This lecture provides background, basic information on mechanical properties and testing, solidification and casting, joining and corrosion of aluminium and its alloys. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with lectures 1201 and 1203 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
TALAT Lecture 1202: Metallography of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture aims at providing a survey of the metallographic techniques available for the examination of aluminium and its alloys. The information must be sufficient to be sure that the students and the users are able to choose the most suitable technique to solve their problems in the examination of samples. The lecture should contain a direct understanding of the main problems in the metallography of the different classes of aluminium materials.
This lecture provides an introduction to the metallurgy of precipitation hardening, with a presentation of the fundamental mechanisms involved and illustrations from alloys which form the basis for engineering alloys. The Al-Mg<sub>2</sub>Si system is discussed in some detail because of its commercial importance. The microstructural aspects of precipitation hardening are illustrated by examples, many of which were obtained by electron microscopy; an outline of the background to electron microscopy is given in an appendix. Familiarity with the subject matter covered in earlier lectures 1201, 1202 and 1203 is assumed.
This lecture aims at developing a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase Rule. It applies the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys; it also aims at extending the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and at showing how a so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system for alloys balanced in Mg<sub>2</sub>Si.
TALAT Lecture 1601: Process modelling applied to age hardening aluminium alloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the methodology for physical modelling of materials problems, with particular emphasis on heat treatment and welding of age hardening alloys materials; it establishes mathematical relations between different process variables (e.g. alloy composition, heat treatment procedure, welding conditions) and the alloy strength or hardness, based on sound physical principles (e.g. thermodynamics, kinetic theory, dislocation mechanics); it motivates faster process development, optimization of process and properties and development of real-time control. Knowledge in metallurgy, materials science, materials engineering is assumed.
Crystal structures determine material properties. Common structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC materials like copper are soft while BCC like tungsten are hard. HCP materials include magnesium and zinc. Cobalt and chromium can transform between structures with temperature changes. Grain boundaries in materials are weak points that chemicals can attack. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning along crystal planes. Ductile fracture follows plastic deformation while brittle fracture precedes it.
Elastomers are polymers that can undergo large elastic deformations when force is applied and then quickly recover their original shape when the force is removed. Their molecular chains are coiled like springs. When force is applied, the chains uncoil and stretch the material. Upon release of force, the chains recoil back to the original shape. Crosslinking the chains restricts viscous flow under force and allows the material to retain its elastic properties after many stretch-release cycles. The elasticity of an elastomer can be controlled by the amount of crosslinking, with more crosslinks producing a harder, stiffer material.
This document discusses phase transformations that occur during welding of different materials. It covers topics like weld CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent calculations for preheating requirements of steels, welding metallurgy of stainless steels, and Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams. The objectives are to understand weld metal microstructure development, factors affecting weldability, and predicting weld metal phase constitution. Keywords discussed include CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent values, Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams, and microstructures like grain boundary ferrite and Widmanstatten ferrite.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
TALAT Lecture 1202: Metallography of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture aims at providing a survey of the metallographic techniques available for the examination of aluminium and its alloys. The information must be sufficient to be sure that the students and the users are able to choose the most suitable technique to solve their problems in the examination of samples. The lecture should contain a direct understanding of the main problems in the metallography of the different classes of aluminium materials.
This lecture provides an introduction to the metallurgy of precipitation hardening, with a presentation of the fundamental mechanisms involved and illustrations from alloys which form the basis for engineering alloys. The Al-Mg<sub>2</sub>Si system is discussed in some detail because of its commercial importance. The microstructural aspects of precipitation hardening are illustrated by examples, many of which were obtained by electron microscopy; an outline of the background to electron microscopy is given in an appendix. Familiarity with the subject matter covered in earlier lectures 1201, 1202 and 1203 is assumed.
This lecture aims at developing a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase Rule. It applies the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys; it also aims at extending the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and at showing how a so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system for alloys balanced in Mg<sub>2</sub>Si.
TALAT Lecture 1601: Process modelling applied to age hardening aluminium alloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the methodology for physical modelling of materials problems, with particular emphasis on heat treatment and welding of age hardening alloys materials; it establishes mathematical relations between different process variables (e.g. alloy composition, heat treatment procedure, welding conditions) and the alloy strength or hardness, based on sound physical principles (e.g. thermodynamics, kinetic theory, dislocation mechanics); it motivates faster process development, optimization of process and properties and development of real-time control. Knowledge in metallurgy, materials science, materials engineering is assumed.
