This document provides a review of aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics. It discusses the phase equilibria and crystal structures in the AlN-Al2O3 system, focusing on a constant anion spinel model. Processing and typical microstructures of AlN and AlON are described and compared. Selected mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of AlN and AlON are presented and compared to aluminum oxide.
This document summarizes a study on the leaching behavior of cobaltous oxide (CoO) and cobalto-cobaltic oxide (Co3O4) in ammonia and acid solutions. The dissolution of cobaltous oxide was found to be chemically controlled, with apparent activation energies of 54.0 kJ/mol and 56.5 kJ/mol in ammonia and acid solutions, respectively. The dissolution rate of cobalto-cobaltic oxide in ammonia-ammonium carbonate was very slow at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, less than 2 x 10-5 mol/dm3 of cobalt remained in solution due to precipitation of cobalt carbonate and cobalto-cobalt
This lecture aims at developing a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase Rule. It applies the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys; it also aims at extending the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and at showing how a so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system for alloys balanced in Mg<sub>2</sub>Si.
Relations between structure and nicotine-like activity: X-ray crystal structu...Georgi Daskalov
Relations
between
structure
and
nicotine-like
activity:
X-ray
crystal
structure
analysis
of
(-)-cytisine
and
(-
)-lobeline
hydrochloride
and
a
comparison
with
(-
)-nicotine
and
other
nicotine-like
compounds
Quasi-aligned aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofibers were formed through a nitriding combustion synthesis reaction using aluminum and aluminum nitride powders with yttria and ammonium chloride additives. Scanning electron microscope images showed the aluminum particles maintained their original ball-like shape after combustion, with a thin crust layer on the surface covering quasi-aligned AlN nanofibers grown in the interior. This novel morphology is believed to form through a two-stage process where the crust acts as a micro-reactor allowing nitridation and fiber growth inside the molten aluminum core.
Role of the morphology and surface planes on the catalytic activity of spinel...Science Padayatchi
The electrocatalytic activity of the spinel oxide LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with
different morphologies (cubic, spherical, octahedral, and truncated octahedral) has been
investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions that is of
interest for metal−air batteries. The OER activity increases in the order truncated
octahedral < cubic < spherical < octahedral, despite a larger surface area (2.9 m2 g−1) for
the spherical sample compared to nearly similar surface areas (0.3−0.7 m2 g−1) for the
other three samples. The high activity of the octahedral sample is attributed to the
regular octahedral shape with low-energy {111} surface planes, whereas the lowest
activity of the truncated octahedral sample is attributed to the high-energy {001} surface
planes. The octahedral sample also exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 with
the highest durability whereas the truncated octahedral sample exhibits the highest Tafel
slope of 120 mV dec−1 with durability similar to the cubic and spherical samples. The
study demonstrates that the catalytic activities of oxide catalysts could be tuned and
optimized by controlling the surface morphologies/planes via novel synthesis approaches.
The document describes a novel method for growing aluminium nitride (AlN) nanowires. Specifically:
1) AlN nanowires were grown by nitridating a mixture of aluminium and ammonium chloride powders at 1000°C for 1 hour under flowing nitrogen gas.
2) SEM images showed the production of homogeneous AlN nanowires between 40-150nm in diameter without droplets at the tips, suggesting vapor-phase growth.
3) A thermodynamic analysis supported that the nanowires were grown via spontaneous vapor-phase chlorination and nitridation reactions of intermediate species produced from the aluminium, ammonium chloride and nitrogen.
Synthesis, Characterization and Phase Transition of Highly Porous γ - Alumina...AnuragSingh1049
Alumina is an important metal oxide used in a
wide range of applications. It is a challenge to synthesize
stable γ-alumina nanoparticles because; γ-phase of alumina
is not as stable as α phase of alumina. But γ-alumina owns a
higher surface area making it a good candidate for many
industrial applications such as catalyst, catalytic support for
petroleum refining, absorbent, alcohol dehydration,
catalytic reduction of automotive pollutants like NOx, CO
and hydrocarbons. This research focuses on synthesis,
characterization and study of phase identification of pure γ-
alumina nanoparticles.
Modified “Pechini method” (Danks, Hall, and
Schnepp (2016); Huízar-Félix, Hernández, de la Parra,
Ibarra, & Kharisov, 2012; Naskar, 2010; Zaki, Kabel, &
Hassan, 2012) was used for the synthesis. Transesterification
of citrate and ethylene glycol makes a covalent polymer
network with trapped Al atoms. Continuous stirring of the
reaction mixture while maintaining an optimum
temperature is an important factor affecting this reaction.
Calcination was carried out at different temperatures to
identify phase transitions of alumina nanoparticles. In order
to further reduce the particle size and increase the surface
area, reactant ratio of citric acid: aluminum acetate was
modified to 1:1, volume of ethylene glycol was increased up
to 90% of volume of the solution and Triton X was used as a
surfactant.
PXRD confirmed the pure γ-alumina phase
(JCPDS No. 00-010-0425) in samples calcined at 900 °C. At
1000 °C γ-alumina is conve+rted to α-alumina (JCPDS No.
00-083-2080). After the modifications, γ-alumina was
identified at 700 °C. FTIR-ATR analysis shows peaks
around 1127 cm-1
indicating the presence of Al-O-Al
asymmetric bending modes and the peaks around 500 cm-
1
-
750 cm-1
correspond to γ-AlO6 octahedral sites and 800 cm-1
correspond to AlO4 tetrahedral sites in γ alumina spinel
structure. Resulted product of low temperature, pure γ-
alumina nanoparticles will facilitate the industrial
development in various applications.
