indicate solidification processes and phase changes with heat treatment.
- Solid solutions are homogeneous solid mixtures where one element dissolves uniformly in the crystal lattice of another. They can be substitutional or interstitial.
- Intermediate phases form in alloy systems with high chemical affinity between elements. They range from ideal solid solutions to ideal chemical compounds.
- The phase rule establishes the relationship between phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It can be used to
A phase diagram shows the equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases at different temperatures and compositions. It plots temperature versus composition. The document discusses unary, binary, ternary and quaternary phase diagrams. It provides details on eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid phase diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and condensed phase rule are also explained. An example iron-iron carbide binary phase diagram is shown and key areas like the eutectoid point are indicated.
TALAT Lecture 1601: Process modelling applied to age hardening aluminium alloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the methodology for physical modelling of materials problems, with particular emphasis on heat treatment and welding of age hardening alloys materials; it establishes mathematical relations between different process variables (e.g. alloy composition, heat treatment procedure, welding conditions) and the alloy strength or hardness, based on sound physical principles (e.g. thermodynamics, kinetic theory, dislocation mechanics); it motivates faster process development, optimization of process and properties and development of real-time control. Knowledge in metallurgy, materials science, materials engineering is assumed.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
The document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It defines a phase diagram as a graph used to show equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases. It classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, ternary and quaternary depending on the number of components involved. Binary phase diagrams are described in more detail, including examples of eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and its application to phase diagrams is also covered. Homework questions on interpreting phase diagrams and performing equilibrium calculations are provided.
TALAT Lecture 1205: Introduction to Mechanical Properties, Casting, Forming, ...CORE-Materials
This lecture provides background, basic information on mechanical properties and testing, solidification and casting, joining and corrosion of aluminium and its alloys. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with lectures 1201 and 1203 is assumed.
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY Unit 1 Alloys and Phase Diagramsbooks5884
This document discusses engineering materials and metallurgy. It covers three main topics:
1. Alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase diagrams, and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
2. Heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams and hardenability are also discussed.
3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
Development of Microstructure in eutectic Alloys and Practice problems on Binary Eutectic system
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
The document provides information about phase diagrams and the different types of phases that can exist in alloy systems. It discusses the following key points:
- Phase diagrams show the phases in equilibrium for a given alloy composition at different temperatures. They indicate solidification processes and phase changes with heat treatment.
- Solid solutions are homogeneous solid mixtures where one element dissolves uniformly in the crystal lattice of another. They can be substitutional or interstitial.
- Intermediate phases form in alloy systems with high chemical affinity between elements. They range from ideal solid solutions to ideal chemical compounds.
- The phase rule establishes the relationship between phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It can be used to
A phase diagram shows the equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases at different temperatures and compositions. It plots temperature versus composition. The document discusses unary, binary, ternary and quaternary phase diagrams. It provides details on eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid phase diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and condensed phase rule are also explained. An example iron-iron carbide binary phase diagram is shown and key areas like the eutectoid point are indicated.
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It describes the phases in the Fe-C system including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. The eutectic and eutectoid reactions are identified. Microstructures that form in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels upon slow cooling are discussed. These include proeutectoid ferrite or cementite plus pearlite. The lever rule is used to determine the fraction of phases. An example problem demonstrates using the phase diagram and lever rule to calculate phase compositions and
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations. It discusses:
- Types of phase diagrams including temperature-composition, pressure-temperature diagrams and their significance
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification and how they differ in terms of microstructure development
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and key concepts related to phase diagrams, including:
- Common components of phase diagrams like phases, solubility limits, and microstructure.
- How to interpret phase diagrams to determine phases present, phase compositions, and relative amounts.
- Common reactions shown on phase diagrams like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic reactions.
- Examples of specific binary alloy phase diagrams like Cu-Ni, Pb-Sn, Al-Si, and Fe-Fe3C.
- How to use phase diagrams to understand alloy microstructure and properties.
This document defines key terms related to iron-carbon phase diagrams and alloy microstructures, including different crystal structures (body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic), phases that can form in iron-carbon alloys (ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite, bainite, martensite), and concepts important to understanding phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, solubility, lever rule). Definitions are provided for over 30 relevant materials science and metallurgy terms.
This document discusses phase diagrams and related concepts. It covers:
- What phase diagrams are and how they are used to show phase structure under different conditions.
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams.
- Examples of binary phase diagrams and how they show equilibrium between phases.
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification processes depicted on phase diagrams.