Crystal structures determine material properties. Common structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC materials like copper are soft while BCC like tungsten are hard. HCP materials include magnesium and zinc. Cobalt and chromium can transform between structures with temperature changes. Grain boundaries in materials are weak points that chemicals can attack. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning along crystal planes. Ductile fracture follows plastic deformation while brittle fracture precedes it.
Elastomers are polymers that can undergo large elastic deformations when force is applied and then quickly recover their original shape when the force is removed. Their molecular chains are coiled like springs. When force is applied, the chains uncoil and stretch the material. Upon release of force, the chains recoil back to the original shape. Crosslinking the chains restricts viscous flow under force and allows the material to retain its elastic properties after many stretch-release cycles. The elasticity of an elastomer can be controlled by the amount of crosslinking, with more crosslinks producing a harder, stiffer material.
This document discusses phase transformations that occur during welding of different materials. It covers topics like weld CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent calculations for preheating requirements of steels, welding metallurgy of stainless steels, and Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams. The objectives are to understand weld metal microstructure development, factors affecting weldability, and predicting weld metal phase constitution. Keywords discussed include CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent values, Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams, and microstructures like grain boundary ferrite and Widmanstatten ferrite.
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
The document discusses microstructures in steels and other alloys. It includes images and descriptions of different microstructures like pearlite, martensite, bainite, and ferrite that form under various cooling conditions from austenite. It also discusses microstructures in cast irons like spheroidal graphite, flake graphite, and ledeburite. The final section discusses sealed quench furnaces and includes images of loads of components prepared for case hardening and quenching treatments.
This document discusses welding metallurgy and basic metallurgical concepts relevant to welding. It covers topics like crystalline structures of metals, phase transformations, alloying effects, microstructures like ferrite, pearlite, and martensite, and the influence of cooling rate on microstructure. It also discusses the heat affected zone and issues that can arise from changes in composition and cooling rate near the weld interface.
Topic related to material science and metallurgy, Includes basic information about steel.Also the Iron-Iron Carbon Diagrams and its structures with various features of fe-c diagram.
This document discusses metallurgy and material science, specifically focusing on the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures and transformations associated with steels. It describes the five individual phases in the Fe-C diagram, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and liquid. It also discusses the three invariant reactions of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid. The document classifies different types of steels and cast irons based on their carbon content and describes the microstructures of hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It also discusses phase transformations in steels including pearlite, bainite, and martensite
Ch 27.12 common applications of various materialsNandan Choudhary
Duralumin is an aluminum alloy containing 3.5-4.5% copper, 0.4-0.7% manganese, and 0.4-0.7% magnesium. It has a maximum tensile strength of around 400 MPa after heat treatment and age hardening. Duralumin is widely used for forging, stamping, bars, sheets, tubes and rivets due to its strength and ability to be age hardened.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
- Heat treatment is a method used to alter the physical and chemical properties of materials by heating or cooling them to extreme temperatures.
- Common heat treatments for steels include annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing to produce specific microstructures like pearlite that improve properties like strength and machinability.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel to form hard martensite, while tempering at lower temperatures increases toughness but decreases hardness.
- TTT and CCT diagrams are used to determine the microstructures that form during continuous cooling of steel based on factors like cooling rate. They indicate temperatures for phase transformations like austenite to pearlite or martensite.
1. The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different phases of iron as carbon content and temperature vary.
2. It describes the different phases of iron - ferrite, austenite, cementite - and how their crystal structures and carbon solubility change with temperature.
3. Pearlite, an important microstructure in steel, is a lamellar structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite that forms during a eutectoid reaction when austenite cools below 723°C.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures of plain carbon steels. It begins by explaining the different phases in the Fe-C system, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and their crystal structures. It then describes how to properly draw the iron-carbon phase diagram, labeling important curves, temperatures, and carbon percentages. Finally, it illustrates the microstructures that form upon cooling for hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid plain carbon steels, such as proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, and proeutectoid cementite.
Effect of welding heat input on the microstructure of dissimilar metals: Inco...Mohamad Masaeli
Abstract
In dissimilar joining, the correct selection of filler metal and appropriate joining heat input is critical. In the current
study, two dissimilar alloys (Inconel 625, 316L stainless steel) and a super alloy of Inconel 625 were welded using
the tungsten arc method under inert gas protection. Welding was performed using three filler metals (Inconel 625, 82
and 309 L stainless steel) and three different heat inputs (1.5, 1.9, 2.3 kJ/mm) under the protection of argon gas.
Microstructures of different areas of welding joints were investigated under all welding conditions using optical
microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results
showed that all joining have a good continuity with no splits or discontinuity at the joint point. All filler metals
microstructures were observed in austenitic form with frozen dendrite structure. This investigation showed the
presence of an unadulterated region in some joining, and it became clear that this area increased with increased heat
input.
