The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.

2. Waste :- Any material which is not needed by
the owner, producer or processor.
Classification:-
 Domestic waste
 Factory waste
 Waste from oil factory
 E-waste
 Construction waste
 Agricultural waste
 Food processing waste
 Bio-medical waste
 Nuclear waste

3.  E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer,
TV, music systems etc.
 Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
 Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.
 Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power
plants
 Domestic waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste,
household waste

4.  Waste generation.
 Waste handling and sorting.
 Storage and processing at the source.
 Collection of wate.
 Sorting, processing and transformation(Recycling)
 Transfer and transport.
 Disposal.

5. (a) Waste minimisation / reduction at source,
(b) Recycling
(c) Waste processing (with recovery of resources i.e.
materials (products) and energy)
(d) Waste transformation (without recovery of
resources) and
(e) Disposal on land (landfilling).

6.  These guidelines are written to collect and assess the
information on solid waste management (SWM) practices
including regulations and economic tools, institutions and
resources, coverage of the services and technology, and role
of various stakeholders
 The goal of data collection on solid waste (quantification
and characterization of various waste streams) and existing
management systems
(collection, transportation, treatment, disposal, recycling and
recovery) is to develop an integrated solid waste
management plan.
 ISWM with respect to three perspectives, viz.:
1. lifecycle,
2. waste generation and

7.  The first concept of ISWM is based on lifecycle assessment of a product from
its production and consumption point of view Fig. The reduction in
consumption, and utilization of discarded products within the production
system as a substitute for new resources, can lead to reduced end-of-cycle
waste generation; thus, less efforts and resources would be required for the
final disposal of the waste.

8.  It is based on its generation from different sources including domestic,
commercial, industrial and agriculture. This waste could be further classified
as hazardous and non-hazardous waste (Figure ). The former has to be
segregated at source and treated for disposal in accordance with the strict
regulations. 3R approach (reduce, reuse and recycle) is applicable both at
source as well as at the different levels of solid waste management chain
including collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.

9.  It is based on its management (Figure) which includes regulations
and laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology and
infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders in the solid waste
management chain.

10.  If there is more than one management system to handle solid
waste, either from different generators or different types of solid
waste (hazardous and non-hazardous), then the individual
systems should be analyzed separately and the data so
obtained could be compared to see their similarities and
differences. For general purpose, the guidelines classify solid
waste management in three systems, viz.: municipal solid
waste, industrial solid waste, and hazardous solid waste.
However, there might be fewer or more systems available in a
particular city or country. To analyze solid waste management
systems, the data and information is required to be collected on
the following aspects:
o Policies
o Institutions
o Financing mechanisms
o Technology
o Stakeholder participation

11. 1.Laws and Acts
2.Regulations
3.Economic Instruments
4.Enforcement
1.Laws and Acts:-
I. Environmental Protection Law/Act
II. Hazardous Waste Management Law/Act
III. Recycling or Resource Recovery Law/Act
IV. Clean Air Act – Incineration, Landfill gases
V. Public Services Act – Solid Waste Management .
2 Regulations

12. 2 Regulations :-
I. Regulations on production and consumption – upstream
measures
II. Regulations on segregation of recyclable and non-
recyclable waste
III. Regulations on electronics waste
IV. Regulations pertaining to extended producer’s
responsibility
V. Regulations on handling of hazardous waste
VI. Regulations on collection and transportation of industrial
waste
VII. Regulations on construction and operation of landfills
VIII. Regulations on construction and operation of
incinerators
IX. Regulations on construction and operation of composting
plant

13. 3.Economic Instruments :-
I. Levy on use of fresh resources in industrial production
II. Subsidies for recycling in industrial production
III. Volume-based solid waste fee on non-recyclable waste
IV. Penalties on hazardous waste
V. Subsidies for resource recovery, including power-
generation at landfill
4.Enforcement :-
Enforcement becomes the most crucial aspect of policies for
SWM as they could only make a difference if these are
properly enforced at all levels. Therefore, an assessment
of the level of enforcement is vital. But it can become a
challenging task as the criteria or benchmarks to
ascertain the level of enforcement may not be available
and the opinion on the enforcement levels may differ
within the different stakeholders2. Hence, the opinions
from all the major stakeholders should be sought to get a
comparatively appropriate assessment.