- Intermediate phases and reactions shown on iron-carbon alloy diagrams.
- Additional concepts like lever rule, eutectic and eutectoid systems, and development of microstructure.
The document summarizes key concepts about the iron-carbon phase diagram and microstructures in steels. It describes the various phases in the Fe-Fe3C system, including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. It explains how the microstructure of steels, such as pearlite, depends on the carbon content and cooling rate. Phase transformations like the eutectoid reaction are also summarized.
This document summarizes Piyush Verma's presentation on the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram for plain carbon steel. It introduces the key phases in iron like ferrite, austenite, cementite and pearlite. It explains how carbon enters the iron crystal lattice and affects its properties. The phase diagram shows the different phases present at various temperatures and carbon concentrations. It also describes the mechanisms of phase transformations like reconstructive and displacive transformations during heating and cooling of steel.
The document describes slow cooling and rapid cooling of an isomorphous alloy using a Cu-Ni system. For slow cooling, the alloy solidifies completely with a uniform composition along the solidus line. For rapid cooling, solidification takes longer and is incomplete, resulting in segregation of grains with non-uniform composition. The document also describes a binary eutectic system using Cu-Ag, which has three single-phase regions (α, β, liquid), limited solid solubility, and a eutectic reaction that occurs at a single temperature and composition.
The document discusses phase diagrams, which are graphical representations showing the phases present in a material system at equilibrium based on temperature, pressure, and composition. It covers different types of binary phase diagrams and the phase transformations represented on them, including eutectic, peritectic, and solid state reactions like eutectoid and peritectoid. Key points covered include common phase diagram features like liquidus and solidus lines, and interpreting phase diagrams to determine phase composition and transformations during cooling.
1. The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different phases of iron as carbon content and temperature vary.
2. It describes the different phases of iron - ferrite, austenite, cementite - and how their crystal structures and carbon solubility change with temperature.
3. Pearlite, an important microstructure in steel, is a lamellar structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite that forms during a eutectoid reaction when austenite cools below 723°C.
The document summarizes the iron-iron carbide phase diagram. It describes the various phases that appear on the diagram including ferrite, pearlite, austenite, cementite, and martensite. It also outlines the three invariant reactions - the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions. Finally, it discusses how the phase diagram is used to understand the microstructural transformations in steels and cast irons that occur during heating and cooling.
Iron Iron-carbide Equilibrium Phase Dia GramGulfam Hussain
The document summarizes key concepts in the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram:
- It describes three horizontal lines on the diagram - the peritectic line at 1479°C, eutectic line at 1140°C, and eutectoid line at 723°C.
- It defines the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions - where the peritectic forms austenite from liquid and solid, the eutectic forms austenite and cementite from liquid, and the eutectoid forms pearlite from austenite.
- It provides details on the phases austenite, ferrite
This document discusses time-temperature transformation (TTT) curves and the different microstructures that form in steel depending on the cooling process. It provides details on:
1) Isothermal TTT curves show the change in phase that occurs at constant temperature and can indicate the start and finish of transformations.
2) The TTT diagram for eutectoid steel shows the transformations of austenite to pearlite, bainite, and martensite depending on temperature and time.
3) Different cooling processes (paths on the TTT diagram) will result in different microstructures like martensite, bainite, or pearlite, with martensite being the hardest and strongest and
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It defines the key phases - ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite - and explains how they form and transform based on the iron-carbon diagram. Specifically, it describes how hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels will transform as they cool, forming either primary ferrite, pearlite, or primary cementite structures respectively. The document provides detailed information on interpreting the iron-carbon phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of aluminium powder metallurgy, including:
1) Various processes for producing and consolidating aluminium alloy powders such as atomization, mechanical alloying, compaction, and sintering.
2) How powder metallurgy can extend the useful property range of aluminium alloys through rapid solidification and compositions not possible with ingot metallurgy.
3) Examples of powder metallurgy aluminium alloys for applications requiring low density, high strength, and high temperature capabilities.
4) Characterization methods for analysing properties of aluminium powders such as composition, microstructure, particle size, and shape.
TALAT Lecture 1302: Aluminium Extrusion: Alloys, Shapes and PropertiesCORE-Materials
This lecture provides sufficient information on the extrusion of aluminum and the performance of extruded products to ensure that students, users and potential users of those products can understand the fabrication features that affect properties and economics. It shows how, in consequence, alloy choice for any end application depends not only on the characteristics required for that end use but also on production requirements. General knowledge in materials engineering and some knowledge about aluminium alloy constitution and heat treatment is assumed.
