The document outlines a lecture on phase diagrams, including:
1) Definitions of key terms like phase, solubility limit, and phase diagrams.
2) Descriptions of different types of phase diagrams including binary isomorphous and eutectic systems.
3) Details on the important iron-carbon phase diagram, including the various phases like ferrite, cementite, and pearlite and how microstructure changes with carbon content and heat treatment.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
The document discusses phase diagrams, which are graphical representations showing the phases present in a material system at equilibrium based on temperature, pressure, and composition. It covers different types of binary phase diagrams and the phase transformations represented on them, including eutectic, peritectic, and solid state reactions like eutectoid and peritectoid. Key points covered include common phase diagram features like liquidus and solidus lines, and interpreting phase diagrams to determine phase composition and transformations during cooling.
A phase diagram shows the equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases at different temperatures and compositions. It plots temperature versus composition. The document discusses unary, binary, ternary and quaternary phase diagrams. It provides details on eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid phase diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and condensed phase rule are also explained. An example iron-iron carbide binary phase diagram is shown and key areas like the eutectoid point are indicated.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and microstructure development in multicomponent materials systems. It defines key terms like component, phase, solubility limit, and microstructure. It also explains concepts such as equilibrium, metastable states, and lever rule for determining phase compositions and amounts. Different types of binary phase diagrams are discussed, including eutectic and isomorphous systems. The development of microstructure during equilibrium and non-equilibrium cooling of alloys is described for both eutectic and isomorphous systems.
The document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It defines a phase diagram as a graph used to show equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases. It classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, ternary and quaternary depending on the number of components involved. Binary phase diagrams are described in more detail, including examples of eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and its application to phase diagrams is also covered. Homework questions on interpreting phase diagrams and performing equilibrium calculations are provided.
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
The document discusses phase diagrams, which are graphical representations showing the phases present in a material system at equilibrium based on temperature, pressure, and composition. It covers different types of binary phase diagrams and the phase transformations represented on them, including eutectic, peritectic, and solid state reactions like eutectoid and peritectoid. Key points covered include common phase diagram features like liquidus and solidus lines, and interpreting phase diagrams to determine phase composition and transformations during cooling.
A phase diagram shows the equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases at different temperatures and compositions. It plots temperature versus composition. The document discusses unary, binary, ternary and quaternary phase diagrams. It provides details on eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid phase diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and condensed phase rule are also explained. An example iron-iron carbide binary phase diagram is shown and key areas like the eutectoid point are indicated.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and microstructure development in multicomponent materials systems. It defines key terms like component, phase, solubility limit, and microstructure. It also explains concepts such as equilibrium, metastable states, and lever rule for determining phase compositions and amounts. Different types of binary phase diagrams are discussed, including eutectic and isomorphous systems. The development of microstructure during equilibrium and non-equilibrium cooling of alloys is described for both eutectic and isomorphous systems.
The document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It defines a phase diagram as a graph used to show equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically distinct phases. It classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, ternary and quaternary depending on the number of components involved. Binary phase diagrams are described in more detail, including examples of eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid diagrams. Gibbs' phase rule and its application to phase diagrams is also covered. Homework questions on interpreting phase diagrams and performing equilibrium calculations are provided.
This document discusses phase diagrams and their classification. It begins by defining key terms like phases, components, solutions, and mixtures. It then explains Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases (P) to components (C) and degrees of freedom (F). Equilibrium phase diagrams are introduced as diagrams that depict phase existence under equilibrium conditions as a function of temperature and composition. Different types of phase diagrams are classified, including unary, binary, and ternary systems. Specific binary systems like eutectic and isomorphous systems are discussed in more detail. Important concepts like invariant reactions, intermediate phases, lever rule, and cooling curves are also summarized. The Fe-C binary phase diagram is provided as a detailed
phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY Unit 1 Alloys and Phase Diagramsbooks5884
This document discusses engineering materials and metallurgy. It covers three main topics:
1. Alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase diagrams, and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
2. Heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams and hardenability are also discussed.
3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations. It discusses:
- Types of phase diagrams including temperature-composition, pressure-temperature diagrams and their significance
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification and how they differ in terms of microstructure development
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
This document discusses binary phase diagrams and how they can be used to interpret microstructures in alloys. It contains the following key points:
1. Binary phase diagrams map the relationships between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for alloys containing two components. They can predict phase transformations and microstructures.
