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2. Introduction
 Human & animal activities generate many waste that
are discarded as useless or unwanted. These waste are
usually solid & result in landscape pollution.
 The term refuse is often used interchangeably with the
term solid waste
 The term solid waste encompasses the highly
heterogeneous mass of discarded material or
throwaway from urban material (i.e. residential
activity and commercial activity) as well as more
homogeneous accumulation of waste generated by
agriculture and industrial activities

3. Sources & classification of Solid waste
 Solid waste can be classified in to the following
categories
 Garbage or Food waste : These are meat, fruit or
vegetable residue which decompose rapidly especially
in warm weather. Examples: vegetable & fruit peels,
spoiled food item
 Rubbish: They decompose rapidly . They are further
of two type
 Combustible : Examples paper, cardboard, Textiles,
wood items, Rubber, Leather
 Non combustible : example crockery, metals,
aluminum cans, tin cans etc.

4.  Agricultural Wastes: These include crop residue from
agriculture fields from manure etc.
 Industrial Waste : These arise from industrial activity
 Hazardous waste : Those waste which adversely affect
human, plant or animal example Radioactive wastes, toxic
chemical, flammable waste, explosives, hazardous
biological wastes from hospitals or research institutions
 Pathological waste : Examples Laboratory waste
 Demolition and Construction wastes: Demolition
construction and repair of residential, commercial &
industrial building generate plenty of solid waste Examples
: Stones, bricks, concrete, dust, plaster

5.  Miscellaneous waste : Waste not included in any of
above category Examples : Street sweepings, Roadside
litter, dead stray animals etc.
 The main source of solid waste are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal & agriculture
wastes.

6. Causes of solid waste
 Overpopulation : Solid waste pollution increase with
increase in population
 Affluence : With affluence there is tendency to declare
item as being in or out of fashion & promptly thrown away
the ones out of fashion. This results in solid waste pollution
 Technology : Rapid growing technologies for most
economical goods indicate shift in technology from
returnable packing to non returnable packing. Example
Returnable glass container and bottles are being replaced
by non returnable can, bottle, paper board and plastic
container.
 Packing is largely responsible for causing solid waste
pollution packaging material like plastic bags & cans are
non biodegradable & persist unchanged in disposal
operation such as landfills.

7. Effect of solid waste pollution
 Health Hazard : Improper handling of solid waste is a
health hazard specially for the workers who comes in direct
contact with the waste. During handling & transfer of
biological waste (from hospital & clinics) disease may take
place through open sore or vector like rat and insects which
invade refuse dumps for food.
 Rat spread many disease like plague, salmonellosis,
through direct bite.
 Flies breed on refuse dumps, human faeces etc. from where
they migrate to food and water result in transmission of
many disease like basillary, dysentry, diarrhoea and
amoebic dysentry in human
 Large scale epedmic of cholera, gastrointenstinal diseases,
jaundice, hepatitis etc. result from contamination of soil &
water bodies by lechate from decomposed & purified
garbage dump

8. Effect of solid waste pollution
 Environmental Impact : Scavanger & stray animals
invade the roadside the garbage dump and litter the
waste over large area causing much aesthetic damage
to the environment
 The organic solid waste undergo decomposition and
responsible for causing bad odours.
 Putrefaction & decomposition of garbage dumps result
in land & water pollution when the leachate from such
refuse dump percolate in to soil or underground water
sources

9. Control Measure of Urban & Industrial waste
 Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste especially
hazardous waste causes adverse environment effects.
The main object of solid waste management is to
minimise these adverse effect before it becomes too
difficult to rectify in the future.
 Solid waste management include many activities like
 Collection of solid wastes
 Disposal of solid wastes
 Waste Utilization

10. Collection of Solid waste
 There are basic three method of collection
 Community storage bin : The municipal refuse is
taken to fixed storage bins and stored till the waste
agency collect s it daily for disposal in a vehicle
 Kerb side Collection : The refuse is brought in
container and placed on the footway from where it is
collected by the waste collection agency.
 Block collection : Individuals bring the waste in
containers & hand it over to the collection staff who
empties in into the waiting vehicle & return the
container to the individual

