This document discusses the development and evaluation of tablet dosage forms. It covers topics such as the advantages and types of tablets, granulation techniques, manufacturing processes like compression and coating, and evaluation parameters. Tablet manufacturing involves mixing and granulating powders, compressing the granules into tablets, and potentially coating tablets for properties like taste masking, moisture protection or controlled release. Evaluation of tablets includes testing their weight, hardness, disintegration and dissolution characteristics to ensure quality and consistency.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including:
- Tablets are compressed solid dosage forms that are usually circular in shape and may be flat or curved. They are the most popular dosage form.
- Advantages of tablets include being easy to administer and dispense, more stable, light and compact, and economical. Disadvantages include difficulty formulating some drugs and increased costs from coating.
- The document describes different types of tablets based on how they are administered, manufactured, and used. It also covers tablet ingredients, manufacturing processes, coating methods, and potential defects.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the main excipients used in tablet formulations and the manufacturing process, which typically involves granulation and compression. It also discusses tablet coating methods and common defects in tablets. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the fundamentals of tablet design and production.
This document provides an overview of tablet formulation and manufacturing. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets as a popular dosage form. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules through wet and dry granulation. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binders, and lubricants. Finally, it provides information on tablet coating techniques and quality evaluation tests for tablets.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including granulation, compression, and coating. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations and methods for evaluating tablet quality.
The document discusses pellets, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs. It describes how pellets are manufactured using various pelletization processes, including powder layering, solution layering, extrusion-spheronization, and spray drying. The key advantages of pellets are their uniform shape and size, improved flow properties, ability to control drug release, and minimized local irritation. The document outlines the formulation requirements and evaluation methods for pellets.
The document discusses tablets, including their definition, types, formulation, methods of preparation, defects, and quality control tests. Tablets are solid dosage forms that contain medicinal substances and may be compressed or molded. They are classified based on how they are administered or where they act, such as oral, chewable, sublingual, etc. Tablet formulation involves active ingredients and excipients like diluents, binders, lubricants, and disintegrants. Tablets are prepared by wet granulation, dry granulation, or direct compression methods. Quality control tests evaluate properties like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and drug content uniformity.
This document discusses tablets as a type of solid oral dosage form used for drug delivery. It defines tablets as compressed powders or granules containing medicinal ingredients. The document outlines the advantages of tablets such as ease of administration and accurate dosing. It also discusses different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document provides details on the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules, compression, and coating. It also lists common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binding agents, and disintegrating agents.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including:
- Tablets are compressed solid dosage forms that are usually circular in shape and may be flat or curved. They are the most popular dosage form.
- Advantages of tablets include being easy to administer and dispense, more stable, light and compact, and economical. Disadvantages include difficulty formulating some drugs and increased costs from coating.
- The document describes different types of tablets based on how they are administered, manufactured, and used. It also covers tablet ingredients, manufacturing processes, coating methods, and potential defects.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the main excipients used in tablet formulations and the manufacturing process, which typically involves granulation and compression. It also discusses tablet coating methods and common defects in tablets. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the fundamentals of tablet design and production.
This document provides an overview of tablet formulation and manufacturing. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets as a popular dosage form. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules through wet and dry granulation. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binders, and lubricants. Finally, it provides information on tablet coating techniques and quality evaluation tests for tablets.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including granulation, compression, and coating. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations and methods for evaluating tablet quality.
The document discusses pellets, which are small spherical particles used to deliver drugs. It describes how pellets are manufactured using various pelletization processes, including powder layering, solution layering, extrusion-spheronization, and spray drying. The key advantages of pellets are their uniform shape and size, improved flow properties, ability to control drug release, and minimized local irritation. The document outlines the formulation requirements and evaluation methods for pellets.
The document discusses tablets, including their definition, types, formulation, methods of preparation, defects, and quality control tests. Tablets are solid dosage forms that contain medicinal substances and may be compressed or molded. They are classified based on how they are administered or where they act, such as oral, chewable, sublingual, etc. Tablet formulation involves active ingredients and excipients like diluents, binders, lubricants, and disintegrants. Tablets are prepared by wet granulation, dry granulation, or direct compression methods. Quality control tests evaluate properties like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and drug content uniformity.
This document discusses tablets as a type of solid oral dosage form used for drug delivery. It defines tablets as compressed powders or granules containing medicinal ingredients. The document outlines the advantages of tablets such as ease of administration and accurate dosing. It also discusses different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document provides details on the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules, compression, and coating. It also lists common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binding agents, and disintegrating agents.
This includes detail study of the tablet dosage form. Different types of tablets and method of preparation. It will surely help you to understand the topic with the easy language. And it is also helpful as exam point of view.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including their history, types, ingredients, manufacturing processes, and evaluation. It begins with an introduction to tablets, noting they were first patented in 1843 and now represent over 2/3 of dosage forms. The main types of tablets discussed are compressed, multiple compressed (layered, compressed coated), sugar coated, film coated, and chewable tablets. Ingredients like drugs, diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrants are explained. Tablet production methods like wet granulation, dry granulation and direct compression are covered. Common processing problems and methods of evaluation like weight variation, content uniformity and hardness testing are also summarized.