2. The copper-nickel phase diagram is used as an example. It shows the alpha, liquid, and alpha+liquid phase fields and how compositions of phases can be determined.
3. Tie lines are used to determine phase compositions in two-phase regions. The lever rule is used to calculate phase fractions based on tie line lengths. An example calculation is shown for a copper-nickel
The document provides information on phase diagrams including:
- Phase diagrams represent the phases present in materials at different conditions of temperature, pressure, and composition. They indicate solubility, solidification ranges, and melting points.
- Pure substances have solid, liquid, and vapor phases separated by phase boundaries and coexisting at triple points, as shown in pressure-temperature diagrams.
- Binary alloy phase diagrams show the phases present at different compositions and temperatures, including solid solutions, eutectic points where two solids form from liquid, and peritectic reactions where a solid and liquid form a new solid phase.
- The Gibbs phase rule and lever rule are used to analyze multi-phase regions. Cool
Phase diagrams for Different Alloy
By
P.SENTHAMARAIKANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU,
INDIA
The document discusses phase transformations in solids. It defines phases as homogeneous regions of a material that are physically distinct. Phase transformations occur when an initial state becomes unstable relative to a final state. The stability of a system is determined by its Gibbs free energy (G), which depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), temperature (T), and pressure (P). Binary phase diagrams illustrate the phases present at various compositions and temperatures. Common diagram types include eutectic systems where components are soluble in liquid but not solid, and partially soluble solid systems. Determining phase amounts uses the lever rule based on composition and phase boundaries.
This document defines key terms related to iron-carbon phase diagrams and alloy microstructures, including different crystal structures (body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic), phases that can form in iron-carbon alloys (ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite, bainite, martensite), and concepts important to understanding phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, solubility, lever rule). Definitions are provided for over 30 relevant materials science and metallurgy terms.
This document provides information about phase diagrams:
[1] Phase diagrams graphically show the phases present in a material system at different temperatures and compositions. They can indicate properties like the number, type, and amount of phases.
[2] There are several common types of phase diagrams including complete solid solution, eutectic, and peritectic diagrams. Cooling curves are also used to experimentally determine phase boundaries.
[3] The phase rule relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. Lever rule calculations use tie lines on phase diagrams to determine the composition and relative amounts of coexisting phases.
The document discusses phase diagrams, including:
1) Phase diagrams show the phases present in a material at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Binary eutectic systems have a specific eutectic composition that results in the lowest melting temperature. At the eutectic point, the liquid phase transforms directly into two solid phases upon cooling.
3) The copper-silver phase diagram is a binary eutectic system. It has a eutectic point at 779°C and 71.9% silver composition, where the liquid transforms into solid copper and silver phases.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
This document discusses different types of phase diagrams that can be used to represent alloy systems. It describes four main types:
1) Complete solid solubility - The metals are soluble in both the liquid and solid states, forming a substitutional solid solution.
2) No solid solubility - The metals are soluble only in the liquid state and insoluble in the solid state, resulting in separate metal phases.
3) Partial solid solubility - The metals are soluble in the liquid state but only partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for intermediate phases.
4) Congruent melting - One phase changes isothermally into another phase without changing composition, represented as a vertical line on the phase diagram
This document discusses phase diagrams and how they can be used to determine information about alloy mixtures. It describes how cooling curves can be used to identify phase change temperatures. Two key rules are discussed: 1) the lever rule, which uses tie lines to determine phase compositions, and 2) another lever rule which uses tie lines and their relative lengths to determine phase amounts. Different types of phase diagrams are shown including ones for complete solubility, partial solubility, and eutectic systems. The document explains how to interpret features and apply the rules to extract information from phase diagrams.
This document describes a one-pot synthesis of cubic Cu5FeS4 microflowers using copper chloride, iron chloride, and thiourea in ethylene glycol. Characterization using techniques such as PXRD, SEM, EDX, Raman, and magnetic measurements confirmed the formation of cubic Cu5FeS4. The synthesis yields a simple, scalable route to produce the copper-iron sulfide with potential applications in photovoltaics due to its optical bandgap of 1.25 eV. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve the initial formation of copper-rich Cu1.8S and iron-rich Fe3S4, allowing for cation exchange and incorporation of iron into the copper sulfide lattice to form
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and key concepts related to phase diagrams, including:
- Common components of phase diagrams like phases, solubility limits, and microstructure.