This document summarizes a study on the leaching behavior of cobaltous oxide (CoO) and cobalto-cobaltic oxide (Co3O4) in ammonia and acid solutions. The dissolution of cobaltous oxide was found to be chemically controlled, with apparent activation energies of 54.0 kJ/mol and 56.5 kJ/mol in ammonia and acid solutions, respectively. The dissolution rate of cobalto-cobaltic oxide in ammonia-ammonium carbonate was very slow at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, less than 2 x 10-5 mol/dm3 of cobalt remained in solution due to precipitation of cobalt carbonate and cobalto-cobalt
This lecture aims at developing a qualitative understanding of binary phase diagrams by reference to the model systems Cu-Ni, Ni-Pt, Au-Ni and Ag-Cu, and also by reference to the Phase Rule. It applies the basic concepts of phase diagrams to binary aluminium alloys; it also aims at extending the discussion to an outline of ternary phase diagrams, and at showing how a so-called pseudo-binary section can be applied with benefit to the Al-Mg-Si system for alloys balanced in Mg<sub>2</sub>Si.
Relations between structure and nicotine-like activity: X-ray crystal structu...Georgi Daskalov
Relations
between
structure
and
nicotine-like
activity:
X-ray
crystal
structure
analysis
of
(-)-cytisine
and
(-
)-lobeline
hydrochloride
and
a
comparison
with
(-
)-nicotine
and
other
nicotine-like
compounds
Quasi-aligned aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofibers were formed through a nitriding combustion synthesis reaction using aluminum and aluminum nitride powders with yttria and ammonium chloride additives. Scanning electron microscope images showed the aluminum particles maintained their original ball-like shape after combustion, with a thin crust layer on the surface covering quasi-aligned AlN nanofibers grown in the interior. This novel morphology is believed to form through a two-stage process where the crust acts as a micro-reactor allowing nitridation and fiber growth inside the molten aluminum core.
Role of the morphology and surface planes on the catalytic activity of spinel...Science Padayatchi
The electrocatalytic activity of the spinel oxide LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with
different morphologies (cubic, spherical, octahedral, and truncated octahedral) has been
investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions that is of
interest for metal−air batteries. The OER activity increases in the order truncated
octahedral < cubic < spherical < octahedral, despite a larger surface area (2.9 m2 g−1) for
the spherical sample compared to nearly similar surface areas (0.3−0.7 m2 g−1) for the
other three samples. The high activity of the octahedral sample is attributed to the
regular octahedral shape with low-energy {111} surface planes, whereas the lowest
activity of the truncated octahedral sample is attributed to the high-energy {001} surface
planes. The octahedral sample also exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 with
the highest durability whereas the truncated octahedral sample exhibits the highest Tafel
slope of 120 mV dec−1 with durability similar to the cubic and spherical samples. The
study demonstrates that the catalytic activities of oxide catalysts could be tuned and
optimized by controlling the surface morphologies/planes via novel synthesis approaches.
The document describes a novel method for growing aluminium nitride (AlN) nanowires. Specifically:
1) AlN nanowires were grown by nitridating a mixture of aluminium and ammonium chloride powders at 1000°C for 1 hour under flowing nitrogen gas.
2) SEM images showed the production of homogeneous AlN nanowires between 40-150nm in diameter without droplets at the tips, suggesting vapor-phase growth.
3) A thermodynamic analysis supported that the nanowires were grown via spontaneous vapor-phase chlorination and nitridation reactions of intermediate species produced from the aluminium, ammonium chloride and nitrogen.
Synthesis, Characterization and Phase Transition of Highly Porous γ - Alumina...AnuragSingh1049
Alumina is an important metal oxide used in a
wide range of applications. It is a challenge to synthesize
stable γ-alumina nanoparticles because; γ-phase of alumina
is not as stable as α phase of alumina. But γ-alumina owns a
higher surface area making it a good candidate for many
industrial applications such as catalyst, catalytic support for
petroleum refining, absorbent, alcohol dehydration,
catalytic reduction of automotive pollutants like NOx, CO
and hydrocarbons. This research focuses on synthesis,
characterization and study of phase identification of pure γ-
alumina nanoparticles.
Modified “Pechini method” (Danks, Hall, and
Schnepp (2016); Huízar-Félix, Hernández, de la Parra,
Ibarra, & Kharisov, 2012; Naskar, 2010; Zaki, Kabel, &
Hassan, 2012) was used for the synthesis. Transesterification
of citrate and ethylene glycol makes a covalent polymer
network with trapped Al atoms. Continuous stirring of the
reaction mixture while maintaining an optimum
temperature is an important factor affecting this reaction.
Calcination was carried out at different temperatures to
identify phase transitions of alumina nanoparticles. In order
to further reduce the particle size and increase the surface
area, reactant ratio of citric acid: aluminum acetate was
modified to 1:1, volume of ethylene glycol was increased up
to 90% of volume of the solution and Triton X was used as a
surfactant.
PXRD confirmed the pure γ-alumina phase
(JCPDS No. 00-010-0425) in samples calcined at 900 °C. At
1000 °C γ-alumina is conve+rted to α-alumina (JCPDS No.
00-083-2080). After the modifications, γ-alumina was
identified at 700 °C. FTIR-ATR analysis shows peaks
around 1127 cm-1
indicating the presence of Al-O-Al
asymmetric bending modes and the peaks around 500 cm-
1
-
750 cm-1
correspond to γ-AlO6 octahedral sites and 800 cm-1
correspond to AlO4 tetrahedral sites in γ alumina spinel
structure. Resulted product of low temperature, pure γ-
alumina nanoparticles will facilitate the industrial
development in various applications.
