Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Granulation process may be defined as a process wherein small particles adhere together by forming bonds between them , resulting in the formation of large aggregates called granules.
pellets can be defined as multi particulate system or multiunit system
They are spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of the powder granules containing drug substance and excipients.
Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some desire characteristics.
Quality Control Tests Of Capsules dosage form.
1. Weight Variation Test
2. Content Uniformity Test
3. Dissolution Test
4. Disintegration Test
5. Leak Test
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Granulation process may be defined as a process wherein small particles adhere together by forming bonds between them , resulting in the formation of large aggregates called granules.
pellets can be defined as multi particulate system or multiunit system
They are spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of the powder granules containing drug substance and excipients.
Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some desire characteristics.
Quality Control Tests Of Capsules dosage form.
1. Weight Variation Test
2. Content Uniformity Test
3. Dissolution Test
4. Disintegration Test
5. Leak Test
The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage
form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.
Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to
many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of
handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.
Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in
development of formulation.
Recent advances in the design of tablet compression
equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,
minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.
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Tablet processing problems and their remedies ronit ghosh RONIT GHOSH
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Tablet defects can come from any of the unit operations upstream and from the tablet press. The raw materials may be of poor quality or do not meet specifications, causing excessive fines that lead to a host of defects. The formulation may be the source of defects if the material does not compress well or the processing step specified within the formulation fail to produce a powder with a good flow, compressibility, and ejection properties. The processing and granulation of powder are often the sources of the defect.
Every product behaves differently on a tablet press, even if it‘s the same product run on a different day. The variation often
stems from changes in the properties of the raw materials—active ingredients and excipients- from batch to batch. Naturally,
the goal is to minimize these changes. Tablet press operators, however, don‘t have any control over formulation and
granulation. Tablet specifications are tight, and the list of possible defects is long: Variable weight, sticking, picking, capping, lamination, variable hardness, among others. This article focuses on these variations. It pinpoints the possible causes of these defects and offers advice on preventing and fixing the source of the problems.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. Introduction
A tablet is a solid dosage form. It comprises a mixture
of active substances and excipients, usually in powder
form, which is pressed or compacted from a powder
into a solid dose.
An ideal tablet should be free from any visual defect
or functional defect. Defects in tablet are related to
imperfections in any one or more of the following
factors:
MachineFormulationTableting Process
4. Capping
• Capping is the term used, when the upper
or lower segment of the tablet separates
horizontally during ejection from the tablet
press, or during subsequent handling.
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Large amount of fines
in the granulation
Remove some or all
fines through 100 to
200 mesh screen.
Poorly finished dies Polish dies properly
Low moisture content. Moisten the granules. Deep concave
punches.
Use flat punches
Insufficient amount of
binder or improper
binder.
Increasing or change
the type of binder.
Lower punch remains
below the face of die
during ejection.
Make proper setting
of lower punch during
ejection
Insufficient or
improper lubricant.
Increase or change the
type of lubricant.
High turret speed Reduce speed of turret
5. • Lamination is the separation
of a tablet into two or more
distinct horizontal layers.
Lamination
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Oily or waxy
materials in
granules.
Modify mixing
process. Add
adsorbent or
absorbent
Rapid relaxation of
the peripheral
regions of a tablet,
on ejection from a
die.
Use tapered dies,
i.e. upper part of
the die bore has an
outward taper of 3°
to 5°.
Too much of
hydrophobic
lubricant.
Use a less amount
of lubricant or
change the type of
lubricant.
Rapid
decompression
Use pre-
compression step.
Reduce turret speed
and reduce the final
compression
pressure.
6. Cracking
Small, fine cracks observed on the upper and lower
central surface of tablets, or very rarely on the
sidewall are referred to as Cracks.
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Large size of
granules.
Reduce granule size.
Add fines.
Tablet expands on
ejection due to air
entrapment
Use tapered die.
Too dry granules. Moisten the granules
properly and add
proper amount of
binder.
Deep concavities
cause cracking while
removing tablets
Use special take-off
Tablets expand. Add dry binders.
Granulation too cold Compress at room
temperature
7. Chipping
Chipping‘ is defined as the breaking
of tablet edges, while the tablet leaves
the press or during subsequent
handling
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Sticking on punch
faces
Dry the granules
properly or increase
lubrication.
Groove of die worn at
compression point
Polish to open end,
reverse or replace the
die.
Too dry granules. Moisten the granules Barreled die (center
of the die wider than
ends)
Polish the die to make
it cylindrical
Too much binding
causes chipping at
bottom.
Optimize binding, or
use dry binders.
Edge of punch face
turned inside/inward
Polish the punch
edges
Concavity too deep to
compress properly
Reduce concavity of
punch faces. Use flat
punches.
8. Sticking
Sticking refers to the tablet material
adhering to the die wall.
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Granules not dried
properly
Dry the granules
properly
Concavity too deep
for granulation
Reduce concavity to
optimum
Too little or improper
lubrication
Increase or change
lubricant
Too little pressure Increase pressure
Too much binder Reduce or use another
binder.
Compressing is too
fast.