- How to interpret phase diagrams to determine phases present, phase compositions, and relative amounts.
- Common reactions shown on phase diagrams like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic reactions.
- Examples of specific binary alloy phase diagrams like Cu-Ni, Pb-Sn, Al-Si, and Fe-Fe3C.
- How to use phase diagrams to understand alloy microstructure and properties.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and their components. It discusses that a phase diagram shows the phases that are present at equilibrium under different temperature and composition conditions. It outlines the key components of phase diagrams, including phase boundaries, triple points, solidus and liquidus lines. It also describes the different types of phase diagrams - unary, binary, and ternary - as well as common binary phase diagrams like eutectic, peritectic, and solid solution types. The document emphasizes that phase diagrams are important for understanding phase transformations and determining properties of materials at different temperatures and compositions.
1) The document defines key concepts in phase diagrams including phases, phase boundaries, phase transformations, cooling curves, and how cooling curves relate to phase diagrams.
2) It discusses different types of phase diagrams including binary eutectic, binary eutectoid, and binary peritectic diagrams. It explains microstructural changes that occur during solidification for different alloy compositions in these systems.
3) The document provides details on constructing simple phase diagrams through experimental methods and interpreting phase diagram features such as liquidus lines, solidus lines, and lever rule calculations.
1. The document discusses phase diagrams and thermodynamics of mixing.
2. It explains how phase diagrams can be used to determine the number and types of phases present, the composition of each phase, and the amount of each phase at a given temperature and composition.
3. Binary eutectic and eutectoid systems allow for a range of microstructures depending on the cooling rate, and alloying generally increases strength but decreases ductility due to solid solution strengthening.
This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY Unit 1 Alloys and Phase Diagramsbooks5884
This document discusses engineering materials and metallurgy. It covers three main topics:
1. Alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase diagrams, and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
2. Heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams and hardenability are also discussed.
3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations. It discusses:
- Types of phase diagrams including temperature-composition, pressure-temperature diagrams and their significance
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification and how they differ in terms of microstructure development
1. The document discusses the constitution of alloys and phase diagrams. It describes different types of solid solutions like substitutional and interstitial solutions and classifies phase diagrams as unary, binary, and ternary.
2. The iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram is examined in detail. It identifies the various phases involved like ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Critical temperatures like A1, A2, A3 are defined.
3. The microstructure and properties of steels and cast irons are determined by their position in the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phases present at room temperature. Hypoeutectoid steels contain ferrite and pearlite while hyp
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
This document discusses binary phase diagrams and how they can be used to interpret microstructures in alloys. It contains the following key points:
1. Binary phase diagrams map the relationships between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for alloys containing two components. They can predict phase transformations and microstructures.
2. The copper-nickel phase diagram is used as an example. It shows the alpha, liquid, and alpha+liquid phase fields and how compositions of phases can be determined.
3. Tie lines are used to determine phase compositions in two-phase regions. The lever rule is used to calculate phase fractions based on tie line lengths. An example calculation is shown for a copper-nickel
The document provides information on phase diagrams including:
- Phase diagrams represent the phases present in materials at different conditions of temperature, pressure, and composition. They indicate solubility, solidification ranges, and melting points.
- Pure substances have solid, liquid, and vapor phases separated by phase boundaries and coexisting at triple points, as shown in pressure-temperature diagrams.
- Binary alloy phase diagrams show the phases present at different compositions and temperatures, including solid solutions, eutectic points where two solids form from liquid, and peritectic reactions where a solid and liquid form a new solid phase.
- The Gibbs phase rule and lever rule are used to analyze multi-phase regions. Cool
Phase diagrams for Different Alloy
By
P.SENTHAMARAIKANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU,
INDIA
The document discusses phase transformations in solids. It defines phases as homogeneous regions of a material that are physically distinct. Phase transformations occur when an initial state becomes unstable relative to a final state. The stability of a system is determined by its Gibbs free energy (G), which depends on enthalpy (H), entropy (S), temperature (T), and pressure (P). Binary phase diagrams illustrate the phases present at various compositions and temperatures. Common diagram types include eutectic systems where components are soluble in liquid but not solid, and partially soluble solid systems. Determining phase amounts uses the lever rule based on composition and phase boundaries.