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It describes the phases in the Fe-C system including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. The eutectic and eutectoid reactions are identified. Microstructures that form in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels upon slow cooling are discussed. These include proeutectoid ferrite or cementite plus pearlite. The lever rule is used to determine the fraction of phases. An example problem demonstrates using the phase diagram and lever rule to calculate phase compositions and
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations. It discusses:
- Types of phase diagrams including temperature-composition, pressure-temperature diagrams and their significance
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification and how they differ in terms of microstructure development
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and key concepts related to phase diagrams, including:
- Common components of phase diagrams like phases, solubility limits, and microstructure.
- How to interpret phase diagrams to determine phases present, phase compositions, and relative amounts.
- Common reactions shown on phase diagrams like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic reactions.
- Examples of specific binary alloy phase diagrams like Cu-Ni, Pb-Sn, Al-Si, and Fe-Fe3C.
- How to use phase diagrams to understand alloy microstructure and properties.
This document defines key terms related to iron-carbon phase diagrams and alloy microstructures, including different crystal structures (body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic), phases that can form in iron-carbon alloys (ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite, bainite, martensite), and concepts important to understanding phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, solubility, lever rule). Definitions are provided for over 30 relevant materials science and metallurgy terms.
This document discusses phase diagrams and related concepts. It covers:
- What phase diagrams are and how they are used to show phase structure under different conditions.
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams.
- Examples of binary phase diagrams and how they show equilibrium between phases.
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification processes depicted on phase diagrams.
- Intermediate phases and reactions shown on iron-carbon alloy diagrams.
- Additional concepts like lever rule, eutectic and eutectoid systems, and development of microstructure.
The document summarizes key concepts about the iron-carbon phase diagram and microstructures in steels. It describes the various phases in the Fe-Fe3C system, including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. It explains how the microstructure of steels, such as pearlite, depends on the carbon content and cooling rate. Phase transformations like the eutectoid reaction are also summarized.
This document summarizes Piyush Verma's presentation on the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram for plain carbon steel. It introduces the key phases in iron like ferrite, austenite, cementite and pearlite. It explains how carbon enters the iron crystal lattice and affects its properties. The phase diagram shows the different phases present at various temperatures and carbon concentrations. It also describes the mechanisms of phase transformations like reconstructive and displacive transformations during heating and cooling of steel.
The document describes slow cooling and rapid cooling of an isomorphous alloy using a Cu-Ni system. For slow cooling, the alloy solidifies completely with a uniform composition along the solidus line. For rapid cooling, solidification takes longer and is incomplete, resulting in segregation of grains with non-uniform composition. The document also describes a binary eutectic system using Cu-Ag, which has three single-phase regions (α, β, liquid), limited solid solubility, and a eutectic reaction that occurs at a single temperature and composition.
The document discusses phase diagrams, which are graphical representations showing the phases present in a material system at equilibrium based on temperature, pressure, and composition. It covers different types of binary phase diagrams and the phase transformations represented on them, including eutectic, peritectic, and solid state reactions like eutectoid and peritectoid. Key points covered include common phase diagram features like liquidus and solidus lines, and interpreting phase diagrams to determine phase composition and transformations during cooling.
1. The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different phases of iron as carbon content and temperature vary.
2. It describes the different phases of iron - ferrite, austenite, cementite - and how their crystal structures and carbon solubility change with temperature.
3. Pearlite, an important microstructure in steel, is a lamellar structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite that forms during a eutectoid reaction when austenite cools below 723°C.
The document summarizes the iron-iron carbide phase diagram. It describes the various phases that appear on the diagram including ferrite, pearlite, austenite, cementite, and martensite. It also outlines the three invariant reactions - the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions. Finally, it discusses how the phase diagram is used to understand the microstructural transformations in steels and cast irons that occur during heating and cooling.
Iron Iron-carbide Equilibrium Phase Dia GramGulfam Hussain
The document summarizes key concepts in the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram:
- It describes three horizontal lines on the diagram - the peritectic line at 1479°C, eutectic line at 1140°C, and eutectoid line at 723°C.
- It defines the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions - where the peritectic forms austenite from liquid and solid, the eutectic forms austenite and cementite from liquid, and the eutectoid forms pearlite from austenite.
- It provides details on the phases austenite, ferrite
This document discusses time-temperature transformation (TTT) curves and the different microstructures that form in steel depending on the cooling process. It provides details on:
1) Isothermal TTT curves show the change in phase that occurs at constant temperature and can indicate the start and finish of transformations.