This document discusses the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of welds in martensitic stainless steel. It describes the phase transformations that occur during welding, including the solidification of the weld metal and transformations in the heat affected zone. In the weld metal, the initial solidification forms delta ferrite which then transforms to austenite and martensite upon cooling. In the heat affected zone, the microstructure varies depending on the temperature reached, from martensite plus ferrite near the fusion boundary to fully martensitic further away. The presence of phases like ferrite and undissolved carbides can impact the hardness and properties of the resulting microstructure compared to the base metal. The document aims
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It describes the phases in the Fe-C system including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. The eutectic and eutectoid reactions are identified. Microstructures that form in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels upon slow cooling are discussed. These include proeutectoid ferrite or cementite plus pearlite. The lever rule is used to determine the fraction of phases. An example problem demonstrates using the phase diagram and lever rule to calculate phase compositions and
The document summarizes key concepts about the iron-carbon phase diagram and microstructures in steels. It describes the various phases in the Fe-Fe3C system, including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. It explains how the microstructure of steels, such as pearlite, depends on the carbon content and cooling rate. Phase transformations like the eutectoid reaction are also summarized.
The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different crystal structures of iron alloys at various temperatures and carbon concentrations. It defines the ferrite, austenite, and cementite phases and explains how their proportions change with cooling in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steel compositions. The key phase changes of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions are also summarized along with how the diagram is used to understand the microstructures and properties of steels and cast irons.
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Dissimilar Metal Welding - Issues, Solution & TechniquesVarun K M
The document discusses various challenges and considerations for welding dissimilar metals. It notes that dissimilar metals often have different physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties, requiring compromise when welding. Key factors discussed include weld metal composition and properties, dilution rates, differences in melting temperatures, thermal expansion, and heat treatments between base metals. The document provides examples of dissimilar metal welds that failed, including a superheater tube weld that cracked due to carbon migration and increased hardness. It emphasizes the importance of selecting suitable welding processes, filler metals, joint designs, preheat/post-weld heat treatments to successfully join dissimilar metals.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
Ttt diagram for eutectoid steel(bainite, spherodite, martensite)darshit1671998
This document summarizes the microstructures of bainite, spheroidite, and martensite in eutectoid steel. Bainite forms as needles or plates between 215-540°C and consists of ferrite and cementite phases formed through diffusion. Spheroidite forms if pearlite or bainite is heated below the eutectoid temperature, resulting in a spheroidal cementite structure in ferrite. Martensite forms from a diffusionless transformation of austenite during quenching, resulting in a non-equilibrium body centered tetragonal structure appearing as plates or needles.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It defines the key phases - ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite - and explains how they form and transform based on the iron-carbon diagram. Specifically, it describes how hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels will transform as they cool, forming either primary ferrite, pearlite, or primary cementite structures respectively. The document provides detailed information on interpreting the iron-carbon phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of metal casting fundamentals. It discusses the importance of metal casting in manufacturing due to its ability to produce complex internal and external shapes in large quantities. The document outlines the basic steps in the casting process, including heating the metal, pouring it into a mold, and allowing it to solidify. It also summarizes the solidification process for pure metals and alloys, including factors that influence solidification time and techniques to control shrinkage and promote directional solidification. Finally, it categorizes common metal casting processes as either expendable or permanent mold and discusses their relative advantages.
1. Solidification occurs when a liquid metal cools and transforms into a solid below its melting point, through the process of nucleation and crystal growth.
2. During nucleation, small clusters of atoms (nuclei) form in the undercooled liquid, which must reach a critical size to become stable crystals.
3. Once stable nuclei form, the crystals grow through addition of atoms from the liquid until they impinge on neighboring crystals. Cooling curves can be used to study phase changes during solidification of pure metals and alloys.
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
The document discusses microstructures in steels and other alloys. It includes images and descriptions of different microstructures like pearlite, martensite, bainite, and ferrite that form under various cooling conditions from austenite. It also discusses microstructures in cast irons like spheroidal graphite, flake graphite, and ledeburite. The final section discusses sealed quench furnaces and includes images of loads of components prepared for case hardening and quenching treatments.
This document discusses welding metallurgy and basic metallurgical concepts relevant to welding. It covers topics like crystalline structures of metals, phase transformations, alloying effects, microstructures like ferrite, pearlite, and martensite, and the influence of cooling rate on microstructure. It also discusses the heat affected zone and issues that can arise from changes in composition and cooling rate near the weld interface.