This document discusses solid oral dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets as solid preparations containing a single dose of one or more active ingredients obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles. Tablets are popular due to their convenience, stability, accurate dosing, and mass production capabilities. The document outlines the types of excipients used in tablets and their roles. It also summarizes the process of tablet manufacturing including types of presses, ingredients, and granulation methods.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tablets. It begins with an introduction to tablets and their definition. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of tablets. The document outlines the main types of tablets and describes common excipients used in tablet formulations. It provides details on the major steps of the manufacturing process, including granulation, compression, and coating. Finally, it discusses some common defects that can occur in tablets and their causes.
this presentation discusses about; Dosage forms
Tablet dosage forms
Desirable properties of tablets
Classification of tablets
Types of tablets
Tablet ingredients
Tablet manufacturing methods
Major equipments used for wet granulation
Evaluation of tablets
Tableting problems and their remedies
Brief overview on pellets formulation or palletization techniques #Research and development #Pharmaceutical #Formulation #Pharmaceutics #Solid dosage form #Tablets # #extrusion spheronisation #Fluide bed dryer # Dry powder layering #Solution layering
Tablets are the most popular oral dosage form, comprising compressed powders into solid dosage units. Tablets can be formulated for immediate release or modified release of the drug. There are several types of tablets including compressed, layered, sugar-coated, film-coated, chewable, sublingual, buccal, lozenges, dental cones, implants, and vaginal/insert tablets. Tablets offer benefits like accurate dosing, stability, low cost and ease of production compared to other dosage forms.
This document provides information about tablets as a drug delivery system. It defines tablets and describes their key components and manufacturing process. Tablets consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients that control release and aid manufacturing. Excipients include fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and others. Tableting involves powder compression in a die and punch press. Tablets offer benefits like precision dosing but some drugs are not suitable. Quality is ensured through testing dissolution and other properties.
Tablets are one of the most common oral solid dosage forms. They can be produced through compression or molding methods. There are several types of tablets including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, enteric-coated, and controlled-release tablets. Tablets contain active drug ingredients along with excipients that serve various purposes like diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, and colors. Excipients are carefully selected to provide tablets with properties like hardness, disintegration, and appropriate dissolution for drug release.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical tablets, including their manufacturing process, types, components, quality standards, and testing methods. Tablets are solid oral dosage forms made using compression. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using punches and dies. Tablets can have various coatings, release mechanisms, and purposes. Quality is ensured through testing weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, and other physical properties. Proper manufacturing and testing helps ensure tablets safely and effectively deliver medication.
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet t...RajkumarKumawat11
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet topic for pharma student, presentation of tablet, tablet by raj kumar kumawat
Tablets: a.Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, Classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems.
Presentation tablet production madhu k sMadhu Honey
The document discusses the key equipment and processes used in tablet production, including size reduction equipment, mixers, granulators, dryers, tablet presses, and quality control equipment. It describes the main methods of tablet formulation as direct compression, dry granulation, and wet granulation. For wet granulation specifically, it outlines the steps of milling, weighing, mixing, wet massing using high-shear or fluid-bed granulators, drying granules, screening, lubricating, and compressing into tablets.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1) Scored or grooved tablets
2) Disintegrants
3) Friabulator
4-6) Wet granulation, dry granulation, direct compression
7) Microencapsulation
Formulation of Different Types of Tablets Summary.pdfSudhirPriyadarshi
This document provides information about different types of tablets and the formulation process. It discusses:
1) The definition and advantages/disadvantages of tablets. 2) Various types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered by other routes, and used to prepare solutions. 3) Excipients commonly used in tablets and their functions. 4) The formulation process including pulverization, granulation, compression, and coating. 5) Details on wet and dry granulation methods and tablet coating techniques.
Multi Unit Pellet System (MUPS) tablets are prepared by compacting modified release coated pellets. Pellets can be produced with sustained or enteric release coatings to provide different release profiles. MUPS tablets have several advantages over conventional tablets including avoiding local irritation, delivering incompatible drugs simultaneously, masking bitter tastes, and ensuring more uniform drug absorption with less variability. Pellets are prepared using various methods like pelletization, layering, or globulation, then coated and compressed into MUPS tablets.
Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding mixtures of active and inactive ingredients. They are the most popular dosage form due to their accurate dosing, low cost, stability and ease of production. Tablets can be formulated for immediate or controlled release and come in various shapes, sizes and coatings. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using either wet or dry granulation methods. Wet granulation is more common and involves using a liquid binder to form granules which are then dried, sized, lubricated and compressed. Tablets must balance physical attributes like strength with chemical properties like drug release.
This document discusses tablets as a solid oral dosage form. It defines tablets and describes their advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. The document outlines common tablet ingredients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. It also discusses different types of tablets based on route of administration and describes various tableting methods including wet and dry granulation and compression. The document provides a detailed overview of the key components and processes involved in manufacturing tablets.
This document provides information about tablets, including their formulation, design, manufacturing, types, advantages, and excipients. Tablets are solid oral dosage forms made by compressing powder mixtures into various shapes. They have advantages like precise dosing and ease of production. The document discusses different granulation and compression methods used in tablet manufacturing. It also describes common excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and their functions in tablets.