2) The TTT diagram for eutectoid steel shows the transformations of austenite to pearlite, bainite, and martensite depending on temperature and time.
3) Different cooling processes (paths on the TTT diagram) will result in different microstructures like martensite, bainite, or pearlite, with martensite being the hardest and strongest and
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It defines the key phases - ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite - and explains how they form and transform based on the iron-carbon diagram. Specifically, it describes how hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels will transform as they cool, forming either primary ferrite, pearlite, or primary cementite structures respectively. The document provides detailed information on interpreting the iron-carbon phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of aluminium powder metallurgy, including:
1) Various processes for producing and consolidating aluminium alloy powders such as atomization, mechanical alloying, compaction, and sintering.
2) How powder metallurgy can extend the useful property range of aluminium alloys through rapid solidification and compositions not possible with ingot metallurgy.
3) Examples of powder metallurgy aluminium alloys for applications requiring low density, high strength, and high temperature capabilities.
4) Characterization methods for analysing properties of aluminium powders such as composition, microstructure, particle size, and shape.
TALAT Lecture 1302: Aluminium Extrusion: Alloys, Shapes and PropertiesCORE-Materials
This lecture provides sufficient information on the extrusion of aluminum and the performance of extruded products to ensure that students, users and potential users of those products can understand the fabrication features that affect properties and economics. It shows how, in consequence, alloy choice for any end application depends not only on the characteristics required for that end use but also on production requirements. General knowledge in materials engineering and some knowledge about aluminium alloy constitution and heat treatment is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2401: Fatigue Behaviour and AnalysisCORE-Materials
This lecture explains why, when and where fatigue problems may arise and the special significance to aluminium as structural material; it helps to understand the effects of material and loading parameters on fatigue; to appreciate the statistical nature of fatigue and its importance in data analysis, evaluation and use; it shows how to estimate fatigue life under service conditions of time-dependent, variable amplitude loading; how to estimate stresses acting in notches and welds with conceptual approaches other than nominal stress; it provides qualitative and quantitative information on the classification of welded details and allow for more sophisticated design procedures. Background in materials engineering, design and fatigue is required.
TALAT Lecture 3702: Tribology in Cold Forming of Aluminium SheetCORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of tribology and friction in cold forming of aluminum sheet metal. It discusses:
1) The importance of friction in sheet metal drawing and the different friction zones that exist. Both low and high friction is needed in different areas to control material flow.
2) How the microtopography of the sheet surface impacts friction and the mechanisms of friction. Surface treatments can make the surface isotropic and better retain lubricant.
3) Tests used to measure friction coefficients in strip drawing tests that simulate the forming process. Surface properties greatly influence friction behavior.
4) The tribological system involves the sheet surface, tool surface, and lubricant working together to prevent adhesion. Both surface roughness
This lecture helps to gain an understanding of the interaction between part design, tool design and forging process parameters in order to achieve optimum quality forged products. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2101.01: Understanding aluminium as a materialCORE-Materials
This lecture is an introduction to aluminium alloys, fabrication methods and properties. It provides information about the classification of aluminium alloys, new alloys and composites; shaping processes, processing chains and component shapes; microstructure and the interaction between microstructure and properties. It promotes understanding of the fact that the correct choice of materials demands knowledge of alloys, shaping processes and microstructure and the interaction among them. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
This lecture gives definition and explanation of terms; it teaches the most important fundamental laws governing deep drawing; it explains special considerations for deep drawing of aluminium sheet metal. Background in production engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 3701 is assumed.
The document discusses the heat treatment process of annealing. It begins by defining heat treatment as heating a metal to a specified temperature, keeping it at that temperature for a period of time, then cooling at a specified rate. Annealing is described as a heat treatment that involves heating metal above its recrystallization temperature, holding for some time, then slowly cooling to develop an equilibrium structure with increased ductility. The document outlines the stages of annealing as recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.
The document discusses phase transitions and phase diagrams. It defines key concepts like phases, phase boundaries, phase rules, and Gibbs' phase rule. It provides examples of phase diagrams for single-component systems like water and sulfur, as well as two-component solid-liquid systems that can form either eutectic mixtures or congruent melting compounds. Phase diagrams are useful for understanding equilibrium conditions between phases and how intensive properties like temperature and pressure influence phase changes.