Topic related to material science and metallurgy, Includes basic information about steel.Also the Iron-Iron Carbon Diagrams and its structures with various features of fe-c diagram.
This document discusses metallurgy and material science, specifically focusing on the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures and transformations associated with steels. It describes the five individual phases in the Fe-C diagram, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and liquid. It also discusses the three invariant reactions of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid. The document classifies different types of steels and cast irons based on their carbon content and describes the microstructures of hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It also discusses phase transformations in steels including pearlite, bainite, and martensite
Ch 27.12 common applications of various materialsNandan Choudhary
Duralumin is an aluminum alloy containing 3.5-4.5% copper, 0.4-0.7% manganese, and 0.4-0.7% magnesium. It has a maximum tensile strength of around 400 MPa after heat treatment and age hardening. Duralumin is widely used for forging, stamping, bars, sheets, tubes and rivets due to its strength and ability to be age hardened.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
- Heat treatment is a method used to alter the physical and chemical properties of materials by heating or cooling them to extreme temperatures.
- Common heat treatments for steels include annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing to produce specific microstructures like pearlite that improve properties like strength and machinability.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel to form hard martensite, while tempering at lower temperatures increases toughness but decreases hardness.
- TTT and CCT diagrams are used to determine the microstructures that form during continuous cooling of steel based on factors like cooling rate. They indicate temperatures for phase transformations like austenite to pearlite or martensite.
1. The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different phases of iron as carbon content and temperature vary.
2. It describes the different phases of iron - ferrite, austenite, cementite - and how their crystal structures and carbon solubility change with temperature.
3. Pearlite, an important microstructure in steel, is a lamellar structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite that forms during a eutectoid reaction when austenite cools below 723°C.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures of plain carbon steels. It begins by explaining the different phases in the Fe-C system, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and their crystal structures. It then describes how to properly draw the iron-carbon phase diagram, labeling important curves, temperatures, and carbon percentages. Finally, it illustrates the microstructures that form upon cooling for hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid plain carbon steels, such as proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, and proeutectoid cementite.
Effect of welding heat input on the microstructure of dissimilar metals: Inco...Mohamad Masaeli
Abstract
In dissimilar joining, the correct selection of filler metal and appropriate joining heat input is critical. In the current
study, two dissimilar alloys (Inconel 625, 316L stainless steel) and a super alloy of Inconel 625 were welded using
the tungsten arc method under inert gas protection. Welding was performed using three filler metals (Inconel 625, 82
and 309 L stainless steel) and three different heat inputs (1.5, 1.9, 2.3 kJ/mm) under the protection of argon gas.
Microstructures of different areas of welding joints were investigated under all welding conditions using optical
microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results
showed that all joining have a good continuity with no splits or discontinuity at the joint point. All filler metals
microstructures were observed in austenitic form with frozen dendrite structure. This investigation showed the
presence of an unadulterated region in some joining, and it became clear that this area increased with increased heat
input.
This document discusses the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of welds in martensitic stainless steel. It describes the phase transformations that occur during welding, including the solidification of the weld metal and transformations in the heat affected zone. In the weld metal, the initial solidification forms delta ferrite which then transforms to austenite and martensite upon cooling. In the heat affected zone, the microstructure varies depending on the temperature reached, from martensite plus ferrite near the fusion boundary to fully martensitic further away. The presence of phases like ferrite and undissolved carbides can impact the hardness and properties of the resulting microstructure compared to the base metal. The document aims
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It describes the phases in the Fe-C system including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. The eutectic and eutectoid reactions are identified. Microstructures that form in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels upon slow cooling are discussed. These include proeutectoid ferrite or cementite plus pearlite. The lever rule is used to determine the fraction of phases. An example problem demonstrates using the phase diagram and lever rule to calculate phase compositions and
The document summarizes key concepts about the iron-carbon phase diagram and microstructures in steels. It describes the various phases in the Fe-Fe3C system, including α-ferrite, γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and Fe3C cementite. It explains how the microstructure of steels, such as pearlite, depends on the carbon content and cooling rate. Phase transformations like the eutectoid reaction are also summarized.
The document discusses the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, which shows the different crystal structures of iron alloys at various temperatures and carbon concentrations. It defines the ferrite, austenite, and cementite phases and explains how their proportions change with cooling in hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steel compositions. The key phase changes of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions are also summarized along with how the diagram is used to understand the microstructures and properties of steels and cast irons.