14. Traditionally solid waste management was the
responsibility of local governments. However, with the
increasing rate of solid waste from
diversified, unconventional sources (like industries
and laboratories respectively), and awareness and
regulations (for recycling and recovery, hazardous
waste management and source reduction by
intervening at production and consumption
level), various institutions got involved into one or
more aspects of solid waste management chain. This
transition from public to private institutions for
undertaking various public utilities and services
demanded governments to establish strong
regulatory institutions to make sure that the service
providers deliver effective and efficient services.
There may be more than one institution involved at
the same level or for the same type of activity, for
example, informal and formal sector for recycling or
public and private sector for collection and
transportation of municipal waste.

15.  User charges
 Penalty, fine and levy
 Environmental Bonds
 Environmental Fund
 Direct Loans
 International Cooperation
 National subsidies
 Annual budget
 Private Sector Participation (PSP)

17. i. Primary collection and transfer stations
ii. Transportation
iii. Treatment
iv. Final Disposal
v. Recycling and Recovery

18.  Appropriate method of on- site storage.
 Appropriate method of bulk storage of
waste.
 Approprate method of primary collection
of waste.
 Appropriate method of transportation of
waste using Geographical Information
System (GIS).
 Appropriate method of waste disposal.
 Financial expenditure on whole solid waste
management plan.

19. Stakeholder participation is becoming an essential part of
SWM. Major stakeholders include waste
generators, regulators, service providers such as
organizations involved in waste collection and
disposal, and organizations involved in recycling and
recovery. Each stakeholder has a specific, clear and
active role to improve the efficacy and efficiency of SWM
by active participation and continuous interaction. Waste
generators - traditionally considered as passive partners -
have a major responsibility to reduce, segregate, and
properly discard the waste as per the regulations. A close
cooperation would be required between waste
generators and waste collectors to increase the coverage
and effectiveness of the waste collection system, proper
disposal of waste, and recycling and recovery of
materials. Furthermore, with rapid changes in quantity and
composition of solid waste, regulatory organizations or
governments have to be in continuous dialogue with the
stakeholders to introduce appropriate regulations which
can help bring the required improvements in SWM system.

20. 1. Refuse - Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are
in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than
the ones you already have.
2. Reuse - Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with
homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.
Alternately, you can store them and sell it to the kabariwalla who takes these for
recycling. Reuse the plastic bags for shopping again and again. It is better if you use
shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again.
3. Recycle - Segregate your wastes so that non-perishable wastes are easily
collected and taken for recycling. Dig a small pit to compost your organic wastes
like
kitchen wastes at your home.
4. Reduce - Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own
shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.

21. TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE:-
 Composting
 Vermi Composting
 Sanitary Landfills and Landfill Gas Recovery
 Incineration

22. TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR
PROCESSING,TREATMENT:-
 Anaerobic Digestion & Biomethanation
(Biogas Plant )
 Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or
Pelletization
 Pyrolysis/Gasification, Plasma Pyrolysis
Vitrification(PPV)/Plasma Arc Process
 Biomass gasifier-based power generation
system(Biomass Power Plant)

23.  Apathy of Municipal Authorities
 Absence of Community Participation
 No Storage of Waste at Source No
System of Primary Collection from the
Doorstep
 Irregular Street Sweeping
 Processing of Waste
 Disposal of Waste
 Waste Storage Depots

24.  Education & voluntary compliance
 Collection of waste
 Technological interventions
 Institutions & regulatory framework
 Absence of mandatory standards for waste
reduction
 Market action for waste reduction
Source: The Energy & Resources Institute

25. “ There are two things certain in life – one is
death and the other is waste” as said by a
waste plant operator, accurately sums up
the waste scenario in urban India. The
findings of the project indicate that
sustainability of a decentralized waste
treatment option can be achieved with
adequate municipal and residential
support and the dedicated efforts of those
people involved in the actual running of the
operation.

26.  Teri
 ISWM plan For UN vol.2
 http://www.teriin.org/
 http://www.mnre.gov.in
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 India Infrastructure magzine 2008
 GIS from Asansol municipality
 Chapter-2 PRINCIPLES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
 SWM Prakriti, Centre for Management
Studies, Dibrugarh University