Reduce speed
Oily or way materials Modify mixing
process. Add an
absorbent
Too soft or weak
granules
Optimize the amount
of binder
9. Picking is a more specific term that describes
product sticking only within the letters, logos, or
designs on the punch faces.
Picking
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Granules not dried properly Dry the granules properly Rough punch
faces
Polish faces
Too little or improper lubrication Increase or change
lubricant
Dividing line is
too deep
Reduce
depths
Low melting point substances,
may soften from the heat of
compression.
Use high meting point
lubricants.
Pressure
applied is not
enough
Increase
pressure to
optimum
Low melting point medicament in
high concentration.
Refrigerate granules and
the entire tablet press.
Too warm granules when
compressing
Cool sufficiently before
compression.
Too much amount of binder Reduce or change binder.
10. Binding
Sticking of the tablet to the die and does not
eject properly out of the die
Formulation related Machine related
Causes Remedies Causes Remedies
Too moist granules.
Dry the granules
properly.
Poorly finished dies.
Polish the dies
properly.
Insufficient or
improper lubricant.
Increase or change
lubricant
Rough dies due to
abrasion, corrosion.
Investigate other
steels.
Too coarse granules. Reduce granular size. Undersized dies
Rework to proper
size.
Too hard granules for
the lubricant to be
effective.
Modify granulation.
Reduce granular size.
Too much pressure in
the tablet press.
Reduce pressure.
Granular material too
warm.
Reduce temperature.
11. Mottling is the term used to describe
an unequal distribution of colour on a
tablet.
Mottling
The Causes And Remedies
Causes Remedies
A coloured drug used along with colourless or
white-coloured excipients.
Use appropriate colourants.
A dye migrates to the surface of granulation
while drying.
Change the solvent system, Change the binder,
Reduce drying temperature and Use a smaller
particle size.
Improperly mixed dye, especially during
‘Direct Compression’.
Mix properly and reduce size if it is of a larger
size to prevent segregation.
Improper mixing of a coloured binder solution.
Incorporate dry colour additive during powder
blending step, then add fine powdered
adhesives such as acacia and tragacanth and
mix well and finally add granulating liquid.
12. Double impression
It is due to free rotation of punches which have some engraving or
monogram on the punch faces. During his free travel, the punch rotates
and at this point, the punch may make a new impression on the bottom of
the tablet, resulting in 'Double Impression.
Causes Remedies
Free rotation of either upper punch or
lower punch during ejection of a
tablet.
-Use keying in tooling, i.e. inset a
key alongside of the punch, so that
it fits the punch and
prevents punch rotation.
-Newer presses have anti-turning
devices, which prevent punch
rotation.
The Causes And Remedies
13. Problems and remedies for tablet coating
Problem Definition Causes Remedy
BLISTERING
It is local detachment of
film from the substrate
forming blister.
Effect of temperature
on the strength,
elasticity and adhesion
of the film.
Use mild drying
condition.
CRATERING
It is defect of film coating
whereby volcanic-like
craters appears exposing the
tablet surface
Inefficient drying.
Higher rate of
application of coating
solution.
Use efficient and
optimum drying
conditions.
Increase viscosity of
coating solution to
decrease spray
application rate.
PICKING AND
STICKING
It is It is defect where
isolated areas of film are
pulled away from the
surface when the tablet
sticks together or to the pan
and then detached from one
another or from the pan.
Inefficient drying.
Higher rate of
application of coating
solution.
Increase the inlet air
temperature
Decrease the rate of
application of coating
solution.
14. Problems and remedies for tablet coating
Problem Definition Causes Remedy
PITTING
It is defect whereby pits occur
in the surface of a tablet core
without any visible disruption
of the film coating
Inappropriate drying
(inlet air ) temperature
Increase the drying
(inlet air) temperature
BLOOMING
It is defect where coating
becomes dull immediately or
after prolonged storage at high
temperatures
High concentration
and low molecular
weight of plasticizer.
Decrease plasticizer
concentration and
increase molecular
weight of plasticizer.
COLOR
VARIATION
A defect which involves
variation in colour of the film.
Improper mixing,
uneven spray pattern,
insufficient coating,
migration of soluble
dyes-plasticizers and
other additives during
drying.
Go for geometric
mixing, reformulation
with different
plasticizers and
additives or use mild
drying conditions.
15. Problems and remedies for tablet coating
Problem Definition Causes Remedy
ORANGE
PEEL
EFFECT
It is surface defect resulting in
the film being rough and non
glossy. Appearance is similar
to that of an orange.
Rapid Drying
High solution
viscosity
Use mild drying
conditions.
Decrease viscosity of
solution.
BRIDGING
This occurs when the coating
fills in the lettering or logo on
the tablet
•High spray rate
•High viscosity of
solution,
•High percentage of
solids in the solution,
•Improper atomization
pressure.
•Reduce spray rate
•Reduce viscosity
•Reduce percentage of
solid
•Use proper
atomization pressure
CRACKIN
or
SPLITTING
It is defect in which the film
either cracks across the crown
of the tablet (cracking) or
splits around the edges of the
tablet (Splitting).
Use of higher
molecular weight
polymers or polymeric
blends.
Use lower molecular
weight polymers or
polymeric blends.
Also adjust plasticizer
type and
concentration.
Thank u all