This document defines key terms related to iron-carbon phase diagrams and alloy microstructures, including different crystal structures (body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic), phases that can form in iron-carbon alloys (ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite, bainite, martensite), and concepts important to understanding phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, solubility, lever rule). Definitions are provided for over 30 relevant materials science and metallurgy terms.
This document provides information about phase diagrams:
[1] Phase diagrams graphically show the phases present in a material system at different temperatures and compositions. They can indicate properties like the number, type, and amount of phases.
[2] There are several common types of phase diagrams including complete solid solution, eutectic, and peritectic diagrams. Cooling curves are also used to experimentally determine phase boundaries.
[3] The phase rule relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. Lever rule calculations use tie lines on phase diagrams to determine the composition and relative amounts of coexisting phases.
The document discusses phase diagrams, including:
1) Phase diagrams show the phases present in a material at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Binary eutectic systems have a specific eutectic composition that results in the lowest melting temperature. At the eutectic point, the liquid phase transforms directly into two solid phases upon cooling.
3) The copper-silver phase diagram is a binary eutectic system. It has a eutectic point at 779°C and 71.9% silver composition, where the liquid transforms into solid copper and silver phases.
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes three important reactions:
1) The eutectic reaction occurs at 4.3% carbon and 1,147°C, where liquid transforms to austenite and cementite.
2) The eutectoid reaction occurs at 0.76% carbon and 727°C, where austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite to form pearlite.
3) The peritectic reaction occurs at 0.16% carbon and 1,493°C, where liquid and delta-ferrite transform to austenite.
The phase diagram is used to explain the microstructures that form in steels with different carbon
This document discusses different types of phase diagrams that can be used to represent alloy systems. It describes four main types:
1) Complete solid solubility - The metals are soluble in both the liquid and solid states, forming a substitutional solid solution.
2) No solid solubility - The metals are soluble only in the liquid state and insoluble in the solid state, resulting in separate metal phases.
3) Partial solid solubility - The metals are soluble in the liquid state but only partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for intermediate phases.
4) Congruent melting - One phase changes isothermally into another phase without changing composition, represented as a vertical line on the phase diagram
This document discusses phase diagrams and how they can be used to determine information about alloy mixtures. It describes how cooling curves can be used to identify phase change temperatures. Two key rules are discussed: 1) the lever rule, which uses tie lines to determine phase compositions, and 2) another lever rule which uses tie lines and their relative lengths to determine phase amounts. Different types of phase diagrams are shown including ones for complete solubility, partial solubility, and eutectic systems. The document explains how to interpret features and apply the rules to extract information from phase diagrams.
This document describes a one-pot synthesis of cubic Cu5FeS4 microflowers using copper chloride, iron chloride, and thiourea in ethylene glycol. Characterization using techniques such as PXRD, SEM, EDX, Raman, and magnetic measurements confirmed the formation of cubic Cu5FeS4. The synthesis yields a simple, scalable route to produce the copper-iron sulfide with potential applications in photovoltaics due to its optical bandgap of 1.25 eV. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve the initial formation of copper-rich Cu1.8S and iron-rich Fe3S4, allowing for cation exchange and incorporation of iron into the copper sulfide lattice to form
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and key concepts related to phase diagrams, including:
- Common components of phase diagrams like phases, solubility limits, and microstructure.
- How to interpret phase diagrams to determine phases present, phase compositions, and relative amounts.
- Common reactions shown on phase diagrams like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic reactions.
- Examples of specific binary alloy phase diagrams like Cu-Ni, Pb-Sn, Al-Si, and Fe-Fe3C.
- How to use phase diagrams to understand alloy microstructure and properties.
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and their components. It discusses that a phase diagram shows the phases that are present at equilibrium under different temperature and composition conditions. It outlines the key components of phase diagrams, including phase boundaries, triple points, solidus and liquidus lines. It also describes the different types of phase diagrams - unary, binary, and ternary - as well as common binary phase diagrams like eutectic, peritectic, and solid solution types. The document emphasizes that phase diagrams are important for understanding phase transformations and determining properties of materials at different temperatures and compositions.
1) The document defines key concepts in phase diagrams including phases, phase boundaries, phase transformations, cooling curves, and how cooling curves relate to phase diagrams.
2) It discusses different types of phase diagrams including binary eutectic, binary eutectoid, and binary peritectic diagrams. It explains microstructural changes that occur during solidification for different alloy compositions in these systems.
