The document discusses solid waste management and different methods for treating solid waste. It describes various types of solid and liquid wastes and how they can be classified. Thermal treatment methods for solid waste are outlined, including incineration, pyrolysis, and vitrification. Open burning is mentioned as a common but harmful process. Landfills and dumps are also discussed as methods for solid waste disposal, along with their advantages such as reclamation of land and capture of methane, and disadvantages like pollution of land, air, and water.

1. SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
(SWM)
Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14

2. What is waste…………..!!???
In simple words it is…
Any thing eliminated or discarded as no longer
useful or required after the completion of a process.

3. Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial
wastes
Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers,
bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other
trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, styrofoam containers and others)
Classification of Wastes according to their effect
Hazardous waste
Non hazardous waste

4. Sources of Wastes
Households
Commerce and Industry

5. Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries

6. EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY
• Affects our health
• Affects our socio-economic conditions
• Affects our coastal and marine environment
• Affects our climate

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS
What is an EMS?
An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will
evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:
Plan > Do > Check > Act
This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously
improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its
environmental goals.

9. Irish hierarchy of waste

10. Different methods for treating Solid waste
Thermal treatment
This refers to processes that involve the use of heat to treat waste. Listed
next are descriptions of some commonly utilized thermal treatment processes
Incineration
Incineration is by far the most commonly used process for destroying
organic compounds in industrial wastes.
Incineration basically involves heating the sediments in the presence of
oxygen to burn or oxidize organic materials, including organic compounds.
A critical component of the overall treatment process is the emission control
system for the gases produced by the process.

11. If boilers are so connected with this process along with turbines this
process can be named as WASTE TO ENERGY technology

12. Pyrolysis
In contrast to incineration, pyrolysis involves the heating of solids in the absence of
oxygen.
A pyrolysis system consists of a primary combustion chamber, a secondary combustion
chamber, and pollution control devices. High temperatures, ranging from 540 to 760deg.C,
cause large, complex molecules to decompose into simpler ones.
The resulting gaseous products can then be collected or destroyed in an afterburner at
1,200deg.C.
Vitrification
vitrification is an emerging technology that uses electricity to heat and destroy organic
compounds and immobilize inert contaminants.
 A typical unit consists of a reaction chamber divided into two sections: the upper section
introduces the feed material containing gases and pyrolysis products, while the lower
section contains a two-layer molten zone for the metal and siliceous components of the
waste.
Wastes are vitrified by passing high electrical currents through the material. Electrodes
are inserted into the waste solids, and graphite is applied to the surface to enhance its
electrical conductivity. A large current is applied, resulting in rapid heating of the solids and
causing the siliceous components of the material to melt. The end product is a solid, glass-
like material that is very resistant to leaching. Temperatures of about 1,600deg.C are
typically achieved

13. Very common and very harmful process
Open burning
is the burning of unwanted materials
in a manner that causes smoke and
other emissions to be released
directly into the air without passing
through a chimney or stack.

14. Dumps and Landfills
Sanitary landfills
Sanitary Landfills are designed to greatly reduce or eliminate the risks that waste
disposal may pose to the public health and environmental quality. They are
usually placed in areas where land features act as natural buffers between the
landfill and the environment.
Method of operation:
Solid waste is deposited on the surface , compacted , then coevered with a
layer of compacted soil at the end of a working day.
major gaseous products in results of icrobial decomposition emitted from
landfill are CH4 and CO2. in which methane posses economic value. For
which different gas collection methods are adopted such as collection
pipes, gas treatments etc

15. Landfill leachate:
Liquid that passes through the landfill and that has extracted dissolved and
suspended matter from it, is called leachate liquid enters the landfill from external
sources such as rainfall . Surface drainage , ground water , and the liquid in and
produced from the decomposition of the waste . There is also a collection system
installed to collect this leachate
Composting material :
Biodegraded material in landfiling can be used as
composting material which has a very nice effect on
cultivating crops or gardening

16. Landfill Advantages
A specific location for disposal that can be monitored.
When a landfill is complete, it can be reclaimed, built on or used as
parks or farming land.
Waste going to a properly designed landfills can be processed to
remove all recyclable materials before tipping.
Waste going to a properly designed landfills can be processed to
remove organic material and use it for compost or natural gas
(methane) production
Properly managed landfills can capture the natural gas (methane)
produced by the decomposing material underground.
Properly managed landfills can minimize and/or capture the
leachate produced by the decomposing material underground.

17. Landfill Disadvantages and Problems
A poorly designed or operated landfill shares many problems observed at uncontrolled
dumping areas:
Landfills and the surrounding areas are often heavily polluted.
Landfill can pollute the water, the air, and also the soil.
It is difficult to keep dangerous chemicals from leaching out into the surrounding land.
Dangerous chemicals can spread into the water table or into waterways.
Landfill can attract animals and insects to come such as raccoons, rats, mosquitoes,
cockroaches, and seagulls.
Landfill can also cause sicknesses, illnesses, and diseases which might spread in
communities.
Landfill can increase the chances of global warming by releasing methane, a dangerous
greenhouse gas.

18. Landfills are taking up lots of our land and that can also take away
habitats for other animals.
Landfills contain a lot of kitchen scraps and organic material. As the
landfill is constantly being covered with new garbage the organic material
decomposes anaerobically (that is, without air). Anaerobic decomposition
produces methane, which is a 20 times more dangerous greenhouse gas
than carbon dioxide.

19. thank you for the patience