1. The document discusses phase diagrams and thermodynamics of mixing.
2. It explains how phase diagrams can be used to determine the number and types of phases present, the composition of each phase, and the amount of each phase at a given temperature and composition.
3. Binary eutectic and eutectoid systems allow for a range of microstructures depending on the cooling rate, and alloying generally increases strength but decreases ductility due to solid solution strengthening.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
This document discusses various forms of corrosion that can affect aluminium and aluminium alloys. It describes general corrosion that can occur in acid and neutral solutions. It also covers localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, filiform, and biological corrosion. Factors influencing galvanic and intergranular corrosion are presented. The document also discusses mechanically assisted degradation like erosion, fretting corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with descriptions of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.
literature review of Titanium alloys and linear friction weldingYinaGuo
This chapter provides an overview of titanium alloys, including their classification, microstructural features, and phase transformations. It discusses the allotropic phase transformation between the hexagonal close-packed α phase and body-centered cubic β phase in titanium. Key points include that titanium alloys are classified as α, α-β, and β alloys depending on their alloying elements and microstructures. α-β alloys have a mixture of α and β phases at room temperature and are the most widely used commercial titanium alloys. Microstructures and properties of titanium alloys depend strongly on their processing history and heat treatments.
This lecture constitutes an introduction to creep and to the creep response of aluminium and its alloys. It provides basic information on creep and its mechanisms; it gives a description of the more extensively used mathematical relations among creep variables (time, stress and temperature); it illustrates the creep response of pure Aluminium and of Al-Mg alloys; it provides a synthesis of the information available in the literature on the creep behaviour of a number of new alloys and composites in the form of a series of figures elaborated on the basis of the data reported in same sources. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with TALAT lectures 1201 through 1205 is assumed.
This document provides a review of aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics. It discusses the phase equilibria and crystal structures in the AlN-Al2O3 system, focusing on a constant anion spinel model. Processing and typical microstructures of AlN and AlON are described and compared. Selected mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of AlN and AlON are presented and compared to aluminum oxide.
This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
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1. TALAT Lecture 1203
Phase Diagrams
14 pages, 13 Figures
Basic Level
prepared by M H Jacobs *
Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Materials
The University of Birmingham, UK
(Based on approach adopted by Dr D J Stratford of The School of Metallurgy &
Materials at the University of Birmingham)
Objectives
To develop a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the
model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase
Rule.
To apply the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys.
To extend the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and to show how a
so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system
for alloys balanced in Mg2Si.
Date of Issue: 1999
EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 1203 Phase Diagrams
Contents
1203 Phase Diagrams__________________________________________________2
1203.01 Introduction to binary and ternary phase diagrams ___________________ 3
1203.01.01 Background - single and two component systems _________________________3
1203.01.02 Model binary systems_______________________________________________5
(a) Cu-Ni ________________________________________________________________5
(b) Ni-Pt_________________________________________________________________7
(c) Au-Ni ________________________________________________________________8
(d) Ag-Cu________________________________________________________________9
1203.01.03 Some important aluminium-rich binary systems __________________________9
1203.01.04 Ternary phase diagrams ____________________________________________11
1203.02 Pseudo-binary diagrams (particularly Al- Mg2Si) ____________________ 12
1203.03 References ____________________________________________________ 14
1203.04 List of Figures ___________________________________________________ 14
TALAT 1203 2
3. 1203.01 Introduction to binary and ternary phase diagrams
1203.01.01 Background - single and two component systems
Super-pure aluminium is a single component material, that is, the only material is
aluminium: below its melting point it is a single phase solid (crystalline aluminium
with a face-centred cubic structure - see lecture 1201); above its melting point it is a
single phase liquid; and at atmospheric pressure it has a unique melting point at
933°K (660°C) which is co-incident with its freezing point when solidifying from
liquid to solid. Experimentally. the freezing point may be determined by
measurement of a cooling curve from liquid to solid, as shown schematically in
Figure 1203.01.01. The transformation from liquid to solid during solidification at the
freezing point is accompanied by the evolution of latent heat. This causes a
temporary arrest in the cooling curve at the freezing point.
Solidification occurs by the nucleation and growth of dendrites of solid aluminium,
Figure 1203.01.01 (see also lecture 1201 and Figure 1201.03.06). During the
growth of dendrites, two phases are present; the solid dendrites and the remaining
liquid. According to Gibb’s Phase Rule, see box below, at a constant pressure of one
atmosphere the temperature of solidifying aluminium remains constant until
solidification is complete (pure aluminium is a single component system (c = 1), two
phases are present during solidification (p = 2); hence, f = 0 and there are no degrees
of freedom, so the temperature cannot be a variable according to the phase rule and is
constant).