An IND is an application submitted to the FDA seeking permission to use an unapproved drug in clinical trials. An IND must present adequate safety and efficacy information for the proposed clinical study and ensure subjects will not be exposed to unreasonable risks. It includes essential documents like clinical study protocols, investigator brochures, CMC data, and preclinical pharmacology and toxicology results. The FDA reviews initial INDs within 30 days to evaluate a study's risks and ensure subjects' protection before trials can begin. Ongoing IND review allows the FDA to monitor studies and place holds if safety issues arise.
An Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) is an application for approval of a generic drug that is comparable to an existing brand-name drug in dosage form, strength, quality and intended use. An ANDA contains data demonstrating the generic drug is bioequivalent to the reference listed drug. If approved, the generic drug may be marketed as a lower-cost alternative. The goal of the ANDA process is to expedite availability of affordable generic drugs while ensuring they are safe, effective and bioequivalent to the brand-name version.
This includes detail study of the tablet dosage form. Different types of tablets and method of preparation. It will surely help you to understand the topic with the easy language. And it is also helpful as exam point of view.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including their history, types, ingredients, manufacturing processes, and evaluation. It begins with an introduction to tablets, noting they were first patented in 1843 and now represent over 2/3 of dosage forms. The main types of tablets discussed are compressed, multiple compressed (layered, compressed coated), sugar coated, film coated, and chewable tablets. Ingredients like drugs, diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrants are explained. Tablet production methods like wet granulation, dry granulation and direct compression are covered. Common processing problems and methods of evaluation like weight variation, content uniformity and hardness testing are also summarized.
This document discusses solid oral dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets as solid preparations containing a single dose of one or more active ingredients obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles. Tablets are popular due to their convenience, stability, accurate dosing, and mass production capabilities. The document outlines the types of excipients used in tablets and their roles. It also summarizes the process of tablet manufacturing including types of presses, ingredients, and granulation methods.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tablets. It begins with an introduction to tablets and their definition. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of tablets. The document outlines the main types of tablets and describes common excipients used in tablet formulations. It provides details on the major steps of the manufacturing process, including granulation, compression, and coating. Finally, it discusses some common defects that can occur in tablets and their causes.
this presentation discusses about; Dosage forms
Tablet dosage forms
Desirable properties of tablets
Classification of tablets
Types of tablets
Tablet ingredients
Tablet manufacturing methods
Major equipments used for wet granulation
Evaluation of tablets
Tableting problems and their remedies
Brief overview on pellets formulation or palletization techniques #Research and development #Pharmaceutical #Formulation #Pharmaceutics #Solid dosage form #Tablets # #extrusion spheronisation #Fluide bed dryer # Dry powder layering #Solution layering
Tablets are the most popular oral dosage form, comprising compressed powders into solid dosage units. Tablets can be formulated for immediate release or modified release of the drug. There are several types of tablets including compressed, layered, sugar-coated, film-coated, chewable, sublingual, buccal, lozenges, dental cones, implants, and vaginal/insert tablets. Tablets offer benefits like accurate dosing, stability, low cost and ease of production compared to other dosage forms.
This document provides information about tablets as a drug delivery system. It defines tablets and describes their key components and manufacturing process. Tablets consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients that control release and aid manufacturing. Excipients include fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and others. Tableting involves powder compression in a die and punch press. Tablets offer benefits like precision dosing but some drugs are not suitable. Quality is ensured through testing dissolution and other properties.
Tablets are one of the most common oral solid dosage forms. They can be produced through compression or molding methods. There are several types of tablets including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, enteric-coated, and controlled-release tablets. Tablets contain active drug ingredients along with excipients that serve various purposes like diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, and colors. Excipients are carefully selected to provide tablets with properties like hardness, disintegration, and appropriate dissolution for drug release.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical tablets, including their manufacturing process, types, components, quality standards, and testing methods. Tablets are solid oral dosage forms made using compression. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using punches and dies. Tablets can have various coatings, release mechanisms, and purposes. Quality is ensured through testing weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, and other physical properties. Proper manufacturing and testing helps ensure tablets safely and effectively deliver medication.
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet t...RajkumarKumawat11
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet topic for pharma student, presentation of tablet, tablet by raj kumar kumawat
Tablets: a.Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, Classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems.
Presentation tablet production madhu k sMadhu Honey
The document discusses the key equipment and processes used in tablet production, including size reduction equipment, mixers, granulators, dryers, tablet presses, and quality control equipment. It describes the main methods of tablet formulation as direct compression, dry granulation, and wet granulation. For wet granulation specifically, it outlines the steps of milling, weighing, mixing, wet massing using high-shear or fluid-bed granulators, drying granules, screening, lubricating, and compressing into tablets.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1) Scored or grooved tablets
2) Disintegrants
3) Friabulator
4-6) Wet granulation, dry granulation, direct compression
7) Microencapsulation
Formulation of Different Types of Tablets Summary.pdfSudhirPriyadarshi
This document provides information about different types of tablets and the formulation process. It discusses:
1) The definition and advantages/disadvantages of tablets. 2) Various types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered by other routes, and used to prepare solutions. 3) Excipients commonly used in tablets and their functions. 4) The formulation process including pulverization, granulation, compression, and coating. 5) Details on wet and dry granulation methods and tablet coating techniques.