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Dissimilar Metal Welding - Issues, Solution & TechniquesVarun K M
The document discusses various challenges and considerations for welding dissimilar metals. It notes that dissimilar metals often have different physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties, requiring compromise when welding. Key factors discussed include weld metal composition and properties, dilution rates, differences in melting temperatures, thermal expansion, and heat treatments between base metals. The document provides examples of dissimilar metal welds that failed, including a superheater tube weld that cracked due to carbon migration and increased hardness. It emphasizes the importance of selecting suitable welding processes, filler metals, joint designs, preheat/post-weld heat treatments to successfully join dissimilar metals.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
Ttt diagram for eutectoid steel(bainite, spherodite, martensite)darshit1671998
This document summarizes the microstructures of bainite, spheroidite, and martensite in eutectoid steel. Bainite forms as needles or plates between 215-540°C and consists of ferrite and cementite phases formed through diffusion. Spheroidite forms if pearlite or bainite is heated below the eutectoid temperature, resulting in a spheroidal cementite structure in ferrite. Martensite forms from a diffusionless transformation of austenite during quenching, resulting in a non-equilibrium body centered tetragonal structure appearing as plates or needles.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It defines the key phases - ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite - and explains how they form and transform based on the iron-carbon diagram. Specifically, it describes how hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels will transform as they cool, forming either primary ferrite, pearlite, or primary cementite structures respectively. The document provides detailed information on interpreting the iron-carbon phase diagram.
This document provides an overview of metal casting fundamentals. It discusses the importance of metal casting in manufacturing due to its ability to produce complex internal and external shapes in large quantities. The document outlines the basic steps in the casting process, including heating the metal, pouring it into a mold, and allowing it to solidify. It also summarizes the solidification process for pure metals and alloys, including factors that influence solidification time and techniques to control shrinkage and promote directional solidification. Finally, it categorizes common metal casting processes as either expendable or permanent mold and discusses their relative advantages.
1. Solidification occurs when a liquid metal cools and transforms into a solid below its melting point, through the process of nucleation and crystal growth.
2. During nucleation, small clusters of atoms (nuclei) form in the undercooled liquid, which must reach a critical size to become stable crystals.
3. Once stable nuclei form, the crystals grow through addition of atoms from the liquid until they impinge on neighboring crystals. Cooling curves can be used to study phase changes during solidification of pure metals and alloys.
This document provides an overview of aluminium powder metallurgy, including:
1) Various processes for producing and consolidating aluminium alloy powders such as atomization, mechanical alloying, compaction, and sintering.
2) How powder metallurgy can extend the useful property range of aluminium alloys through rapid solidification and compositions not possible with ingot metallurgy.
3) Examples of powder metallurgy aluminium alloys for applications requiring low density, high strength, and high temperature capabilities.
4) Characterization methods for analysing properties of aluminium powders such as composition, microstructure, particle size, and shape.
TALAT Lecture 1302: Aluminium Extrusion: Alloys, Shapes and PropertiesCORE-Materials
This lecture provides sufficient information on the extrusion of aluminum and the performance of extruded products to ensure that students, users and potential users of those products can understand the fabrication features that affect properties and economics. It shows how, in consequence, alloy choice for any end application depends not only on the characteristics required for that end use but also on production requirements. General knowledge in materials engineering and some knowledge about aluminium alloy constitution and heat treatment is assumed.
Solidification processes like casting involve pouring molten material into molds to create parts. Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes, dating back 6000 years, where molten metal is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify. There are two main types of casting - expendable molds that are destroyed to remove the casting, like sand casting, and permanent molds that can be reused, like die casting. Casting can produce complex shapes in both ferrous and nonferrous metals.
TALAT Lecture 2401: Fatigue Behaviour and AnalysisCORE-Materials
This lecture explains why, when and where fatigue problems may arise and the special significance to aluminium as structural material; it helps to understand the effects of material and loading parameters on fatigue; to appreciate the statistical nature of fatigue and its importance in data analysis, evaluation and use; it shows how to estimate fatigue life under service conditions of time-dependent, variable amplitude loading; how to estimate stresses acting in notches and welds with conceptual approaches other than nominal stress; it provides qualitative and quantitative information on the classification of welded details and allow for more sophisticated design procedures. Background in materials engineering, design and fatigue is required.
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The process of transformation of a substance from liquid to solid state in which the crystal lattice forms and crystals appear.