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylaminanthracene-2-sulphonate (AB25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic.
3. Based on molar ratio and spectral data, the complexes were determined to have the following formulas: nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes were
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. Nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes were synthesized using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylamin anthracene-2-sulphonate (acid blue 25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Their physical properties like electrical conductivity and magnetic properties were also determined.
3. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic. Cobalt complex did not conduct electricity while the ligand, nickel(II) complex, and copper(
This document describes a study on the structural and magnetic characterization of Co2+ substituted nanostructured copper-zinc spinel ferrites. Nano particles of Cu0.61-xCoxZn0.39Fe2O4 were synthesized using a sol-gel auto combustion method. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the effect of Co2+ substitution on properties like particle size, lattice constant, density, cation distribution, and magnetic properties. It was found that lattice parameter and particle size increased with Co2+ content while density decreased. Cation distribution analysis showed a preference of Co2+ and Cu2+ for octahedral sites and Zn2+ for tetrahedral sites. Magnetic properties like saturation magnetization and coerc
Aluminium is a silvery-white metallic element that is lightweight, ductile and highly conductive of electricity. It is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen and silicon. Aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite through an electrolytic process known as the Hall-Héroult process, which requires large amounts of energy. It has a face-centered cubic crystal structure and is remarkable for its ability to resist corrosion through the formation of a thin protective oxide layer. Aluminium and its alloys have many applications due to properties like low density, high strength and corrosion resistance.
An effect of synthesis parameters on structural properties of AlN thin films ...IJASCSE
This document summarizes research on the effect of synthesis parameters on the structural properties of aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films deposited on metal substrates using DC sputtering.
Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had mixed cubic and hexagonal phases. Cubic phases were more prominent on copper substrates and increased with higher sputtering power and nitrogen gas flow.
2) Crystallite size, dislocation density, residual stress, and strain of the AlN films varied based on the sputtering power, gas ratio, and substrate material used. Optimal properties were observed for films deposited at 300W power and an Ar:N2 ratio of 14:6.
This document discusses the Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagram through several figures and studies:
1) It presents experimental and calculated Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagrams showing the different phases like tetragonal ZrO2, monoclinic ZrO2, and liquid present at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Studies found the eutectic composition to be around 42.5% ZrO2 with a eutectic temperature of around 1910°C.
3) One study using solar furnace and electron microprobe analysis examined 17 compositions between 0-100% ZrO2 and identified phase transitions between tetragonal, monoclinic,
Synthesis and characterization of the mixed ligand complexesTaghreed Al-Noor
This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligands complexes
containing anthranilic acid and amino acid L-alanine (Ala) with some metals. The resulting
products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been characterized by using
(FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, molar conductivity , chloride ion content were also
determin by (mohr method) and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by
(AAS).The proposed structure of the complexes was suggested using program , Chem Office
3D(2004) .The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes :
[M(A)(Ala)]. nH2O n= 0,2
AH = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2 AlaH = alanine = C3H7NO2
Anthranilate ion = C7H6NO2- Ala- = Alanin ate ion = C3H6NO2-
M(II): Mn(II) ,Fe(II),Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) and Cd
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
This document summarizes the thermal oxidation technique for synthesizing metal oxide nanowires. Thermal oxidation involves heating a metal substrate in an oxygen atmosphere to form metal oxide. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanowires have been synthesized using this method. The growth mechanism involves oxidation reactions at the metal-oxide interface, with ion diffusion through the oxide layer governed by Fick's laws. Metal ion or oxygen ion diffusion can occur via interstitial or vacancy mechanisms, determining the oxidation rate. Thermal oxidation is a simple and low-cost method to produce metal oxide nanowires.
In this project, we demonstrated the development and Nano-mechanical study of Aluminum-cBN metal matrix composite (MMC) through the spark plasma sintering process. Aluminum is highly used in the automobile and aerospace industry. In this project, our objective was to increase the hardness and wear resistance properties of aluminum so we can increase the effective use in the field. To achieve that we used the cBN particles of different particle sizes in aluminum and observe their effects on hardness and wear resistance properties. We mixed the powders by the ultra-sonication process then used the Spark Plasma Sintering process for compaction of powders, which is an effective way to decrease the porosity of our solid. Parameters for the spark plasma sintering were 550°∁ temperature, 50 MPa pressure with a dwell time of 5 minutes.
There were many practical reasons for using spark plasma sintering, it can prepare fully dense materials, requires less time for sample preparation at temperatures lower than melting points. It prevents grain coarsening, with regards to severe plastic deformation; spark plasma sintering can fully release residual stresses and as a result, produces fewer cracks and segregation along with uniform microstructure.
We used different characterization techniques to test and analyze various properties of the samples. A high-level homogeneity was observed inside the MMC, by studying different SEM results, any phase changes after the sintering process was observed by XRD. We used the Archimedes principle to achieve the density of our sample. Then Vickers Hardness proved that the addition of cBN aided in increasing the hardness up to our predicted results. Several corrosion tests were performed to create a precise electrochemical study which consists of EIS(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and PD (Potentio-dynamic) of the samples of the composite. Also, we determined the Poison’s ratio for the Nano-indentation study.