Multi Unit Pellet System (MUPS) tablets are prepared by compacting modified release coated pellets. Pellets can be produced with sustained or enteric release coatings to provide different release profiles. MUPS tablets have several advantages over conventional tablets including avoiding local irritation, delivering incompatible drugs simultaneously, masking bitter tastes, and ensuring more uniform drug absorption with less variability. Pellets are prepared using various methods like pelletization, layering, or globulation, then coated and compressed into MUPS tablets.
Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding mixtures of active and inactive ingredients. They are the most popular dosage form due to their accurate dosing, low cost, stability and ease of production. Tablets can be formulated for immediate or controlled release and come in various shapes, sizes and coatings. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using either wet or dry granulation methods. Wet granulation is more common and involves using a liquid binder to form granules which are then dried, sized, lubricated and compressed. Tablets must balance physical attributes like strength with chemical properties like drug release.
This document discusses tablets as a solid oral dosage form. It defines tablets and describes their advantages such as precise dosing, low cost, and stability. The document outlines common tablet ingredients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. It also discusses different types of tablets based on route of administration and describes various tableting methods including wet and dry granulation and compression. The document provides a detailed overview of the key components and processes involved in manufacturing tablets.
This document provides information about tablets, including their formulation, design, manufacturing, types, advantages, and excipients. Tablets are solid oral dosage forms made by compressing powder mixtures into various shapes. They have advantages like precise dosing and ease of production. The document discusses different granulation and compression methods used in tablet manufacturing. It also describes common excipients like diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and their functions in tablets.
An IND is an application submitted to the FDA seeking permission to use an unapproved drug in clinical trials. An IND must present adequate safety and efficacy information for the proposed clinical study and ensure subjects will not be exposed to unreasonable risks. It includes essential documents like clinical study protocols, investigator brochures, CMC data, and preclinical pharmacology and toxicology results. The FDA reviews initial INDs within 30 days to evaluate a study's risks and ensure subjects' protection before trials can begin. Ongoing IND review allows the FDA to monitor studies and place holds if safety issues arise.
An Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) is an application for approval of a generic drug that is comparable to an existing brand-name drug in dosage form, strength, quality and intended use. An ANDA contains data demonstrating the generic drug is bioequivalent to the reference listed drug. If approved, the generic drug may be marketed as a lower-cost alternative. The goal of the ANDA process is to expedite availability of affordable generic drugs while ensuring they are safe, effective and bioequivalent to the brand-name version.
This document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and amount of drug absorption from its dosage form. Factors that influence bioavailability include pharmaceutical properties, patient factors, and route of administration. Absolute bioavailability compares systemic availability after oral versus intravenous dosing, while relative bioavailability compares oral dosing to an oral standard. Bioequivalence means two products have identical plasma concentration-time profiles without statistical differences. The document outlines methods to measure bioavailability including pharmacokinetic studies using plasma or urine data and pharmacodynamic studies using physiological responses. It also discusses objectives and criteria for bioequivalence studies.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) related to quality and specifications of pharmaceutical products. It describes several ICH Q guidelines including Q1 on stability testing, Q2 on analytical method validation, Q3 on impurities, Q4 on pharmacopoeial harmonization, and Q5 on biotechnological/biological products. Key points covered include requirements for stability testing protocols, validation of analytical methods, identification and qualification of impurities, harmonization of pharmacopoeial standards, and viral safety evaluation of cell-derived biopharmaceuticals.
This document discusses capsule dosage forms, including hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. It covers the definition of capsules, types of capsules and gelatin, manufacturing processes, sizes, filling techniques, and evaluation parameters. Capsules are solid dosage forms that enclose medicaments in a soluble gelatin shell. Hard capsules contain dry powders while soft capsules contain oils or active ingredients dissolved in oil. The manufacturing process for hard capsules involves dipping pins in gelatin solution to form shells, which are then dried, trimmed, and filled.
This document provides an overview of parenteral dosage forms, including definitions, advantages and disadvantages, preformulation considerations, and types of small and large volume parenterals. Parenterals refer to routes of administration other than the gastrointestinal tract, such as intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. Preformulation studies examine the drug's physicochemical properties, solubility, stability, and compatibility with excipients. Small volume parenterals are formulated with water for injection, buffers, antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, tonicity agents, and surfactants. Large volume parenterals provide intravenous nutrition through protein, energy, electrolyte, and vitamin substrates. Finished products are tested for content uniformity, leakage,
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac Care
Tablet
1. TABLET
Savitribai Phule Pune University
B.PHARM
Semester- V
By
B. S. Parande
Assistant Professor
Pharmaceutics Department
2. Unit Outcomes
On completion of this unit students will able to understand:
• The important considerations in the development of tablet
dosage form.
• Manufacturing Techniques of Tablet dosage form
• Evaluation parameters of Tablet dosage form.