11. Disposal of Solid Waste
 The commonly used method of disposal are
 Salvage or Manual component Seperation :
 Before ultimate disposal the manual seperation of
solid waste component is accomplished to achieve the
recovery & reuse of materials. Cardboard, newsprint,
high quality paper, glass, metals, wood and aluminium
cans are manually sorted or salvaged either for
recycling or for resale
 Compaction or Mechanical Volume reduction :
 After seperation of reusable or disposable articles,
compactors are used to compress the waste material
directly in to large container or to form that can bales
that can be placed in large containers. Compaction
increase the useful life of landfill

12.  Incineration or Thermal Volume reduction :
Highly combustible waste like plastics, cardboard,
paper, rubber and combustible wastes like cartoon,
wood scrap, food waste etc. are subjected to
incineration i.e. burning at very high temperatures.
 Incineration results in air pollution and so proper
control equipment needs to be installed to avoid
contamination of environment
 Open Dumping : Open dumping is done in low lying
area and outskirt of city & town. Being comparatively
cheaper this method of disposal is used extensively in
India

13.  The major disadvantages are
 Public health hazards are caused by the breeding of
flies, mosquitoes, rats & other pest
 Obnoxious gaseous & particulate matter are produced
by burning of the combustible solid wastes, resulting
in air pollution
 Open dumping require large land area which further
aggravate the problem of land shortage for human
habitation
 Sanitary Landfilling : Sanitary landfilling involves
the disposal of municipal waste on or in the upper
layers of earth’s mentle especially in degraded areas in
need of restoration.

14.  In landfilling, solid wastes are compacted & spread in thin
layer , each layer being uniformly covered by a layer of soil.
The final layer is covered by a final cover of about one
meter of earth to prevent rodents from burrowing into the
refuse & scattering. This is biological method of waste
treatment & bacterial refuse digestion result in
decomposition products like CO2, CH4, NH3, H2S and
H2O which can harnessed as renewable source of energy
 This method does not cause environmental damages
by creating nuisance or health hazard as the refuse is
covered & prevent breeding of vests and disease
vectors.
 Besides there there is no danger of air pollution result from
burning & no water pollution provided precaution is taken
to avoid leachate of refuse from contaminating the surface
or underground water sources

15.  Pyrolysis : In this disposal method the solid waste are
heated under anaerobic condition (i.e. burning without
oxygen)
 The organic component of solid waste split up in to
gaseous, liquid & gaseous fraction (CO, CO2, CH4, tar,
charred carbon)
 Composting : bacterial decomposition of the organic
components of municipal solid wastes results in
formation of humus or compost & the process is
known as composting
 In this process a compost pile is constructed by making
alternate layers of organic matter & soil (source of micro
organism). Some fertilizer & water is added to the compost
pile to stimulate microbial (bacteria & fungi) action & to
maintain the neceassary moisture content (55%).
Periodically refuse is turned over to allow aeration. It takes
nearly a month for composting to be complete.

16.  Waste Utilization : By proper utilization of solid
waste a developing country like India can avail of many
advantages for instance
 Waste utilization directly or indirectly contribute to
economic development
 Waste utilization generate employment opportunities
 Unused solid wastes creat environmental hazards by
spreading disease & causing air
 Waste utilization helps in conservation of natural
resources

17.  Waste utilization is achieved by three technique
 Reuse : i.e. given material has multiple uses
 Reclamation : Component of the waste is recovered
for use in manner different from its original use.
 Recycling : i.e. isolating the material from which given
product was made and reintroducing it into the
production cycle for production of the same cycle.
 Example of waste Utilization
 Clean water resulting from treatment of industrial
effluent & sewage can be used
 Refilling of used cold drink bottles

18.  Sugarcane wastes are utilized for production of
electricity, paper, board etc.
 Cattle dung is used in gobar gas plants for making
cooking gas
 Cattle dung is used as manure
 Fly ash is used as a cement substitute to make bricks
etc.