Our aim is also to analyze and study the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of wear resistance of our samples.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a novel square-grid complex with the formula [Cu16L18](dmf)3 (1). The complex was formed through self-assembly of a 2,6-pyridinedicarbaldehyde bis(hydrazone) ligand (H4L1) and Cu2+ salt. X-ray crystallography revealed a [4x4] square grid structure consisting of 16 Cu2+ ions in a mixed coordination environment bridged by the ligand. Magnetic measurements showed both ferro- and antiferromagnetic spin exchanges occurring, with antiferromagnetic coupling dominating at low temperatures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document provides information about atoms, ions, molecules and the periodic table of elements. It includes questions about writing electronic structures of elements, the number of protons in fluorine, how a sodium ion is formed from a sodium atom, the type of bonding in a water molecule and which group oxygen belongs to in the periodic table. Additional questions cover reactivity of metals, the structure of helium atoms, identifying missing particles in diagrams of atoms, and determining properties like electronic structure and whether an element is a metal or non-metal based on its composition.
Ab Initio Study of the Electronic and Phonon Band Structure Of the Mixed Vale...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an ab initio study of the electronic band structure and phonon dispersion of silver oxide (AgO) using density functional theory calculations. The LDA+U method predicted AgO to be a semimetal, while the Hartree-Fock calculation predicted a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 1.53 eV, consistent with experiments. Phonon calculations showed small splitting between longitudinal and transverse optical modes for higher oxygen vibrations, explaining why Raman spectroscopy could not observe these modes. The study provides insights into the electronic properties and vibrational behavior of the mixed valence silver oxide.
The document investigates the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn alloy (β-Ti alloy) in HCl and NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted on samples of the alloy in both the solution treated and aged conditions. The corrosion rates were calculated from the polarization curves. It was found that the corrosion properties of the β-titanium alloy remained intact even after aging heat treatment. The corrosion rates in both HCl and NaCl increased with increasing concentrations but no significant change was observed between the solution treated and aged alloy conditions.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylaminanthracene-2-sulphonate (AB25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic.
3. Based on molar ratio and spectral data, the complexes were determined to have the following formulas: nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes were
Synthesis and identification of nickel (ll) , cobalt (ll) and copper (ll) com...Alexander Decker
1. Nickel(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) complexes were synthesized using sodium-1-amino-9,10-dioxo-4-phenylamin anthracene-2-sulphonate (acid blue 25) as a ligand.
2. The complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Their physical properties like electrical conductivity and magnetic properties were also determined.
3. Nickel(II) complex was found to be diamagnetic while cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes were paramagnetic. Cobalt complex did not conduct electricity while the ligand, nickel(II) complex, and copper(
This document describes a study on the structural and magnetic characterization of Co2+ substituted nanostructured copper-zinc spinel ferrites. Nano particles of Cu0.61-xCoxZn0.39Fe2O4 were synthesized using a sol-gel auto combustion method. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the effect of Co2+ substitution on properties like particle size, lattice constant, density, cation distribution, and magnetic properties. It was found that lattice parameter and particle size increased with Co2+ content while density decreased. Cation distribution analysis showed a preference of Co2+ and Cu2+ for octahedral sites and Zn2+ for tetrahedral sites. Magnetic properties like saturation magnetization and coerc
Aluminium is a silvery-white metallic element that is lightweight, ductile and highly conductive of electricity. It is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen and silicon. Aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite through an electrolytic process known as the Hall-Héroult process, which requires large amounts of energy. It has a face-centered cubic crystal structure and is remarkable for its ability to resist corrosion through the formation of a thin protective oxide layer. Aluminium and its alloys have many applications due to properties like low density, high strength and corrosion resistance.
An effect of synthesis parameters on structural properties of AlN thin films ...IJASCSE
This document summarizes research on the effect of synthesis parameters on the structural properties of aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films deposited on metal substrates using DC sputtering.
Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had mixed cubic and hexagonal phases. Cubic phases were more prominent on copper substrates and increased with higher sputtering power and nitrogen gas flow.
2) Crystallite size, dislocation density, residual stress, and strain of the AlN films varied based on the sputtering power, gas ratio, and substrate material used. Optimal properties were observed for films deposited at 300W power and an Ar:N2 ratio of 14:6.
This document discusses the Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagram through several figures and studies:
1) It presents experimental and calculated Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagrams showing the different phases like tetragonal ZrO2, monoclinic ZrO2, and liquid present at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Studies found the eutectic composition to be around 42.5% ZrO2 with a eutectic temperature of around 1910°C.
3) One study using solar furnace and electron microprobe analysis examined 17 compositions between 0-100% ZrO2 and identified phase transitions between tetragonal, monoclinic,
Synthesis and characterization of the mixed ligand complexesTaghreed Al-Noor
This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligands complexes
containing anthranilic acid and amino acid L-alanine (Ala) with some metals. The resulting
products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been characterized by using
(FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, molar conductivity , chloride ion content were also
determin by (mohr method) and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by
(AAS).The proposed structure of the complexes was suggested using program , Chem Office
3D(2004) .The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes :
[M(A)(Ala)]. nH2O n= 0,2
AH = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2 AlaH = alanine = C3H7NO2
Anthranilate ion = C7H6NO2- Ala- = Alanin ate ion = C3H6NO2-
M(II): Mn(II) ,Fe(II),Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) and Cd
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
This document summarizes the thermal oxidation technique for synthesizing metal oxide nanowires. Thermal oxidation involves heating a metal substrate in an oxygen atmosphere to form metal oxide. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanowires have been synthesized using this method. The growth mechanism involves oxidation reactions at the metal-oxide interface, with ion diffusion through the oxide layer governed by Fick's laws. Metal ion or oxygen ion diffusion can occur via interstitial or vacancy mechanisms, determining the oxidation rate. Thermal oxidation is a simple and low-cost method to produce metal oxide nanowires.