TALAT 1203 3
4. Gibb’s Phase Rule
This states that if a system containing c components and p phases is in equilibrium then the number of
degrees of freedom f is given by the relationship:
p + f = c + 2
A degree of freedom is a variable such as temperature (T), pressure (P) or composition (Xa, Xb, etc).
For the purposes of this lecture, the pressure (P) is constant at one atmosphere; hence, one degree of
freedom is lost and the Phase Rule for this special case becomes
p + f= c + 1 (at constant pressure)
The above argument assumes that the pressure environment is inert. In practice this
probably will not be true, and is more likely to be air. In one atmosphere of air,
oxygen reacts immediately with aluminium at the air / aluminium interface to produce
a second phase, aluminium oxide. This reaction applies not only to pure aluminium
but to all of its alloys - we shall take it ‘as read’ in the presentation below in which we
concentrate on the interactions between the metallic components in aluminium alloys.
In general, engineering materials are composed of a system of more than one
component and more than one phase. This applies to aluminium alloys. A phase is a
region of system that is separated from the remainder by a mechanical interface.
Again in general, each different phase will have a characteristic composition and
crystal structure.
Let us take as an example the system of aluminium and iron. Atoms of aluminium
have a diameter of 0.29nm, which is much larger than the diameter of an iron atom at
0.25nm [1] (see also Figure 1201.03.02 in lecture 1201). At a high temperature, in
the liquid state, atoms are far apart; consequently, liquid aluminium will readily mix
with liquid iron to produce a system composed of a single phase - a solution of liquid
aluminium and iron.
The situation is very different at around room temperature in the solid state. The large
atomic size difference and the fact that solid aluminium is face-centred cubic and
solid iron is body-centred cubic at low temperatures mean that there is extremely low
solubility between aluminium and iron in the solid. Consequently, iron is regarded as
an ‘impurity’ in 1xxx type wrought alloys of ‘commercially pure’ aluminium, in
which it appears as particles of an ‘intermetallic phase’ FeAl3.
A phase diagram (often also called an equilibrium diagram) is a convenient way of
representing the phases present in an alloy system at equilibrium as a function of
composition and temperature (remember, pressure is one atmosphere). A system of
two components is known as a ‘binary system’ ; one with three components as a
‘ternary system’, and so on.
Clearly, the aim of this lecture is to demonstrate how phase diagrams can be used to
TALAT 1203 4
5. aid the appreciation and interpretation of how aluminium alloys respond to
mechanical processing and heat treatment, topics of great importance to the
understanding of the metallurgy of aluminium alloys. Unfortunately, phase diagrams
of aluminium alloys are not of the simplest type and their interpretation requires some
prior knowledge. This prior knowledge is developed in the next section, where the
principles for simple systems of Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu are presented. This
will put us in the position, later in this lecture, to look at binary and ternary diagrams
for aluminium alloys.
1203.01.02 Model binary systems
(a) Cu-Ni
Let us begin with the simplest of all metallic binary systems; one in which there is
complete solubility (mixing and complete miscibility of atoms) in both the liquid and
solid states. Alloys of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) are an example of such a system.
The phase diagram for Cu-Ni is shown in Figure 1203.01.02, where the diagram
follows the normal presentation, with the ordinate as temperature and the abscissa is
composition, plotted in this case as wt% Ni (Note: an abscissa in atomic % is an
alternative presentation, but we will use weight % in this lecture).
The first point to note is that pure solid copper and pure solid nickel both have face-
centred cubic crystal structures (see Figure 1201.02.05) with closely similar lattice
spacings, see Figure1203.01.02 (here, the lattice spacing a is defined as the length of
the cube edge of the unit cell). For pure copper a = 0.3615nm and for pure nickel a =
0.3524nm [1]. Furthermore, the atomic diameter for each metal may be defined as the
nearest neighbour distance, which for a fcc structure is given by (a√2)/2. Hence the
atomic diameter for pure copper is 0.2556nm and for pure nickel is 0.2492nm. The
difference in atomic diameters is small at 2.5%. For all of these reasons, together
with other thermodynamic and electron structure reasons which are outside the scope
TALAT 1203 5
6. of this lecture [2,3], copper and nickel are fully soluble (miscible) in the solid state -
they form a continuous solid solution at all compositions - this is represented on the
phase diagram of the system, Figure 1203.01.02. Note that, apart from the pure
elements, all alloys of Cu and Ni have a range of temperatures over which
solidification (freezing) occurs - the field is defined by the liquidus and solidus lines
on the phase diagram. We now need to look more closely at the consequences of this.