•Volume shrinkage or volume contraction
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Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
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Studies On Fracture Toughness Behavior of Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
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aerospace industries. This remains one of the major concern in the fabrication to suit its application in recent
days. The main aim of the present work is to improve the fracture toughness of the Al matrix composite . A
composite with Al 6061 alloy as matrix and Zirconium Oxide as reinforcement is fabricated by stir casting
process. The specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and fracture toughness, tensile and
hardness tests were performed and the properties were investigated. Zirconium oxide is selected as a
reinforcement because of its ability to influence the microstructure of the Al 6061 alloy to improve the fracture
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The Al-Ca-Cu alloys containing varying amount of Cu are used to study the effect of Cu addition on
their deformation behavior at varying strain rate (0.001/s, 0.01/s, 0.1/s, 1/s).The material is prepared using stir
casting technique The yield stress, flow stress and elastic limit are measured from the true stress-strain graph
.The Strain Rate sensitivity and strain hardening exponent are also determined for each material at different
strain rate. The Strain Rate Sensitivity of this alloy is very low. These values strongly demonstrate that
compressive deformation of Al-Ca-Cu alloys almost independent to the strain rate at room temperature
deformation.
A Limited Review on the Factors Affecting Wear Behavior of Aluminium Alloys a...IRJET Journal
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SLIDING WEAR OF AA6061/CARBON BLACK METAL MATRIX COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
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This document provides an overview of aluminum metal matrix composites with hybrid reinforcement. It discusses how aluminum alloys combine desirable properties of metals and ceramics when reinforced particles are added to the metal matrix. The document reviews the advantages of aluminum, such as its light weight, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. It also discusses aluminum alloy types and applications, as well as desirable mechanical properties for metal composites like tensile strength and yield point. The aim is to initiate new research on developing aluminum composites with hybrid reinforcements.
Microstructure and Hardness of Aluminium Alloy- Fused Silica Particulate Comp...AM Publications
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TALAT Lecture 1205: Introduction to Mechanical Properties, Casting, Forming, Joining and Corrosion
1. TALAT Lecture 1205
Introduction to Mechanical Properties, Solidification
and Casting, Joining and Corrosion of Aluminium
and its Alloys
12 pages, 9 Figures
Basic level
prepared by M H Jacobs *
Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Materials
The University of Birmingham, UK
Objectives:
To provide background, basic information on mechanical properties and testing,
solidification and casting, joining and corrosion of aluminium and its alloys.
Prerequisites:
Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry. Some familiarity with lectures 1201 and
1203.
Date of Issue: 1999
EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 1205 Introduction to Mechanical Properties,
Solidification and Casting, Joining and
Corrosion of Aluminium and its Alloys
Contents (9 Figures)
1205 Introduction to Mechanical Properties, Solidification and Casting, Joining
and Corrosion of Aluminium and its Alloys ________________________________2
1205.01 Basics of mechanical properties ______________________________________ 3
1205.01.01 Tensile testing ______________________________________________________3
1205.01.02 Hardness Testing ______________________________________________________5
11205.02 Basic solidification and casting metallurgy ____________________________ 6
1205.02.01 Solidification _________________________________________________________6
1205.02.02 Casting ______________________________________________________________7
1205.02.03 Classification of casting aluminium alloys __________________________________8
1205.03 Basic joining and brazing ___________________________________________ 9
1205.04 Elements of corrosion and corrosion protection________________________ 11
1205.05 References _____________________________________________________ 12
1205.06 List of Figures __________________________________________________ 12
TALAT lecture 1205 2
3. 1205.01 Basics of mechanical properties
1205.01.01 Tensile testing
Most materials are generally supplied to a mechanical property specification. This
usually involves data on tensile strength and ductility. Tensile strength is a measure of
the material’s ability to withstand a load under tension. Ductility is a measure of the
material’s ability to be permanently stretched, again under tension.
The most common method used to determine tensile strength and ductility is the
tensile test. This involves preparing a specially shaped standard test piece that has no
sudden changes in cross-sectional area and then pulling it carefully in one direction
with a continuously increasing load. The test-piece may be round or rectangular in
cross section, Figure 1205.01.01, depending upon the shape of the bulk material; for
example, samples with rectangular cross sections are prepared from sheet material. In
both cases, the central portion of the test piece is reduced in section to form a gauge
length. The reduced section helps to ensure that fracture, when it occurs, does so
within the gauge length rather than within the grips where surface imperfections may
induce premature failure.
The extension is measured and plotted against load producing a ‘load / extension’
curve, as illustrated in Figure 125.01.02.
The curve has several distinct sections.
0→A where the extension is linearly proportional to load. Point A is the
limit of proportionality.
A→B extension non linearly proportional to load. The extension from
O → B is elastic deformation, and point B is the elastic limit.
TALAT lecture 1205 3
4. B→C the extension is non linearly proportional to load, and is plastic
deformation uniformly distributed along the length.
C→D extension is plastic but localised.