3) The document provides details on constructing simple phase diagrams through experimental methods and interpreting phase diagram features such as liquidus lines, solidus lines, and lever rule calculations.
1. The document discusses phase diagrams and thermodynamics of mixing.
2. It explains how phase diagrams can be used to determine the number and types of phases present, the composition of each phase, and the amount of each phase at a given temperature and composition.
3. Binary eutectic and eutectoid systems allow for a range of microstructures depending on the cooling rate, and alloying generally increases strength but decreases ductility due to solid solution strengthening.
This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the ME6403 - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy course. The objective is to impart knowledge about structure, properties, treatment and applications of metals and non-metals. Upon completion, students will be able to select suitable materials for engineering applications. The first unit covers alloys and phase diagrams, including solid solutions, phase reactions and the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. Microstructure, properties and applications of steels and cast irons are also discussed.
Phase diagrams provide information about the equilibrium conditions and transformations between different phases in a material system. They describe how the phases of a material vary with changes in temperature, pressure, and composition.
This document discusses key concepts related to phase diagrams including phases, the Gibbs phase rule, one-component and binary phase diagrams, eutectic and peritectic reactions, intermediate phases, ternary diagrams, and lever rule. It provides examples of phase diagrams for common material systems like water, Cu-Ni, Pb-Sn, Mg-Pb, and Cu-Zn. Cooling curves are also explained to illustrate phase transformations.
The document discusses different types of phase diagrams and phase transformations. It describes how phases are distinct physical portions of a chemical system that can coexist in equilibrium. A phase diagram graphs the equilibrium phases present at different temperatures and compositions for an alloy system. It summarizes key features of binary phase diagrams including eutectic, peritectic, and eutectoid reactions. Microstructures like lamellar eutectics form through solidification at the eutectic composition. Examples of phase diagrams discussed include the Pb-Sn, Cu-Zn, and Fe-C systems.
The document discusses different types of phase diagrams and phase transformations. It describes how phases are distinct physical portions of a chemical system that can be mechanically separated. Phase diagrams show the temperature and composition limits of stable phases in an alloy system using data accumulated from many alloys. Common phase diagrams include binary systems that show the relationship between temperature, composition, and equilibrium phases. Phase diagrams are useful for predicting microstructures that form from phase transformations as temperature changes. Eutectic systems have a composition that solidifies at the lowest temperature into a two-phase mixture. Lamellar eutectic microstructures form in these alloys. The document discusses interpreting phase diagrams to determine phases present, phase compositions, and amounts using tie
This document discusses phases in solids and phase diagrams. It begins by defining what constitutes a phase, including that a phase must be physically and chemically homogeneous. It describes the different types of phases that can exist in solids, such as solid solutions, intermediate phases, and pure metals/compounds. The document then explains Gibbs' phase rule and how it can be applied to understand the number of phases that can coexist at equilibrium for systems with different numbers of components and degrees of freedom. It provides examples of applying the phase rule to one-component, two-phase, and three-phase systems. Finally, it discusses how phase diagrams are constructed and what information they provide about the phases present at various temperatures, pressures and
BME 303 - Lesson 4 - Thermal Processing and properties of biomaterials.pptxatlestmunni
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations in the iron-carbon system. It defines key terminology like phases, invariant reactions, lever rule, and hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic transformations. The iron-carbon phase diagram is discussed in detail, including the different phases (ferrite, cementite, austenite), invariant reactions (peritectic, eutectic, eutectoid), and microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions (pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite/cementite). In summary, it introduces phase diagrams and uses the iron-carbon system as a key example to illustrate phase transformations.
The document provides information about phase diagrams and equilibrium diagrams. It defines a phase as a state of matter that has uniform structure, composition, and properties throughout, with a clear interface between it and other phases. A phase diagram graphically represents the phases present in a material at different temperatures, pressures, and compositions, describing equilibrium conditions. It indicates melting/solidification temperatures and phase formation ranges. General types of solid solutions and Hume-Rothery's rules for substitutional solutions are discussed. Gibbs' phase rule relates the number of coexisting phases to components and degrees of freedom. Different types of phase diagrams including unary, binary, ternary and quaternary are classified.
1. A phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous portion of matter that has a uniform structure and composition throughout.
