This document discusses immunosurveillance and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. It explains that the immune system normally surveils and destroys mutated cells to prevent tumor development, but tumors can evade this response through various mechanisms such as antigen shedding or fast proliferation. Immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer, for example through monoclonal antibodies, non-specific stimulants, cancer vaccines, or T-cell therapies.

1. IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE,
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF
CANCER
NAME : NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM
MATRIC NUMBER : 082015100035

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the seminar, students should be able
to :
 Understand immunosurveillance and its importance
 Explain how tumour developed and its mechanisms
 Understand the immunotherapy of cancer and its
type

3. INTRODUCTIONS
• Malignant cell arise by mutation of somatic cell
frequently.
• Postulated that immune system keep a constant vigilance
of this mutation and keep them on spot.
• Primary function of cell mediated immunity is
to ‘seek and destroy’ malignant cell that arise
by somatic mutation.

4. • Elimination—Immune cells
mount the initial antitumor
response1,2
• Equilibrium—Insufficient
elimination enables developing
tumor to acquire tumor evasive
mechanisms2
• Escape—Tumor cell evasion
results in cancer progression2

5. IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE
• Increased incidence of cancer due to inefficiency of
immunosurveillance that result due to
Ageing
Congenital immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency
• The development of tumour represent the escape from this
surveillance.
• Mechanism of such escape not clear but various possibilities
been suggested.

6. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Certain tumor cells may shed or stop
expressing the surface antigen thus making
the tumour cell immunologically invisible
Modulation Of
Surface Antigen
• Some cancer produce a mucoprotein
called sialomucin. It bind to the surface of
the tumour cell. Since sialomucin is a
normal component, the tumour cell are
not recognised by immune system
Masking Tumour
Antigens

9. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Certain tumour cell evokes immune system to
produce blocking antibodies, which can not fix
and activate complement, resulting in prevention
of tumor cell lysis.
Production Of
Blocking
Antibody
• Due to the fast rate of proliferation of malignant
cells tumor may be able to sneak through before the
development of an effective immune response and
once they reach a certain mass, the tumour may be
too great for the host immune system to control
Fast Rate Of
Proliferate Of
Malignant Cell

12. MECHANISM OF ESCAPE
• Some tumour may form cytokine
like Tranforming Growth Factor β
(TGF-β) which suppressed CMI
Suppression Of
Cell Mediated
Immunity (CMI)

14. • Biologic therapy
• It is a type of cancer treatment designed to boost the body's
natural defenses to fight the cancer.
• It uses substances either made by the body or in a laboratory to
improve or restore immune system function.
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER

15. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Immunotherapy may work in the following ways:
• Stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells
• Stopping cancer from spreading to other parts of the body
• Helping the immune system work better at destroying cancer cells
• There are several types of immunotherapy, including:
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Non-specific immunotherapies
• Oncolytic virus therapy
• T-cell therapy
• Cancer vaccines

16. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Non Specific Active Immunotherapy
Activate immune system in generalized manner that destroyed tumor cell.
BCG vaccine-injected directly to tumor cell may lead to tumour regeression
Believed due to activation of macrophage and NK (natural killers) cells.
BCG being reported to be useful in malignant melanoma, bladder cancer, lung
cancer and certain leukaemia
In lung cancer and breast cancer, Corynebacterium parvum has been reported
beneficial

17. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) tried in squamous and basal cell carcinoma of
skin
Levamisole (anti-helminith) has been tried for stimulating cell mediated
immunity and macrophage functions
Others non specific immune modulators include thymic hormone to restore
T-cell function , interferon to stimulate NK cell function and IL-2 to stimulate
killing of cancers by Tc cells ,NK cell and macrophage

18. IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER
• Specific Immunotherapy
Attempted by vaccination with tumors antigen, treatments with ‘immune RNA’ and
transfer factor.
Monoclonal antibody to tumors antigen may be administered either alone, or tagged
with a cytotoxic drug, will bind to and specifically destroyed only cancer cell.
Lymphokines activated killer (LAK) cell obtained by treatment of natural killer (NK)
cell with interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been tried in the treatment of certain malignancies
(renal carcinoma)

19. SUMMARY
Understand immunosurveillance and its importance
 Explain how tumor developed and its mechanism
 Understand the immunotherapy of cancer and its type

20. REFERENCES
• Textbook of Microbiology, Prof. C P Baveja, Fourth Edition
• Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s, 8th Edition
• http://www.nature.com/ni/index.html
• Ochsenbein AF. Cancer Gene Ther. 2002;9:1043-1055.
• Swann JB, et al. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:1137-1146. Image adapted from
Dunn GP, et al. Immunity. 2004;21:137-148.
• http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-
treated/immunotherapy-and-vaccines/understanding-immunotherapy

21. ANY QUESTION ?