The point B is important as it marks the change from elastic to plastic behaviour. It
can be difficult to locate on the curve, as the change can be gradual. To overcome this
a point is added to the curve at X. X is found by measuring a distance Y, along the
extension axis and drawing a line parallel to OA. The intersection of this straight line
with the curved line is not open to interpretation error. The generally used value for Y
is 0.2% of the original length under test.
The load L1 associated with X, divided by the original cross sectional area, gives the
0.2% proof stress for the material.
Similarly L2 divided by the original cross sectional area gives the tensile strength.
The elongation is given by the total extension divided by the original length (the
gauge length) presented as a percentage.
It should be noted that
- stress is defined as the load per unit area
(for example, expressed in units of MPa);
- strain is the extension of the gauge length divided by the original gauge
length (expressed as a fraction).
TALAT lecture 1205 4
5. In the linear elastic part of the load - extension curve, O → A in Figure 1205.01.02
there is negligible change in the cross-sectional area of the sample, so we may say that
the ratio of stress to strain is a constant, that is :
stress / strain = a constant (E) , known as Young’s Modulus.
The springiness of a material (its stiffness) is indicated by its Young’s modulus. For
most aluminium alloys, irrespective of their metallurgical conditions, the value of
Young’s Modulus is close to 68 GPa (see lecture 1204 for the special case of
lithium-containing alloys, where there is a significant increase in stiffness).
The part of the load-extension curve given by C → D in Figure 1205.01.02 represents
incipient fracture. Appreciable necking of the sample occurs, leading to fracture.
Note that a progressive reduction of cross-sectional area occurs in the necking region;
the stress (ie the load per unit area) continues to increase, even though the total load
decreases.
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the fracture surface to that of the original
cross-sectional area is known as the reduction in area, usually expressed as a
percentage.
1205.01.02 Hardness Testing
Hardness testing is a relatively quick and easy way to assess the strength of a material
without the need to prepare tensile test samples. For example, it may be a convenient
way of investigating the progress of precipitation hardening.
The majority of commercial hardness testers force a small hard metal or ceramic
sphere, diamond pyramid or diamond cone into the body of the metal under test by
means of an applied load, and a definite hardness number is obtained from the
dimensions of the indentation so formed. In practice, the dimension of the indent is
referred to a set of values defined in a ‘hardness index chart’. Hardness then may be
defined as resistance to permanent deformation, and a hardness test can often be
considered as a rapid non-destructive estimation of the plastic deformation behaviour
of metals.
Small indenters are used for microhardness testing, with a special instrument
equipped with an optical microscope to view the micro-indent. This provides a very
valuable technique for investigation of the relative hardnesses of phases within a
microstructure.
Although the term ‘hardness’ is a comparative consideration of great engineering
importance, it is not considered to be a fundamental property of matter. The index of
hardness is a manifestation of several related properties of the metal, which may well
include a combined effect of yield point, tensile strength, ductility, work-hardening
characteristics and resistance to abrasion.
TALAT lecture 1205 5
6. 11205.02 Basic solidification and casting metallurgy
1205.02.01 Solidification
The dendritic solidification of pure aluminium is described in lecture 1203 which
deals with phase diagrams. For convenience, one of the figures is reproduced here as
Figure 1205.02.01, which shows the cooling curve, with an arrest caused by the
evolution of latent heat of freezing. The solid forms by a nucleation and growth
transformation, with the solid nuclei having a preferred growth directions along
<100> crystallographic directions of the fcc lattice. This gives rise to the formation of
dendrites with primary and secondary arms.
In the case of aluminium alloys, the formation of dendrites during solidification is
accompanied with coring due to solute rejection. This leads to macrosegregation in
the solidified ingot (see Figure 1205.02.02)
TALAT lecture 1205 6
7. The transformation from liquid to solid is accompanied with a reduction in the
volume. This has its most dramatic affect on the last liquid to freeze; that is, liquid in
the interdendritic pools. This gives rise to inter-dendritic porosity, which is often also
called shrinkage porosity.
For wrought alloys, the solidified ingot is homogenised in order to even out variations
in composition (see lecture 1201). The incremental or continuous casting associated
with the formation of ingots by DC casting means that the incidence of shrinkage
porosity should be minimal.
The degree to which a cast aluminium component contains shrinkage porosity is
dependent to a large extent upon the casting practice employed.
1205.02.02 Casting
The technology of castings in dealt with in TALAT Chapter 3201 - Introduction to
casting technology by J Campbell and R A Harding; also in more depth in the book
by J Campbell [1].