2. Gibbs' phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases, degrees of freedom, number of components, and external factors in an alloy system. It can be used to determine the number of phases that can coexist in equilibrium.
3. Solid solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metal elements in the solid state. Interstitial solutions occur when small atoms fit into the spaces of a solvent lattice, while substitutional solutions occur when solute atoms replace solvent atoms in the lattice. Ordering and randomness of the solute atoms distinguishes ordered and disordered substitutional solutions.
The document provides information about phase diagrams and the different types of phases that can exist in alloy systems. It discusses the following key points:
- Phase diagrams show the phases in equilibrium for a given alloy composition at different temperatures. They indicate solidification processes and phase changes with heat treatment.
- Solid solutions are homogeneous solid mixtures where one element dissolves uniformly in the crystal lattice of another. They can be substitutional or interstitial.
- Intermediate phases form in alloy systems with high chemical affinity between elements. They range from ideal solid solutions to ideal chemical compounds.
- The phase rule establishes the relationship between phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It can be used to
The document discusses phase diagrams and microstructure of materials. It defines key terms like components, phases, and microstructure. It explains that phase diagrams show the stable phases in a material system under different temperature, pressure and composition conditions. The document discusses different types of binary phase diagrams and how to read them. It also discusses how phase diagrams can be constructed and experimentally determined. Phase diagrams are important tools for materials scientists to understand and control material properties by manipulating phase transformations.
Phase refers to any physically distinct structure within a material. There are several types of phases including solid, liquid, and gas for pure elements. Alloys can also have multiple solid phases that differ in crystal structure. When other elements are added to a pure material intentionally as alloying elements, they are accommodated through solid solution, compound formation, or phase separation into distinct structures. Solid solutions are classified as substitutional, where atoms replace ones in the host lattice, or interstitial, where small atoms fill spaces within the host lattice. Compounds form new crystal structures distinct from the components. Hume-Rothery rules outline factors that influence solid solution formation such as atomic size, valence, and electronegativity differences between
This document discusses key concepts related to phase equilibria and phase diagrams, including:
- Two-component phase diagrams are described for the Pb-Ag, KI-H2O, and FeCl3-H2O systems.
- Key terms are defined, such as phase, component, degree of freedom, homogeneous/heterogeneous systems, phase rule, and eutectic system.
- The FeCl3-H2O diagram shows formation of multiple hydrated phases with congruent melting points.
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2. Sibel Uludag-Demirer IE 114 Cankaya University 2
Outline of the Lecture
1) Definitions
2) Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
----Binary Isomorphous Systems
----Binary Eutectic Systems
3) The Iron-Carbon System
3. Sibel Uludag-Demirer IE 114 Cankaya University 3
Why do we study phase diagrams?
There is a strong correlation between microstructure and mechanical
properties and development of microstructure can be understood from the
phase diagrams. Moreover phase diagrams can be used to obtain
information about melting, casting, crystallization, etc.
Preeutectoid ferrite
Pearlite (dark layer is ferrite,
Light layer is cementite)
SEM micrograph of plain C steel
with 0.44 wt% C (3000X).
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Major terms used in this lecture:
Component: pure metals or elements in the composition of an alloy.
Solute and solvent (Week 4)
System: specific body of material or series of alloys consisting the same
components ( iron-carbon system)
Solubility Limit: The maximum amount of solute that may dissolve in
solvent to form a solid solution. Addition of solute beyond the solubility
limit causes the formation of another phase.
Phase: is a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical
and chemical characteristics. Gas, liquid and solid phase.
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Sugar and Water
65%
(a single phase)
(two-phase system)
how many phases are there?
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For example if a substance can exist in two or more polymorphic forms
(BBC and FCC) each of these structures is a separate phase because their
physical properties are different.
A single phase system is called homogeneous system.
System of two or more phases is called a mixture or heterogeneous
system. Therefore most of the metallic alloys,ceramics, polymeric and
composite systems are heterogeneous.
Microstructure: is subject to direct microscopic observation using
microscopic techniques. The number of phases, their proportions, and the
way they are distributed or arranged can be characterized by the same
techniques.
Phase Equilibria: A system is said to be at equilibrium when the free
energy, which is the internal energy and randomness of the atoms, is at
minimum under some specified combination of temperature, pressure
and composition.
In other words, at equilibrium the characteristics of the system do not
change with time but persist indefinetely. This system is also called
stable.