3. Contents
• Introduction
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Types of tablets
• Granulation
• Manufacturing techniques
• Coating of tablet
• Evaluation
4. Introduction
• Tablets are compressed solid unit dosage form
containing medicament or medicaments usually
circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex.
• Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form
containing medicaments with or without excipients.
• Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes,
unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a
mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
• It is the most popular dosage form and 70% of the total
medicines are dispensed in the form of Tablet
5. Advantages
Easy to dispense.
More stable.
Accuracy in dose.
Bitter and nauseous substance can be easily
dispensed.
Light and compact.
Economical.
Sustained release product is possible by enteric
coating.
Easy to administer
6. Disadvantages
Problem with compression to crystalline drug.
Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed
tablets.
K
Drugs with low or poor water solubility, slow
dissolution, may be difficult to formulate.
Cost of production may be increase because of coating
and encapsulation to remove bitter and unpleasant
taste.
Swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill
(unconscious) patients
7. 1. Buccal Tablets:
These tablets are to be placed in buccal pouch or between the gum
& lip or cheek. Tablet dissolve & disintegrated slowly & absorb
directly.
2. Sublingual Tablet:
These tablets are to be placed under the longue. They dissolve &
disintegrated quickly & absorbed directly without passing into
G.I.T. Buccal and sublingual tablet should be formulated with
bland excipients, which do not stimulate salivation.
3. Lozenge tablet & troches:
These tablets are designed to exert a local effect on mouth or
throat. These tablets are usually used in treatment of sore throat
or control coughing. The tablets are usually used to such drug as
anaesthetic, antiseptic and antibacterial agent, demulcent,
astringent and antitussive agent. Lozenges were earlier called
pastilles.
8. 4. Dental cones:
These are relatively minor compressed tablet meant for placing
them in the empty socket after tooth extraction. Usually, these
tablets contain an antibacterial, compound which is released slowly.
Prevent the growth of bacteria. These tablets may contain an
astringent or coagulant to reduce bleeding. The base for these
types is sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride or it may be amines
acid. These cones generally get dissolved in 20 to 40 min time.
5. Implantation tablet:
These tablets are placed below the skin or inserted subcutaneously
by means of a minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed.
These must be sterile and are made by heavy compression and
fusion. e.g. Testosterone tablet.
6.Vaginal tablet:
These tablets are meant to dissolve slowly in vaginal cavity. These
are ovoid or pear shaped and are used to release steroids,
antibacterial and antiseptics etc to avoid infections. e.g.
Clotrimazole tablet.
9. 1. Diluents: The diluent is needed to increase the bulk when
quantity of medicament is very small in each tablet. e.g.
Lactose, sucrose, sodium chloride, dextrose and starch etc.
2. Disintegrating agents: To break the tablet in smaller particles
when swallowed. These acts by three ways: swelling, by
producing effervescence and by melting at body temperature.
The disintegrating agent is divided into two parts. One part is
mixed with other excipients before granules formation and the
other is mixed with the dry granules before compression. e.g.
Potato, maize, wheat starch etc.
3. Granulating agents: These provides moisture to convert the
fine powder into damp mass which after passing through sieve
forms granules. e.g Starch paste, acacia, tragacanth. gelatin
solution, iso propyl alcohol etc.
4. Glidants: To improve the flow properties of granules. e.g
magnesium stearate &Talc
10. 5. Lubricants: To reduce the interparticular friction during
compression and between tablet and die wall during ejection of
tablet. e.g. Talc & magnesium stearate.
6. Binding agents: these provides strength to the granules to
keep the tablet intact and selection of which depends on the
type of tablet.e.g. gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose etc.
7. Adsorbing agents: these are used to adsorb volatile oil, liquid
extracts and tincture etc. Prevent sticking e.g. Mg stearate,
steraric acid etc.
8. Colors, flavors and sweetening agents: All coloring agents must
be approved and certified by FDA. Two forms of colors are used
in tablet preparation – FD &C and D & C dyes. These dyes are
applied as solution in the granulating agent or Lake form of these
dyes.
11. Manufacturing of compressed tablets
PREPARATION OF GRANULES FOR COMPRESSION:
Methods includes:
WET GRANULATION
Wet granulation is a widely employed method for the production of
compressed tablets.
The steps required are:
1. Weighing and blending the ingredients
2. Preparing a dampened powder or a damp mass
3. Screening the dampened powder or damp mass into
pellets or granules
4. Drying the granulation
5. Sizing the granulation by dry screening
6. Adding lubricant and blending
7. Forming tablets by compression
12.
13. • Advantages:
1. ¨ Reduced segregation of formulation components
during storage and/or processing
2. Useful technique for the manufacture of tablets
containing low and or high concentrations of therapeutic
agent
3. Employs conventional excipients and therefore is not
dependent on the inclusion of special grades of
excipients
Disadvantages:
1. Often several processing steps are required
2. Solvents are required in the process: this leads to a number
of
Concerns:
• Drug degradation may occur in the presence of the solvent.
• The drug may be soluble in the granulation fluid.
• Heat is required to remove the solvent.