The most common casting alloy is based on the eutectic Al-Si system,
Figure 1205.02.03. Compositions are usually close to the eutectic composition of
12.7 wt% Si. The mechanical properties of cast pure Al-Si eutectic are not particularly
good, but are appreciably improved by ‘modification’ with sodium in a very small
amount, 0.005 - 0.015% [2]. Fluidity is high and shrinkage is low, which aid the
production of sound castings. The microstructure consists of almost pure, small laths
of silicon in an aluminium-rich solid solution with a little over 1% silicon. Sodium
exerts its effect by refining the microstructure.
TALAT lecture 1205 7
8. Unless special precautions are taken to avoid turbulence during the casting operation,
surface oxide films readily becomes folded and trapped within the solidifying metal,
see TALAT Chapter 3201 and reference [1].
1205.02.03 Classification of casting aluminium alloys
The modern classification is shown in Figure 1205.02.04.
For the 1xx.x class, the second two digits give the purity and the last digit is 0 for a
casting and 1 for an ingot; thus, 150.0 is a casting with 99.50wt% purity (equivalent to
the ‘old’ UK system of LM0).
TALAT lecture 1205 8
9. For the other classes, the first and second digits have no direct significance other than
that established by tradition, while the last digit again is 0 for a casting and 1 for an
ingot.
Thus, the eutectic alloy Al- 12%Si known as LM6 in the UK ‘old system’ is 360.0 in
the modern system.
At the time of writing, there does not appear to be any moves to adopt a new
‘European standard’.
1205.03 Basic joining and brazing
In spite of a tenacious oxide film, aluminium and its alloys can readily be joined.
Methods include TIG and MIG and other forms of welding, brazing, mechanical
methods such as clinching, riveting and bolting, and adhesive bonding. The
technologies are dealt with in detail in lecture series 4000.
In terms of basic metallurgy, there are a few points that should be stressed.
(a) for TIG and MIG welding, inert gas shielding must be sufficient to
prevent oxidation
(b) for mechanical joining such as lap joints, where sheet metal is bent
back on itself to grip and join with a second sheet, it is clear that the
alloy type and its heat treatment must be such that it has adequate
ductility to withstand the bending operation
(c) the quality of adhesive bonds will be dependent upon the care taken in
surface preparation prior to application of the adhesive.
Vacuum brazing is a technology development driven by the need to manufacture
lighter weight automotive radiators and coolers. To this end, special clad sheet has
been developed specially for this type of application, Figure 1205.03.01. The base
aluminium sheet is 3003, an Al-1.5 % Mn alloy where the manganese solution
hardens and dispersion strengthens the material. This is clad on one side with a thin
layer of 0.1%Mg doped Al-11.5%Si alloy.
TALAT lecture 1205 9
10. The radiator is fabricated and assembled as a set of ‘loose joints’. The whole
assembly - in fact many assemblies in a batch - are placed in a large vacuum furnace,
which is evacuated to a high vacuum and simultaneously heated to a temperature just
sufficient to melt the cladding but not melt the base sheet. Under these conditions of
vacuum and temperature, the magnesium in the cladding evaporates and, in so doing,
breaks up the surface oxide film. This allows the molten cladding to flow, driven by
capillarity, to form brazed joints everywhere where the sheet materials are in close
contact, see diagram Figure 1205.03.02.
TALAT lecture 1205 10
11. 1205.04 Elements of corrosion and corrosion protection
The elements of corrosion and corrosion protection are summarised in
Figure 1205.04.01.
As it has been emphasised many times, aluminium is very reactive with oxygen, but it
is the very presence of the surface oxide film that provides protection for aluminium
and its alloys in a variety of corrosive media. The self-healing, oxidation response of
aluminium to accidental abrasion in air adds to its overall resistance to corrosion.
Electrolytic anodising in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid produces a thicker oxide
film, which may be dyed for aesthetic enhancement.
A more detailed presentation of principles of corrosion and corrosion protection is
given in TALAT lecture 1252.
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12. 1205.05 References
1. J Campbell, Castings, Butterworth Heinemann, 1991.
2. I J Polmear, Light Alloys : The Metallurgy of the Light Metals, Metallurgy and
Materials Science Series, Edward Arnold, Second Edition,. 1989.
1205.06 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
1205.01.01 Sample shapes for tensile testing
1205.01.02 Load – extension curve
1205.02.01 Solidification of pure aluminium
1205.02.02 Coring of aluminium dendrites
1205.02.03 Al-Si phase diagram – casting alloy
1205.02.04 Classification of casting alloys
1205.03.01 Clad 3003 sheet for vacuum Brazing
1205.03.02 Vacuum Brazed Joint
1205.04.01 Corrosion and protection
TALAT lecture 1205 12