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The diagrams showing the solubility (solubility charts) do not give
information about the time necessary to achieve the equilibrium. It is
often the case that a state of equilibrium is never completely achieved
because the rate of approach to equilibrium is slow. Such a system is
said to be nonequilibrium or metastable state.
Therefore not only the understanding of equilibrium states are important
but also the rate at which they are established, and the factors affecting
this rate.
Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
Phase diagram is also called equilibrium or constitutional diagram.
These diagrams defines the relationship between the temperature and
compositions or quantities of phases at EQM. External pressure could
also be another parameter affecting the phase distribution but it remains
constant at 1 atm in most of the applications.
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Isomorphous Binary Systems:
Binary systems are composed of two components and they are isomorphous since
there is a complete solubility of liquids and solids.
Example: Cu-Ni
Liquid forms of Cu and Ni (L)
Substitutional
Solid solution of
Cu and Ni (α)
Structure is FCC.
Mixture of solid and
Liquid phases (α+L)
Below 10850
C, Cu and
Ni are soluble in each other
at all compositions.
m.p. of Ni
m.p. of Cu
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The lower case Greek letters (α, β, γ, etc.) indicate solid solutions.
The line separating L and α+L phases is liquidus line.
The line separating α and α+L phases is called solidus line.
Take 50 wt% Ni and 50 wt% Cu alloy: melting begins around 12800
C and
the amount of liquid increases with temperature until about 13200
C
and above this temperature the alloy is completely liquid.
From the phase diagrams we can learn the followings:
1) Phases that are present
2) Composition of the phases
3) Fractions of the phases
Example: 60 wt % Ni-40 wt % Cu alloy at 11000
C (pt A). There is a single
phase, which solid (α).
Pt B (35 wt % Ni-65 wt% Cu) is the mixture of solid and liquid on the
same plot.
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Determination of the composition in a single phase is trivial. But in two
phase, the calculation is as follows:
1) A tie line (horizontal line passing from the temperature) is
constructed.
2) The intersections of tie line and phase boundaries are noted.
3) Each respective composition is read from the composition axis.
For example point B in Figure 10.2a:
35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu at 12500
C : α+L
CL (Composition of the liquid phase)
Cα (Composition of the solid phase)
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Phase Amounts: For a single phase it is 100 % of solid or liquid.
For two phase systems: Lever rule
1) Draw the tie line
2) Locate the overall composition of the alloy on the line
3) The fraction of one phase is computed by taking the length of the line
from the overall composition to the phase boundary of the other phase.
4) Do the same thing for the other phase.
5) Multiply each fraction by 100.
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Similary for solid phase:
For multiphase alloys relative phase amounts can be reported in volume fraction
rather than mass fraction. For an alloy with α and β phases, the volume fraction of
the α phase, Vα
volume of α
volume of β
Conversion from mass fraction to volume fraction can be accomplished using the
equations:
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Mechanical properties of solid isomorphous alloys can be improved by solid
solution strengthening or by the addition of other components.
Tensile strength and elongation are two opposite mechanical properties of the material
This is why one has the maximum value while the other has the minimum.
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Binary Eutectic Systems: Cu and Ag system
Three single phase
α = FCC structure
β = FCC structure
Max.
Solubility
of Ag in Cu
8 wt% Ag at
7790
C
max. solubility of Cu
in Ag (8.8 wt%)
maximum solubility line,
which is also solidus. This
line shows the minimum
temperature for the liquid
phase existence.
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Three two phase regions.
Composition and the fraction of the phases can be determined by lever rule.
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As Ag is added to Cu, the melting point of alloy decreases along the
liquidus line, which is the same for Ag. The minimum melting point is
at point E (invariant point), which is defined CE (71.9 wt% Ag) and TE
(7790
C).
There is an imp. Rxn (eutectic reaction) for the alloy with a composition of
CE as the temperature decreases:
Eutectic=easily melted
Eutectic isotherm
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Notice that in the eutectic phase diagram α and β phases exist over the
composition ranges near the concentration extremities, this is why they
are also called terminal solid solutions. For other alloy systems, there
may be intermediate solid solutions, such as Cu-Zn (brass) system.
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For some alloy systems, discrete intermediate compounds rather than solid
solutions may be observed in phase diagrams. For example; Mg-Pb
system. These are called intermetallic compounds. The compound Mg2Pb
is shown as a vertical line on the diagram rather than a phase region
since it exists precisely at the composition defined.