14. • DRY GRANULATION
• By the dry granulation method, the powder mixture is
compacted in large pieces and subsequently broken down
or sized into granules.
• For this method, either the active ingredient or the
diluent must have cohesive properties
• Dry granulation is especially applicable to materials that
cannot be prepared by wet granulation because they
degrade in moisture or the elevated temperatures
required for drying the granules.
16. • Advantages
1. These methods are not generally associated with
alterations in drug morphology during processing.
2. No heat or solvents are required.
• Disadvantages
1. Specialist equipment is required for granulation
by roller compaction.
2. Segregation of components may occur mixing.
3. There may be issues regarding powder flow.
4. The final tablets produced by dry granulation tend to
be softer than those produced by wet granulation
5. Slugging and roller compaction lead to the
generation of considerable dust.
17. Slugging
• After weighing and mixing the ingredients, the powder
mixture is slugged, or compressed, into large flat tablets
or pellets about 1 inch in diameter.
• The slugs are broken up by hand or by a mill and passed
through a screen of desired mesh for sizing.
• Lubricant is added in the usual manner, and tablets are
prepared by compression.
• Aspirin, which is hydrolyzed on exposure to moisture, may
be prepared into tablets after slugging.
18. COMPRESSION OF GRANULES INTO
TABLET:
• Tablet compression machine consist of:
1. Hopper for holding and feeding granulation to be
compressed
2. Dies that define the size and shape of the tablet
3. Punches for compressing the granulation within the
dies
4. Cam tracks for guiding the movement of the
punches
5. Feeding mechanisms for moving granulation from the
hopper into the die
6. Tablet ejector
19. Types of compression Machine
A. Single punch machine
The compression is applied by the upper punch
making the single punch machine a “stamping press.”
B. Multi-station rotary presses
20. Multi stationary Rotary Press
1. The head of the tablet machine holds the upper punches,
dies and lower punches in place rotates.
2. As the head rotates, the punches are guided up and
down by fixed cam tracks, which control the sequence
of filling, compression and ejection.
3. The portions of the head that hold the upper and lower
punches are called the upper and lower turrets.
4. The portion holding the dies is called the die table.
5. The pull down cam (C) guides the lower punches to the
bottom, allowing the dies to overfill.
6. The punches then pass over a weight-control cam (E),
which reduces the fill in the dies to the desired amount.
7. A swipe off blade (D) at the end of the feed frame
removes the excess granulation and directs it around the
turret and back into the front of the feed frame.
21. 1. The lower punches travel over the lower compression roll
(F) while simultaneously the upper punches ride beneath
the upper compression roll (G).
2. The upper punches enter a fixed distance into the dies,
while the lower punches are raised to squeeze and
compact the granulation within the dies.
3. After the moment of compression, the upper punches are
withdrawn as they follow the upperpunch raising cam (H).
4. The lower punches ride up the cam (I) which brings the
tablets flush with or slightly above the surface of the
dies.
5. The tablets strike a sweep off blade affixed to the front
of the feed frame (A) and slide down a chute into a
receptacle.
6. At the same time, the lower punches re-enter the pull
down cam (C) and the cycle is repeated.
23. Tablet Coating
• Reasons for coating:
1. To mask unpleasant taste and odour.
2. To improve the appearance of tablets.
3. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects.
4. To control the site of action of drugs.
5. To produce the sustained release product.
• Methods of tablet coating :
1. Sugar coating:
2. Film coating
3. Enteric coating.
24. Sugar Coating
Sieving :-
• The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable sieve to remove
the fine powder or broken pieces of tablets.
Sealing :-
Sealing is done to ensure that a thin layer of water proof material,
such as, shellac or cellulose acid phthalate is deposited on the
surface of the tablets. The shellac or cellulose acid phthalate is
dissolved in alcohol or acetone & its several coats are given in
coating pan. A coating pan is made up of copper or stainless steel.
The pan is rotated with the help of an electric motor.
Sub coating :-
In sub coating several coats of sugar & other material such as
Gelatin, Acacia etc. are given to round of tablet and to help in
building up to tablet size. Several coats of concentrated syrup
containing acacia or gelatin are given. After each addition of the
syrup, dusting powder is sprinkled. The dusting powder is a mixture
of starch, talc & powdered acacia.
25. Syrup coating :-
• This is done to give sugar coats, opacity & colour to tablets.
Several coats of the syrup are applied. Colouring materials &
opacity agent are also added to the syrup The process of coating
is repeated until uniform coloured tablets are obtained.
Finishing :-
Three to four coats of sugar are applied in rapid succession
without dusting powder and cold air is circulated to dry each
coat. Thus forms a hard smooth coat.
Polishing :-
Beeswax is dissolved in organic solvent and few coats of it are
given. The finished tablets are transferred to a polishing pan is
rotated at a suitable speed so the wax coated tablets are rubbed
on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets.
Sugar coating is an art.
26. Film Coating
• In this tablets are coated by a single or mixture of film forming
polymers, such as Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl
methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carbowax, PEG 400 etc. the
polymer is dissolved in some volatile organic solvent and is
sprayed over the tablets in a rotating pan.