In this project, we demonstrated the development and Nano-mechanical study of Aluminum-cBN metal matrix composite (MMC) through the spark plasma sintering process. Aluminum is highly used in the automobile and aerospace industry. In this project, our objective was to increase the hardness and wear resistance properties of aluminum so we can increase the effective use in the field. To achieve that we used the cBN particles of different particle sizes in aluminum and observe their effects on hardness and wear resistance properties. We mixed the powders by the ultra-sonication process then used the Spark Plasma Sintering process for compaction of powders, which is an effective way to decrease the porosity of our solid. Parameters for the spark plasma sintering were 550°∁ temperature, 50 MPa pressure with a dwell time of 5 minutes.
There were many practical reasons for using spark plasma sintering, it can prepare fully dense materials, requires less time for sample preparation at temperatures lower than melting points. It prevents grain coarsening, with regards to severe plastic deformation; spark plasma sintering can fully release residual stresses and as a result, produces fewer cracks and segregation along with uniform microstructure.
We used different characterization techniques to test and analyze various properties of the samples. A high-level homogeneity was observed inside the MMC, by studying different SEM results, any phase changes after the sintering process was observed by XRD. We used the Archimedes principle to achieve the density of our sample. Then Vickers Hardness proved that the addition of cBN aided in increasing the hardness up to our predicted results. Several corrosion tests were performed to create a precise electrochemical study which consists of EIS(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and PD (Potentio-dynamic) of the samples of the composite. Also, we determined the Poison’s ratio for the Nano-indentation study.
Our aim is also to analyze and study the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of wear resistance of our samples.
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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AlN properties.pdf
1. ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY
Structure and Properties of
Aluminum Nitride and AlON
Ceramics
by James W. McCauley
ARL-TR-2740 May 2002
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
20020625 071
2. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an
official Department of the Army position unless so
designated by other authorized documents.
Citation of manufacturer's or trade names does not
constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use
thereof.
Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not
return it to the originator.
3. Army Research Laboratory
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069
ARL-TR-2740 May 2002
Structure and Properties of
Aluminum Nitride and AlON
Ceramics
James W. McCauley
Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
4. Abstract
A brief review of aluminum nitride and AlON ceramics is presented in the
context of the pseudobinary aluminum nitride-aluminum oxide phase
equilibrium system. AlON is the name applied to the nitrogen stabilized cubic
spinel in this system, with a composition centered at 35.7 mole-percent A1N.
First, the phase equilibria and crystal chemistry of these phases are presented,
focusing on a constant anion oxynitride spinel model and the various phases,
including polytypoids, in this system. Then, a brief summary is given on the
processing and microstructures of A1N and AlON, with comparisons to other
microstructures in this system. Finally, selected properties of A1N and AlON are
discussed and tabulated, with special reference to alumina. A comprehensive
reference list is given.
u
5. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Dr. Lynn Neergaard of the Advanced Materials and Processes
Technology Information Analysis Center, Huntsville, AL, for help in the
literature survey.
ui
7. Contents
Acknowledgments in
List of Figures vii
List of Tables vii
1. Introduction 1
2. Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry 1
2.1 AION-AI2O3 Region 2
2.2 AlON Region.. 2
2.3 A1N Polytypoids (Corbin 1989; Tabary and Servant 1999a;
Tabary et al. 2000) 3
3. Processing and Microstructures of A1N and AlON 5
4. Properties of A1N and AlON 7
5. References 9
Distribution List 17
Report Documentation Page 19
v
9. List of Figures
Figure 1. Proposed experimental phase equilibrium diagram for the
pseudobinary AI2O3-AIN composition join at one atmosphere of
flowing nitrogen (McCauley and Corbin 1983) 2
Figure 2. Crystal chemistry relationships in the AI2O3-AIN system
(McCauley and Corbin 1983) 4
Figure 3. Representative microstructures of A1N, AlON/polytypoid
mixture, AlON, and AI2O3. 6
List of Tables
Table 1. Stoichiometries calculated from the constant anion model
(McCauley 1978) 4
Table 2. Representative properties of polycrystalline A1N, AlON, and
a-Al203 8
vu
11. 1. Introduction
The AIN-AI2O3 system contains three important materials: A1N, AlON, and
AI2O3, which have a wide range of properties and uses. Excellent reviews for
A1N can be found in Samsonov (1969), Dugger (1975), Sheppard (1990), and
Prohaska and Miller (1990), in Corbin (1989) for AlON, and in Munro (1997) for
polycrystalline a-alurnina. Some discussion and references are provided in this
review for alumina for ease of comparison to the other two materials.
2. Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry
Substitution of nitrogen for oxygen in AI2O3 or, conversely, substitution of
oxygen into A1N stabilizes new phases with significantly different crystal
structures and symmetry (space group): (X-AI2O3 = R 3c, AlON = Fd3m, and
A1N = PÖ3mc—rhombohedral, cubic, and hexagonal, respectively.
AlON, having the cubic spinel structure, can be thought of as a nitrogen
stabilized cubic aluminum oxide. It has many properties comparable to CC-A2O3,
but because of its cubic crystal structure, fully dense, polycrystalline bodies can
be completely transparent if processed properly (McCauley and Corbin 1979).