This diagram can be
thought as two eutectic
phase diagrams of
Mg-Mg2Pb and Mg2Pb-Pb
systems.
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Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions:
Consider Cu-Zn system.
Eutectoid reaction: 5600
C and 74 wt% Zn
-26 wt% Cu
Notice that one solid phase forms two other
solid phases upon cooling.
This is also seen in Fe-C systems.
Peritectic reaction: 5980
C and 78.6 wt% Zn-
21.4 wt% Cu
Notice that a solid transforms into another
solid and a liquid.
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Phase transformations can be classified according to whether or not there is
any change in composition. Those which have no changes in
composition are called as congruent transformations. The opposite is
incongruent transformation. Allotropic transformations are congruent
as well as melting pure metals. Eutectic, eutectoid or melting alloy
systems are incongruent transformations.
Phase diagrams of the metallic systems composed of more than two metal
(or component) are very complex. There is a need for 3-D diagram to
analyze such systems.
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Iron-Carbon System
This is the most important system in manufacturing since primary
structural materials are essentially Fe-C alloys, such as, steel and
cast iron.
The Iron-Iron Carbide System -Phase Diagram:
Pure Fe at room T is stable and
it has a BCC structure. This
form of the Fe is called
ferrite or α Fe.
As T increases, ferrite experiences
a polymorphic transformation
to FCC austenite (γ-Fe) at 9120
C.
At 15380
C FCC austenite
transforms back to BCC δ ferrite.
This system is Fe rich
graphite
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At 6.70 wt% C composition, an intermediate compound, iron carbide (Fe3C)
or cementite is formed. In practice all steels and cast irons have C
content less than 6.70 wt%C, which corresponds to 100% Fe3C.
C is an interstitial impurity and can form solid solutions with each of the iron (ferrite,
austenite, and δ ferrite.
relatively soft, can be made
magnetic at 7680
C and
has a density of 7.88 g/cm3
.
max. solubility of C is 0.022
wt% at 7270
C.
max. solubility of C is
2.14 wt% at 11470
C. This
is nonmagnetic.
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δ-ferrite and α-ferrite are virtually the same except the temperatures over
which they exist.
Cementite forms when the solubilty limit of C is exceeded in α-ferrite below
7270
C. Cementite is hard and brittle, which enhances the strength of the
steel. Cementite is a metastable at RT. When it is heated to 650-7000
C for
several years, then it will transform in to α iron and carbon. Therefore
cementite in the phase diagram is not compound at equilibrium, but since
the rate of its transformation is very slow we can assume the compound to
be stable in steel for instance.
Eutectic reaction at 4.30 wt% Cand 11470
C
Eutectoid reaction 7270
C
These equations are extremely important in the heat treatment of steels.
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Ferrous Alloys
(Iron is the primary component)
based on C content of the alloy
Iron
<0.008 wt% C
ferrite
Steel
0.008-2.14 wt% C
α and Fe3C
Cast Iron
2.14-6.70 wt%C
Development of Microstructure in
Iron-Carbon alloys:
Microstructures of Fe-C alloys
depend on C content and heat
treatment.
Assume here that cooling is very
slow and equilibrium is maintained
continuously.
For a phase of a eutectic alloy cooling
from the temperature range of
austenite:
Pearlite
properties b/w
soft, ductile ferrite
and hard brittle
cement.
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The alternating α and Fe3C
layers in pearlite causes
the redistribution of C by
diffusion as shown
during phase
transformation:
Hypoeutectoid
alloys: Alloys with
C content between
0.022 and 0.76 wt%
are
hypoeutectoid alloys.
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proeutectoid
ferrite
pearlite
some pearlite grains
look darker because
of the magnification
used.
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The fractions of the phases can be calculated using lever rule.
Fraction of pearlite:
Fraction of proeutectoid ferrite:
Fraction of total α and
cementite is determined
by using tie line extending
from 0.022 to 6.70 wt% C
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Hypereutectoid Alloys: alloys with C content of b/w 0.76 - 2.14 wt% cooled
from austenite T range.
proeutectoid
cementite
pearlite
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Things learned
What is a phase diagram?
Interpretation of the phase diagrams.
Types of the phase diagrams.
Phase diagram of Fe-C alloy system.
Changes in the microstructure of Fe-C alloys during slow cooling.