• It is also used to make tablets waterproof before sugar
coating. Film coating may be enteric or non enteric.
• Advantages:
• It is a less time consuming technique.
• Not much labour is required.
27. Film Coating
• It has no adverse affect on disintegration of tablets.
• Product cost is less.
• It protects the drug from the atmospheric changes such as
light, air and moisture.
• Coating is resistant to cracking and chipping.
• It does not increase the weight of the tablet.
• No waterproofing is required before actual film coating.
28. • Enteric Coated tablet:
• These tablets are coated with the material which does not
disintegrate in stomach but passes through as it is i.e. enteric
polymer e.g.: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate etc.
• These tablets dissolve in intestine.
• These are site specific.
Enteric coating is given to the tablets when:
1. Medicaments produce severe irritation in stomach.
2. Action required in intestine.
3. Medicament may decompose or destroyed by stomach pH.
4. Drug absorption is better in intestine.
5. Delayed action is needed.
29. Tablet Defects:
• Capping:
• In this there is partial or complete removal of top or bottom
portion of tablet.
Reasons:
1. Excessive fine.
2. Defective punch die.
3. High speed of machine.
4. Granules too dried.
• Defect can be removed:
1. Setting the die and punch properly.
2. Reduce % of fine.
3. Punches should be polished.
4. Maintain the desire moisture in granules.
5. Maintain the speed at optimum & regulate the pressure of
punches.
30. Picking and sticking
• The material is removed or picked up by upper punch from
the upper surface of the tablet. In the sticking he
material stick to the wall of the die cavity.
• Reasons:
1. Use of worn out die and punch.
2. Use of small quantity of lubricants.
3. Presence of excess moisture in the granules.
4. Scratches on the surface of the face of the punches.
5. Defect in formulation.
• Defect can be removed:
1. Using new set of die and adding proper quantity
of lubricants in granules.
2. Dry granules.
31. Motteling
• Reasons:
1. Migration of dye in the granules during drying.
2. Use of different coloration of medicaments and excipients
Defect can be avoided:
1. Drying the granules at low temperature.
2. Using the dye which can mask the colour of all
medicaments.
• Weight variation:
Weight variation occur during the compression of granules in a
tablet machine and the tablet do not have the uniform weight.
• Reasons for this defect:
1. Granules are not in uniform size.
2. Presence of excess amount of powder in the granules.
3. No proper mixing of lubricants and no uniform flow of
granules.
4. During compression change in capacity of die.
5. Variation in the speed of the tablet machine.
32. Hardness variation
• The tablet do not have a uniform hardness.
• It depends on the weight of the material and space between
the upper and lower punch during the stage of compression.
• If volume of the material varies and distance varies between
• punches, the hardness also varies.
Double impression:
• This effect occur when the lower punch has a monogram or some
• other engraving on it.
• During compression, tablet receive an imprint of the punch.
• Due to some defect in he machine lower punch move slightly
upward before ejection of tablet and give second impression.
• This can be controlled by managing the movement of punch.
33. Evaluation of Tablet
• Official tests
1. Size and shape and appearance of tablet.
2. Content of active ingredient.
3. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test
4. Uniformity of content
5. Disintegration
6. Dissolution.
• Unofficial tests:
1. Hardness test.
2. Friability
34. Size, shape & appearance:
• General Appearance: The general appearance of a tablet, its
identity and general elegance is essential for consumer
acceptance, for control of lot- to-lot uniformity and tablet-to-
tablet uniformity. The control of general appearance involves
the measurement of size, shape, color, presence or absence of
odor, taste etc.
• Size & Shape: It can be dimensionally described & controlled.
The thickness of a tablet is only variables. Tablet thickness can
be measured by micrometer or by other device. Tablet thickness
should be controlled within a ± 5% variation of standard value.
• Unique identification marking: These marking utilize some form
of embossing, engraving or printing. These markings include
company name or symbol, product code, product name etc.
Organoleptic properties: Color distribution must be uniform
with no mottling. For visual color comparison compare the color
of sample against standard color.
35. Content of active ingredient
• Procedure:
• Perform the assay of 20 tablets as per monograph
• The result should lie within the range for the content of
active ingredient stated in the monograph.
• If small no. of tablets (min 5) are used then the limits specified
in the monograph may be relaxed to the extent indicated in the
table.
Weight of
medicament
in each tablet
Subtract from the
lower
limit for sample of
Add to the upper
limit
for sample of
15 10 05 15 10 05
0.12 g or less 0.2 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.8 1.8
>0.12 g &< 0.3 g 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.5
0.3 g or more 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.0
36. Uniformity of weight
• Weigh 20 tablets selected at random and determine their
average weight. Not more than 2 of the individual weights
may deviate from the average weight by more than the
percentage deviation given in the table and none should
deviate by more than twice that percentage.
Sr.
No.
Average Wt. of a tablet deviation Percentage (%)
1 80 mg or less 10
2 More than 80 mg and less than 250 mg 7.5
3 250 mg or More 5
37. Content uniformity test:
• It is used to ensure that every tablet contains the amount of
drug substance intended with little variation.
• Procedure:
• 10 tablets are assayed,
• 9 tablets should have % limit of 85-115%.