In Figure 1203.01.03 consider and alloy X composed of Cu + 50wt% Ni, initially at
some high temperature, say 1,400°C; the liquid is a uniform solution XL of Cu and Ni.
Next, consider what happens if this liquid is slowly cooled. When the temperature has
fallen to T1 and just below, the liquidus line is intersected and solidification begins.
The first solid that forms is of composition XS, approximately 65wt% Ni in the
example, Figure 1203.01.03. As cooling proceeds under equilibrium conditions, the
compositions of the solid formed and the remaining liquid follow precisely those
defined by the solidus and liquidus lines (this, in fact, if how the phase diagram is
determined experimentally in the first place). For example, at a temperature T2, the
composition of the solid is Xa and of the liquid. Xb ; the relative amounts of solid
phase (α solid solution) and liquid are given by the lever rule, as follows:
amount of α phase = Xb - X
amount of liquid X - Xa
Clearly at temperature T2, indeed at any temperature between T1 and T3, two phases
are present in equilibrium - α solid solution and liquid. According to Gibb’s phase
rule, we have a two component system, with Cu and Ni (c = 2) and two phases, with
solid and liquid (p = 2), hence there is one degree of freedom (f = 1), which allows
temperature to be a variable. In physical terms, this means that solidification takes
place over a range of temperature, as indicated in Figure 1203.01.03. The mixture of
solid and liquid is often referred to as ‘mushy material’. When the temperature has
fallen to T3, the alloy emerges from the mushy zone and the last solid to freeze will
have composition, X.
TALAT 1203 6
7. Under true equilibrium conditions (that is, extremely slow cooling) the solid solution
constantly changes its composition by diffusion such that, upon reaching T3, the
material is 100% solid and of uniform composition X (Cu + 50wt% Ni in Figure
1203.01.03).
In practice, the solidification of alloys during industrial processing is never at a
sufficiently slow cooling rate for equilibrium to be maintained. Time is not available
for composition gradients to be removed by diffusion and dendrites with spines rich in
the first solid solution to be solidified are retained. In the case of Cu-Ni, the spines are
rich in nickel. This leads directly to coring of the α- solid solution dendrites, Figure
1203.01.04, where the core of each dendrite is rich in Ni. As indicated above, coring
is common place at commercially used cooling rates and this leads directly to
variations in composition - microsegregation. Microsegregation is usually on a
relatively large scale of distance - many µm - and, because of the large diffusion
distances involved, a long homogenisation treatment is required at a high heat
treatment temperature in order to obtain an α-solid solution of uniform composition.
(b) Ni-Pt
Let us now move on to another binary system, Ni-Pt, see Figure 1203.01.05, where
again both pure elements are fcc but the difference in atom diameters is larger at
10.4%. The larger atomic size difference depresses the solidification temperature, but
it is not too big to prevent the atoms in the solid state from existing at random sites on
the same crystal lattice at temperatures down to room temperature - the diagram is
spanned by a complete series of random α - solid solutions.
TALAT 1203 7
8. (c) Au-Ni
Figure 1203.01.06 is the phase diagram for Au-Ni, again both fcc but with an even
bigger atomic size difference of 13.6%. There is still mutual solubility in the solid
state, but at low temperatures the size difference is accommodated by random mixing
being replaced by clustering via diffusion of higher compositions of atoms of similar
type [2]. Two distinct phases, S1 rich in Au and S2 rich in Ni are formed, whose
composition depends on the alloy composition and the temperature and cooling rate.
TALAT 1203 8
9. (d) Ag-Cu
Figure 1203.01.07 shows the phase diagram for Ag-Cu, again both fcc and with a
large difference in atom size at 11.5%. In this case, there is no single solid solution
across the whole wide of the diagram; only end members α and β, which are
characterised by increasing solid solubilities up to maxima A and B at the so-called
eutectic temperature (780°C in the specific case of Ag-Cu). It is emphasised at this
point that this feature of increasing solid solubility with temperature will extremely
important when we come to look at aluminium alloys, because it is central to the topic
of precipitation hardening. Solid alloy between the end member solid solutions
consists of a so-called eutectic mixture of two phases α and β.
