The Management Techniques of Solid Wastes are clearly explained with suitable apt Pictures for getting full-fledged information regarding the wastes.

1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
KOTA ADITYA SRIKAR
1210816222
2/4 ‘B’
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY

2. TOPICS
Introduction – Solid Waste
Sources of Solid Wastes
Causes of Solid Waste Pollution
Health hazards of Landscape Pollution
Environmental Impact of Landscape Pollution
Solid Waste Management

3. INTRODUCTION
• Human and Animal activities generate many wastes that are discarded as
useless or unwanted. These wastes are normally solid and result in
landscape pollution. The term ‘refuse’ is often used interchangeably with
the term ‘Solid Wastes’.
• The term solid wastes encompasses the highly heterogeneous mass of
discarded materials or throwaways from the urban community (i.e.
residential and commercial activities) as well as the more homogeneous
accumulation of wastes generated by agricultural and individual activities.

4. The urban Solid Waste materials are categorized into two types. They are
Biodegradable Wastes: These wastes can be degraded by micro-
organisms.
Examples: Vegetable wastes, Egg shells, Peanut shells, Dry leaves, etc.
Non-Biodegradable Wastes: These wastes can not be degraded by
micro-organisms.
Examples: Polyethylene bags, scrap metal, glass bottles, etc.
Vegetable Waste Polyethylene Bags

5. Composition of City Refuse

6. SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES
Garbage or Food-Wastes: These are meat, fruit or vegetable residues which
decompose rapidly especially in Warm weather.
Examples: Vegetable and fruit peels, leftovers, meat, bones, spoiled food items

7. Agricultural Wastes: These include crop residues from agricultural
fields, farm manure etc.
Examples: Jute, Cotton, Rubber, Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Sugarcane wastes
Industrial Wastes: These arise from industrial activities.
Examples: Fly ash, Chemicals, Paints, Sludge, Toxic metals etc.

8. Hazardous Wastes: Those wastes which adversely affect human, plant or
animal life.
Examples: Radioactive Wastes, Toxic Chemicals, Flammable wastes etc.
Construction Wastes: Demolition, construction and repair of residential,
commercial and industrial buildings generate plenty of solid wastes.
Examples: Stones, Bricks, Concrete, Dust, Plaster, Plumbing and Sanitary
works

9. Pathological Wastes:
Examples: Slaughter house wastes( blood, pieces of meat, hair, hides,
skins )
Aquatic Wastes: These are a menace because of their prolific growth.
They increase water borne diseases, hinder traffic and fishing and cause
Eutrophication.

10. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION
Over Population: As the number of people producing a pollutant
increases, pollution will naturally increase. Same is true for solid waste
pollution also which increases with the increase in population.
Affluence: (i.e. production or per capita consumption) With affluence there is
a tendency to declare items as being in or out of fashion and promptly throw
away the ones out of fashion. This results in Solid waste pollution.

11. Technology: (i.e. amount of pollution produced per unit of economic good)
Rapidly growing technologies for most economic goods indicate a shift in technology
from the returnable packaging to non-returnable packing.
Returnable glass containers or bottles are being replaced by non returnable cans,
bottles, paper board and plastic containers.
Packaging is largely responsible for causing Solid waste pollution because packaging
materials like plastic bags and cans etc. are not biodegradable and persistent
unchanged in disposal operations such as landfills.
Plastic can be recycled to make new packs but recycled plastic soon looses its strength,
becomes brittle and is easy broken up by wind and rain.

12. HEALTH HAZARDS OF LANDSCAPE POLLUTION
During handling and transfer of biological wastes (from hospitals and
clinics) disease transmission may take place by infection through open
sores or vectors like rats and insects which invade refuse dumps for food.
Rats spread many diseases like plague, Salmonellosis, Endemic Typhus,
Trichinosis etc. through direct bite.
Flies breed on refuse dumps, human faeces etc. from where they migrate
to food and water and result in transmission of many diseases like
Bacillary Dysentery, Diarrhoea and Amoebic Dysentery in humans.
Large scale epidemic of Cholera, Gastro-intestinal diseases, Jaundice,
Hepatitis etc. result from contamination of soil and water bodies by the
leachate from decomposed and purified garbage dumps.
Chocking of drains and gully pits by the Solid wastes result in water
logging especially during the rainy season. This water logging results in
breeding of mosquitoes in the stagnant water.

13. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LANDSCAPE POLLUTION
Scavengers and stray animals invade the roadside garbage dumps and
litter the waste over large area causing much aesthetic damage to the
environment.
The organic solid wastes undergo decomposition and befoul the air with
obnoxious odours.
Burning of these wastes produce smoke and causes Air Pollution
especially the noxious fumes given off by the burning of plastic
containers.
Decomposition of garbage dumps result in land and water pollution
when the leachate from such a refuse dump percolates into the soil or
underground water sources.

14. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes, especially of hazardous wastes
causes adverse environmental effect.
The main objective of Solid waste management is to minimise these
adverse effects before it becomes too difficult to rectify in the future.
Solid waste Management is a manifold task involving many activities
like:
a) Collection of Solid Wastes
b) Disposal of Solid Wastes
c) Waste Utilisation

15. (a) Collection of Solid Wastes:
Collection includes all the activities associated with the gathering of Solid
wastes and the hauling of the wastes collected to the location from where
the collection vehicle will ultimately transport it to the site of disposal.
There are three basic methods of collection.
i. Community Storage Point: The municipal refuse is taken to fixed
storage bins and stored till the waste collection agency collects it daily
for disposal in a vehicle.
ii. Kerbside Collection: In advance of the collection time, the refuse is
brought in containers and placed on the footway from where it is
collected by the waste collection agency.
iii. Block Collection: Individuals bring the waste in containers and hand
it over to the collection staff who empties it into the waiting vehicle and
returns the container to the individuals.

16. (b) Disposal of Solid Wastes:
Before the Solid waste is ultimately disposed of it is processed in order to
improve the efficiency of Solid waste disposal system and to recover usable
resources out of the Solid wastes.
Due to the heterogeneity of the city refuse it is important to select the most
appropriate Solid waste disposal method keeping in view the following
objectives:
It should be economically viable i.e. the operation and maintenance costs
must be carefully assessed.
It should not create a health hazard.
It should not cause adverse environmental effects.
It should not be aesthetically unpleasant i.e. it should not result in
offending sights, odours and noises.
It should preferably provide opportunities for recycling of materials.

17. The methods of disposal commonly are
1.Salvage or Manual Component Separation:
 Before ultimate disposal, the manual separation of Solid waste components is
accomplished to achieve the recovery and refuse of materials.
 Cardboard, Newsprint, High quality paper, Glass, Metals, Wood and
Aluminium cans etc. are manually sorted out or salvaged either for recycling or
for resale.

18. 2.Compaction or Mechanical Volume Reduction:
 After separation of reusable or disposable articles, compacters are used to
compress the waste materials directly into large containers or to form
bales that can be then placed in large containers.
 Compaction increases the useful life of landfills.
3. Landfarming:
 In this waste disposal method, the biodegradable industrial wastes are
treated by the biological, physical and chemical processes occurring in the
surface of soil.
 The organic wastes are either applied on top of the land or injected below
the soil surface with suitable equipment, where they undergo bacterial
and chemical decomposition.
 At frequent intervals, the landfarming sites can be reused without any
adverse effects provided the landfarming site is properly damaged.

19. 4. Pyrolysis or Destructive Distillation:
 In this disposal method, the solid wastes are heated under anaerobic
conditions(i.e. burning without Oxygen).
 The Organic components of the solid wastes split up into gaseous liquid and
gaseous fractions(Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Tar, charred Carbon)
 Unlike the highly exothermic process of combustion, Pyrolysis is a highly
endothermic process and that is why it is also called Destructive Distillation.
5. Open Dumping:
 Open dumping of Solid Wastes is done in low lying areas and outskirts of the
cities and towns.
 One of the major disadvantage is Public health hazards are caused by the
breeding of flies, mosquitoes, rats and other pests.

20. 6. Incineration (or) Thermal Volume Reduction:
 Highly combustible wastes like plastics, cardboard, paper, rubber and combustible
wastes like cartons, wood scrap, floor sweepings, food wastes etc. are subjected to
burning at very high temperatures.
 Incineration results in Air pollution and so proper control equipment needs to be
installed to avoid contamination of environment.
7. Vermicomposting:
 Vermicompost (or vermi-compost) is the product of the composting process using
various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms,
to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding
materials, and vermicast.
 Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus or worm manure) is the end-
product of the breakdown of organic matter by an earthworm. These castings have
been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of
nutrients than do organic materials before vermicomposting.
 Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich
organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. It is used in farming and small scale
sustainable, organic farming.

21. Steps for Vermicomposting:
Dig a pit about half a meter square, one meter deep.
Line it with straw or died leaves and grass.
Organise the disposal of organic waste into the pit as and when generated.
Introduce a culture of worms that is now produced commercially.
Ensure that the contents are covered with a sprinkling of dried leaves and soil
everyday.
Water the pit once or twice a week to keep it moist.
Turn over the contents of the pit every 15 days.
In about 45 days the waste will be decomposed by the action of the micro-organisms.
The soil derived is fertile and rich in nutrients.

22. (c) Waste Utilisation:
A developing country can not afford wastage. By proper utilisation of solid waste a
developing country like India can avail of many advantages, for instance,
a) Waste utilisation directly or indirectly contributes to economic development.
b) Waste utilisation generates employment* opportunities.
c) Unused Solid wastes create environmental hazards by spreading diseases and
causing air and water pollution.
d) Waste utilisation helps in conservation of natural resources.
e) Waste utilisation helps to generate many useful products which are the basic
necessities of life.
*No technical skills are required for workers employed for collection, handling and processing of Solid wastes.

23. Resource recovery or waste utilisation is achieved by three techniques:
1) Reuse i.e. a given material has multiple uses.
2) Reclamation i.e. a component of the waste is recovered for use in a manner different
from its original use.
3) Recycling i.e. isolating the material from which a given product was made and
reintroducing it into the production cycle for production of the same product.
Examples of Waste Utilisation:
Clean water resulting from treatment of industrial effluents and sewage can be reused.
Refilling of used cold drink bottles.
Jute wastes are utilised for making good quality paper, box-boards and hard boards.
Sugarcane wastes are utilised for production of electricity, paper, boards etc.