Other properties, like dielectric loss tangent, can be extremely low because of the
lack of thermal expansion-induced residual strain at grain boundaries. A1N is an
intriguing material because of its theoretical thermal conductivity of about
320 W/mK at room temperature—extremely high for a dielectric material and
comparable or higher than many metals.
Figure 1 illustrates the proposed phase equilibrium diagram for the
pseudobinary AI2O3-AIN composition join determined experimentally by
McCauley et al. (1988). In a recent series of papers (Willems et al. 1992a, 1992b,
1993; Dumitrescu and Sundman 1995; Qiu and Metselaar 1997), the
thermodynamics of AlON have been worked out and the phase relations
calculated, confirming the main aspects of the experimental diagram. Tabary
and Servant (1998) have also reassessed the phase relationships in this system.
Fukuyama et al. (1999), in using plasma arc melting to produce AlON powder,
seem to have confirmed the vapor-liquid relationship in the extreme temperature
region. Besides the three primary phases, there are also many intermediate
phases, listed in the following subsections.
12. 3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
G2300
ff
t 2200
=9
I
8.
1 2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
Aluminum Oxynltrlde Phases
Composition Structure Molt * AIN
AIN 2H
AI9O3N7 27R
AI7O3N5 21R
Ale03N4 12H
AI
23°27N
5 *">N tyl
AI
22°30N2 +' Spinel
AI2Ö3 Corundum
100
88
83
AIN«
AIN
+
27R
3000
12H+ L
12H + ALON
21R + ALON
27R + ALON
AIN + ALON
ALONfy)
L+o-AI^
ALON *a-Al203
27R 21R 12H
<t 11
AIN + a-AI^
ALON(y>
A
1900
1800
1700
100 90 80 70 60 50 « 30 20 10 0
AW mole * AIN
*>2°3
Figure 1. Proposed experimental phase equilibrium diagram for the pseudobinary
AI2O3-AIN composition join at one atmosphere of flowing nitrogen
(McCauley and Corbin 1983).
2.1 AION-AI2O3 Region
• 13 A1203:1 AIN = o> - AI2O3 (Michel 1972).
• 9 A1203:1A1N = 8 - AI2O3 (Long and Foster 1961; Lefebvre et al. 1972;
Tabary and Servant 1999b).
• 10 A1203:2A1N = £ - AI2O3 or d/ - AI2O3 (Long and Foster 1961; Michel
1972); AI22O30N2 = AlON' or f (McCauley 1978; Tabary
et al. 1999).
2.2 AlON Region
• 9A1203:5A1N = AI23O27N5 = AlON (McCauley 1978; Tabary and Servant
1999a).
13. 2.3 A1N Polytypoids (Corbin 1989; Tabary and Servant 1999a; Tabary et al.
2000)
• 1A1203:4A1N = 12H.
• 1A1203:5A1N = 21R.
• 1A1203:7A1N = 27R (Krishnan et al. 1985).
• 1A1203:14A1N = 32H (Krishnan et al. 1985).
Other polytypoids have also been identified: 8H, 15R, 16H, 33R, 24H, and 39R.
However, the phase equilibria have not yet been clarified. Tabary and Servant
(1999a) and Tabary et al. (2000) have carried out a fairly detailed microstructural
characterization of the polytypoids in this system.
Figure 2 (McCauley and Corbin 1983) summarizes selected phase equilibria,
bonding and atomic structure changes in this system. The bonding changes from
primarily ionic in a-Al203 to covalent in A1N. The electronegativities of Al = 1.5,
O = 3.5, and N = 3.0 result in predicted ionic character of cc-Al203 at 63%, A1N at
43%, and AlON at about 56% (Pauling 1963). With a magnesium
electronegativity of 1.2, MgAl2C»4 has a predicted ionic character of about 68%.
Structurally, the substitution of oxygen into A1N or nitrogen into A1203
destabilizes the parent structures with the resulting formation of modulated
structures. Conceptually, nitrogen substitution into A1203 causes a local charge
imbalance on the substituted nitrogen. This can be reduced by a shift in anion
coordination around Al from six to four, driving the a-Al203-based phase toward
a spinel (MgAl204)-type structure, where the cations are distributed between
octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. This has been confirmed by crystal
structure analysis of AlON, first determined by Goursat et al. (1981) and more
recently refined by Tabary and Servant (1999a), confirming the predictive model
of McCauley (1978). Basically, in the AlON spinel unit cell, there are 8 Al cations
in tetrahedral sites and 15 Al and 1 vacancy in the 16 octahedral sites. The model
proposed by McCauley (1978), which assumes a constant number (32) of anions
in a spinel unit cell, has successfully been used to describe and account for the
unconventional (seemingly nonstoichiometric) composition of both the AlON (N
= 5) and the <t>' (N = 2) phases. The model assumes the following formula:
Al(64+x)/3Cation Vacancy<8-x)/3 0(32-X)Nx.
Table 1 lists the various compositions predicted by this model from N = 0 to 11.
The "normal" spinel composition (N = 8) does not seem to be a stable phase,
whereas AlON (N = 5) and ([>' (N = 2) are seemingly stable stoichiometric phases
verified by many investigators. Yamaguchi and Yanagida (1959) were the first
investigators to propose that nitrogen additions to A1203 would stabilize a
spinel-type material.