1203.01.03 Some important aluminium-rich binary systems
Figure 1203.01.08 shows two important systems, Al-Si and Al-Cu. Both are eutectic
systems. Al-Si is a classical eutectic system, with a phase diagram with
characteristics similar in that of the Ag-Cu phase diagram presented above. Alloys of
Al and Si are important as casting alloys and we will return to this system in lecture
1205.
TALAT 1203 9
10. The Al-Cu system is important as a classical precipitation hardening system for alloys
of up to ~ 4wt% Cu, and we will look in much more detail at this system in the next
lecture 1204. It is to be noted that the equilibrium eutectic phases are α and θ, where
θ is the intermetallic phase CuAl2.
Finally, let us return to where we began with the Al-Fe system. The phase diagram
for Al-Fe is shown in Figure 1203.01.09. Two points are to be noted: (1) the
solubility of Fe in Al is extremely small, only 0.04 wt%Fe at 655°C and decreasing to
virtually zero at room temperature; and (2) the second equilibrium eutectic phase is
the intermetallic phase FeAl3. Hence, the problem associates with iron as an impurity
in aluminium that we looked at the beginning of this lecture. At this point, however,
it must be emphasised that phase diagrams deal with equilibrium situations and, for
example, rapid quenching can and does introduce quite different metallurgical
considerations - in fact, novel alloys based on very rapidly quenched Al-8wt%Fe
contain interesting non-equilibrium structures with potentially valuable mechanical
properties - this is discussed in lecture 1254.
TALAT 1203 10
11. 1203.01.04 Ternary phase diagrams
The concepts presented above for binary systems may all be extended to three
component systems (and indeed higher order systems), the main problem being in the
complexity of presenting the data on paper. The situation is illustrated in
Figure 1203.01.10 which is a three-dimensional representation of a hypothetical
system of three components A, B and C, all alloys of which exhibit solid solubility. A
vertical binary section for A and B components will be as we have discussed above.
Similar vertical sections could be drawn for binary alloys A + C and B + C. A planar
horizontal section of such a ternary diagram shows equilibrium phases present at the
temperature T selected; this is demonstrated in Figure 1203.01.11. It is also common
practice to show non-planar horizontal sections in the form of contour maps where,
for example, isotherms of temperature are displayed. This is illustrated below for an
example of great importance to the metallurgy of commercial aluminium alloys - for
the AlMgSi system.
TALAT 1203 11
12. 1203.02 Pseudo-binary diagrams (particularly Al- Mg2Si)
Figure 1203.02.01 shows the liquidus surface at the aluminium-rich corner of the
AlMgSi ternary phase diagram [4]. Also shown is the pseudo-binary line (also called
the quasi-binary line) for the composition Al- Mg2Si. The pseudo-binary section of
the AlMgSi system is extremely important because a series of commercially-
important engineering alloys are based on the composition Al-Mg2Si. The equilibrium
phase in these alloys is Mg2Si - hence, a pseudo-binary section, similar to the Al-
CuAl2 binary for Al-Cu, Figure 1203.01.08, is of value and is shown in Figure
1203.02.02. This diagram forms the starting point, in lecture 1204, for a detailed
presentation of precipitation hardening in Al-Mg2Si alloys.
TALAT 1203 12
14. 1203.03 References
1. Smithells Metals Reference Book, 7th edition, edited by E A Brandes and G B
Brook, Butterworth Heinemann, 1992
2. B Chalmers, Physical Metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons / Chapman & Hall, 1959.
3. D A Porter and K E Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd
edition, Chapman & Hall, 1992.
4. L E Mondolfo, Aluminium Alloys - Structure and Properties, Butterworths, 1976.
1203.04 List of Figures
Figure Nr. Figure Title (Overhead)
1203.01.01 Solidification of pure aluminium
1203.01.02 Phase diagram for Cu- Ni
1203.01.03 Solidification of a Cu – 50 wt% Ni Alloy
1203.01.04 Coring of dendrites in Cu-Ni
1203.01.05 Phase Diagram for Ni-Pt
1203.01.06 Phase Diagram for Au-Ni
1203.01.07 Phase Diagram for Ag - Cu
1203.01.08 Phase diagrams for (a) Al-Si and (b) Al-Cu
1203.01.09 Phase diagram for Al-Fe
1203.01.10 Ternary phase diagram – Vertical Section
1203.01.11 Ternary phase diagram – horizontal section
1203.02.01 Section of Al-Mg-Si ternary diagram
1203.02.02 Pseudo-binary section of Al-Mg-Si ternary diagram
TALAT 1203 14