• If more than 1 tablet deviates from 85-115%,
• 20 tablets are assayed
• Not more than 1 tablet should have the % limit of 75-
125%
38. Disintegration test
• Disintegration of a tablet means to break a tablet into smaller
particles after swallowing. The time required to disintegrate the
tablet is called disintegration time.
• The apparatus consists of a rigid basket-rack assembly
supporting 6 cylindrical glass tubes held vertically by two
superimposed transparent plastic plates with six holes having
the same diameter as the tubes. Woven wire gauze made from
stainless steel is attached to the underside of the lower plate.
The assembly should be raised and lowered between 28 and 32
times per minute in the liquid at 370 C.
39. • The tablets are kept immersed in the liquid within the tubes by
means of cylindrical guided discs. The assembly is suspended in
the liquid medium in a 1000 ml beaker. The apparatus is
operated generally for 15 minutes and observed for
disintegration of tablets.
• The tablets pass the test if all the tablets disintegrate. In case
one or two tablets fail to disintegrate, repeat the test on 12
additional tablets. The tablets pass the test if not less than 16
of the total 18 tablets tested have disintegrated.
40. • For Uncoated tablets:
1. Start the disintegration test on 6 tablets, if one or two
tablets from the 6 tablets fail to disintegrate completely
within 30min, repeat the same test on another 12 tablet.
2. Not less than 16 tablets should disintegrate completely
within the time and if more than two tablets (from the
18) fail to disintegrate, the batch must be rejected.
• For Coated tablets:
1. To remove or dissolve the coat, immerse the tablet in
distilled water for 5 min.
2. Put the tablet in the apparatus in water or 0.1 N HCl for
30min at 37oC (according to the U.S.P).
3. If not disintegrated, put in intestinal fluid. If one or two
tablets fail to disintegrate,
repeat on 12 tablets.
4. So 16 tablets from the 18 must completely disintegrate
within the time.If two or more tablets do not disintegrate
within the time the batch is rejected.
41. • For Enteric coated tablets:
1. Put the tablet in distilled water for five minutes to dissolve
the coat.
2. Put in simulated gastric fluid for two hours (emptying time)
3. Put in phosphate buffer (PH 6.8) for one hour.
4. If one or two tablets fail to disintegrate repeat on 12
tablets.
5. So 16 tablets should disintegrate. If more than two
tablets fail to disintegrate, reject the batch.
42. Dissolution Test
• It is the solubilization of the drug or active moiety in to the
dissolution media.
• It is done for measuring the amount of time required for a given
percentage of the drug substance in a tablet to go into solution
under specified condition.
• Apparatus:
1. A cylindrical vessel (made up of glass or other transparent
material) having 1000 ml capacity, fitted with a lid having
four holes, one for shaft of stirrer, second for placing the
thermometer and remaining two for sample removal.
2. An electric motor
3. A cylindrical stainless steel basket made of wire with
aperture size of 425 µm
attached to the disc on the driving shaft.
4. Suitable device for withdrawal of sample.
43.
44. • Method:
• Place 1000 ml of water into the vessel. Place the specified
number of tablets in the dry basket and set the apparatus.
Start the motor and adjust the temperature and rotation speed
to 36.5◦c to 37.5◦c and 100 rpm or as given in monograph.
Withdraw the sample after specified time intervals. Filter and
determine the amount of active ingredient present in it by the
method given in the monograph.
• Acceptance criteria:
1. S1= 6 tablets are taken Acceptable: If all of the tablets are
not less than Q ±5%
2. If S1 fails, S2=S1+6 tablets are taken Acceptable: If
average of 12 tablets is ≥Q and no tablet is less than Q-
15%
3. If S2 fails, S3= 12+12 tablets are taken Average of 24 ≥
Q% not more than 2 tablets should be less than Q-15%
and None should be less than Q-25%
45. Hardness Test
• Hardness test:
• It is defined as the force required to break a tablet in a
diametric compression test. Tablet requires a certain amount of
strength or hardness and resistance to friability to withstand
mechanical shocks of handling in manufacture, packaging and
shipping
Types of hardness testers used are:
• 1. Monsanto hardness tester.
• 2. Strong cob tester.
• 3. Pfizer tester.
• Conventional tablets hardness: 2.5- 5 kg/sq cm
• Dispersible/ chewable tablets hardness: 2.25- 2.5 kg/sq cm
• Extended release tablets hardness: 5- 7.5 kg/sq cm
46. Friability test
• It is performed to evaluate ability of the tablet to with stand
wear and tear in packing, handling, and transporting.
• The apparatus used to perform this test is known as
"Friabilator".
• The apparatus consists of a plastic chamber, which is divided into
two
• parts and it revolves at a speed of 25 rpm.
• Twenty tablets are weighed and placed in a plastic chamber.
The chamber is rotated for 4 minutes or 100 revolutions.
• During each revolution the tablet falls from a distance of 6 inch.
• The tablets are removed from the chamber after 100 revolutions
and weighed. Loss in weight indicates the friability. The tablets
are considered to be of good quality if the loss in weight is less
than 0.8%.