14. TYPE OF
EQUILIBRIA
PREDOMINANT
30-:;DI?-;G
CATION
COORDINATION
PACKING OF
RAMEWORK ATOM
AN! Of;
COORD I NAT I 0(1
STRUCTURES
PHASES
(RATIO-
A203.AIN)
TRANSITION
SOLI D;
VAPOR SOLID'LIQUID
COVALENT
CHANGE
IONIC
IV:
-INCREASING VI
"DECREASING IV
CLOSE TO
1'« IV DECREASING IV-
3/4 VI INCREASING VI-
sVI
HCP (AH CCP (O/NI HCP 10)
IV IV IV
AIN STRUCTURES
WURTZITE MODULATED WITH
AI-OJN OCTAHEDRA
CONSTANT AN I ON SPINEL MODEL CORUNDUM
AIN , ?1R
ALON lyl
(9:5)
SPINEL MOOULATEO
lO'SToarto: STWUCTUPES
• -AJ7O3
II-AJJO]!
100
AIM
J
80 60 40 35
-7
mole % AIN
20 16.7 7.1
(1-AI2O3
AI2O3
Figure 2. Crystal chemistry relationships in the AI2O3-AIN system (McCauley and
Corbin 1983).
Table 1. Stoichiometries calculated from the constant anion model (McCauley 1978).
N 0 Al Interstitials Vacancies
Mole-Percent
AIN
lla 21 25.00 1.00 — 61.1
10 22 24.67 0.67 — 57.7
9 23 24.33 0.33 — 54.0
8a 24 24.00 0 0 50.0 Normal
7 25 23.67 — 0.33 45.7
6 26 23.33 — 0.67 40.9
5a 27 23.00 — 1.00 35.7 AlON (Y)
4 28 22.67 — 1.33 30.0
3 29 22.33 — 1.67 23.7
2a
30 22.00 — 2.00 16.7A10N' (f)
1 31 21.67 — 2.33 8.8
0
a r-. ■ , .
32 21.33 — 2.67 0
As indicated in Figure 2, AIN has the hexagonal, wurtzite structure, where Al is
tetrahedrally coordinated with nitrogen. The substitution of oxygen for nitrogen
in the wurtzite AJN structure results in structural irregularities Porignac et al.
1994) and the formation of many polytype-like (polytypoid) phases. This is
apparently different than SiC, which has a vast array of polytypes. Recently,
however, Ueno et al. (1992) and Xia et al. (1993) have confirmed that at pressures
15. of about 16-20 GPa, A1N transforms into an octahedrally coordinated rock
salt structure (C^h).
3. Processing and Microstructures of A1N and AlON
A1N powder can be produced by nitridation of Al metal powder or also by the
reduction of alumina with admixed fine carbon particles in the presence of
nitrogen or ammonia (Huseby 1983). AlON can be produced by the simple
reaction of AI2O3 with A1N in nitrogen or by the carbothermal reduction of AI2O3
+ carbon mixtures (Yawes et al. 1997a,1997b; Ish-Shalom 1982).
Even though A1N is hexagonal, it can be sintered into translucent, almost
transparent, polycrystalline ceramics (Kuramoto and Taniguchi 1984; Kuramoto
et al. 1989). Coble (1962) demonstrated similar results for a-AbCte, called Lucalox
by the General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY. Both of these materials can
never be truly transparent in polycrystalline bodies because of their anisotropic
optical properties or birefringence, unless they have grain sizes significantly
smaller than the wavelength of light. On the other hand, AlON, being optically
isotropic, can be produced in completely transparent ceramic bodies (McCauley
and Corbin 1979). Raytheon Corporation, Lexington, MA, manufactures AlON
in sizes up to about 12 x 12 x 0.25 in for special high-performance applications,
including transparent armor and radar windows and domes.
Figure 3 illustrates typical microstructures of A1N (Kuramoto 1984), AlON, and
Lucalox. Of course, there are many variations of these microstructures, including
grain size, shape, porosity, etc. The microstructure of AlON is hard to resolve
optically because the lack of residual stress at the grain boundaries prevents the
polishing treatment from preferentially eroding the boundaries for better
contrast. (See McCauley et al. [1988] for a comprehensive review of
microstructures in the AI2O3-AIN system, focusing on the AlON', AlON, and
polytypoid regions.)
Both pressureless sintering and hot pressing have been used to produce
pore-free, fully dense A1N and AlON ceramics. Small amounts of additives
(MgO in AI2O3 and CaO and Rare Earth compounds in A1N) are typically
utilized to achieve fully dense, pore-free material. Various chemical vapor
deposition techniques (e.g., Irene et al. [1975] and Silvestri et al. [1975]) can be
used to produce AlxOyNz films. The effect of oxygen on the sintering and hot
pressing of A1N has been studied extensively (Sakai and Iwata 1977; Sakai et al.
1978). Besides McCauley and Corbin (1979), other investigators have studied
the pressureless sintering of AlON (Chen et al. 1991; Kollenberg and
Rymon-Lipinska 1992). Several investigators have also studied the hot pressing
16. (a)AlN (b) 21R +A10N+12H
(c) AlON (d) AI2O3
Figure 3. Representative microstructures of A1N, AlON/polytypoid mixture, AlON and
AI2O3.
of AI2O3-AIN powder mixtures and determined the resulting properties;
however, the formation of the various polytypoids makes the interpretation
of their results difficult (Turpin-Launay et al. 1983; Shimpo et al. 1992- Sakai
1978a, 1978b, 1981a, 1981b). Figure 3(b) is an example of a mixed phase
microstructure.
Sakai (1981a, 1981b) and Sakai et al. (1978) has reported on the room and high
temperature flexural strength of AIN-AI2O3 materials in the 0-70 mole-percent
AI2O3 region. The final products contained variable amounts of A1N poytypoids.
Shimpo et al. (1992) investigated the properties of pure AlON as compared to
AlON-BN composite materials. In a more comprehensive study, Turpin-Launay
et al. (1983) and Launay et al. (1984) investigated the properties of materials in
the AIN-AI2O3 system by both reactive hot pressing and reaction sintering; they
have referred to these materials as ALUMINALON. Significant variations in
hardness, flexure strength, and fracture toughness were observed. Kim et al.
(1998) have also studied composites in this system. Djenkal et al. (2000)
investigated the SiC-reinforcement of AI2O3 AlON composites. The friction,
wear resistance, and other mechanical properties of the ALUMINALON family
17. of materials were systematically studied by Trabelsi et al. (1987) and Berriche
et al. (2000).
4. Properties of A1N and AlON
A1N is a high band gap (about 6.2 eV) dielectric material with a very high
thermal conductivity. The electronic band structure of AI2O3, AlON, and A1N is
reviewed by French (1990). Slack (1973) estimated the thermal conductivity of a
single crystal to be about 320 W/mK at 300 K. Since that time, there has been a
great deal of effort in attempting to produce ceramics (Buhr et al. 1991; Iwamoto
et al. 1992) that approach this value for a variety of high-performance substrate
and packaging applications in microelectronics and high power devices (Ichinose
1988; Sheppard 1990). It also has excellent molten metal corrosion resistance and
stability at high temperatures. Extensive high-temperature creep and
compressive strength measurements have been carried out on A1N (e.g., Masson
et al. [1994]). It is also very interesting to note that Heard and Cline (1980) have
reported a brittle-ductile transformation in A1N at 0.55 GPa confining pressure;
AI2O3 does not seem to exhibit this transformation up to a confining pressure of
1.25 GPa. AlON has not yet been studied in this way.
AlON has not been studied as extensively as A1N or a-AbOs- The elastic
properties have been worked out by Graham et al. (1988); the thermomechanical
properties by Quinn et al. (1984) and Swab et al. (1999); dielectric properties by
Westphal (1979) and Corbin and McCauley (1981); and the optical properties by
Tropf and Thomas (1991). Kim and Richards (1985) investigated the electrical
conductivity of AlON. Neutron irradiation studies are detailed by Jeanne et al.
(1987). Goursat et al. (1976, 1981) have carried out extensive studies on the
oxidation of AlON-based material at high temperature. The use of AlON-based
materials has also been evaluated as refractory ceramics (Lepkova et al. 1996; Li
et al. 2000). Table 2 summarizes a variety of representative properties for A1N,
AlON, and a-Al203.
18. Table 2. Representative properties of polycrystalline A1N, AlON, and a-Al203.a
Property
Density (g/cm3
)
Hardness (GPa)
Young's Modulus (GPa)
Flexure Strength (MPa)
Compressive Strength (GPa)
Fracture Toughness (MPa m1
/2
)
Bulk Modulus (GPa)
Shear Modulus (GPa)
Poisson's Ratio
Thermal Conductivity (W/m °C)
Coefficient of Expansion (/°C)
(XlQ-yC) (25-1000 °C)
Melting Temperature (°C)
Electrical Band Gap (eV)
Dielectric Constant (1 MHz)
Dielectric Constant (7 GHz)
Dielectric Loss (1 MHz)
Dielectric Loss (7 GHz)
Refractive Index (at 0.55 um) n or n<,
Refractive Index n<.
IR Cut Off (urn)
Longitudinal Sound Velocity (km/s)
Hugoniot Elastic Limit (GPa)
A1N
3.26
12
308
400
1.5-4.0
3.0-4.0
200
127-130
0.23-0.24
180-220
5.6
Sublimes
8.9
8.2
0.001
0.002
2.23
2.17
6.3
10.7-10.8
7.0-9.4
A10Nb
3.711
13.8
307-320
228-307
NA
2.4-2.9
206-214
123-128
0.25
9.4-10.3
7.6
2165
6.2
8.56
8.6
0.0005
0.0002
1.785
5.2
10.13-10.3
10.5-10.9
CX-AI2O3
3.98
15
416
380
1.3-4.0
3.5
257
150-169
0.23
33
8.1
2050
9.9
9.9C
9.9
0.002
1.768
1.76
9.0-11.0
5.0-14.0
*Munro 1997; Holmquist et al. 1989; Cazamias et al. 2000; Shafer and Mroz 1992; Hartnett et a<
1982.
35.7 mole-percent A1N material.
"Sapphire dielectric constants: parallel to c axis = 9.39; perpendicular to c = 11.58 (Harris 1999).
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15
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Structure and Properties of Aluminum Nitride and A10N Ceramics
6. AUTHOR(S)
James W. McCauley
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
18VVS4
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
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13. ABSTRACTf/Wax/mum 200 words)
A brief review of aluminum nitride and AlON ceramics is presented in the context of the pseudobinary aluminum
nitride-aluminum oxide phase equilibrium system. AlON is the name applied to the nitrogen stabilized cubic spinel in
this system, with a composition centered at 35.7 mole-percent A1N. First, the phase equilibria and crystal chemistry of
these phases are presented, focusing on a constant anion oxynitride spinel model and the various phases, including
polytypoids, in this system. Then, a brief summary is given on the processing and microstructures of A1N and AlON,
with comparisons to other microstructures in this system. Finally, selected properties of A1N and AlON are discussed
and tabulated, with special reference to alumina. A comprehensive reference list is given.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
ceramics, aluminum nitride, AlON, properties, processing
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