Presentazione a cura del Dottor Marco Vignetti: "L'infermiere di ricerca: ruoli e responsabilità nella Sperimentazione Clinica" - 11/04/2018 - Ospedale Sant'Eugenio - Roma
Recent advances in the management of Parkinson's Disease (PD)Sudhir Kumar
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease causing severe disability. In the past 10-15 years, a lot of new medicines and treatments have become successful in helping patients with PD. The current review focuses in all approved treatments for PD
Types of HIV Virus Anti-HIV drugs, classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, contraindications and therapeutic uses
The document discusses biosimilars, which are biologic medicines that are similar but not identical to an original biologic. It describes the complex multi-step process used to develop and test biosimilars. This includes characterizing the original biologic, developing a unique cell line and process, testing for similarity through analytical and non-clinical studies, and clinical trials. Regulatory agencies oversee biosimilars differently than generics due to concerns over safety, substitution, naming, and labeling of the non-identical products.
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and skin cancer. It works by binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to inhibit cell growth. Cetuximab is administered via intravenous infusion weekly, with potential side effects including fatigue, diarrhea, skin problems, low magnesium, and infusion reactions. It requires monitoring of vital signs and electrolyte levels during and after treatment.
IMIPEN® 500 (imipenem/cilastatin) is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic used as empirical monotherapy for serious bacterial infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Common serious infections treated with IMIPEN® 500 in the ICU include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. It is administered intravenously in doses ranging from 500 mg to 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours, depending on infection severity and patient risk factors.
This document discusses nausea, vomiting, and antiemetics. It defines nausea, retching, and vomiting and describes the symptoms and causes of nausea and vomiting. It discusses the anatomy of emesis, including the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center in the brainstem. It outlines the mechanisms of vomiting and describes various types of drug-induced vomiting. It also discusses the therapeutic use of emetic agents and the management of nausea and vomiting, including lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy using various classes of antiemetics, and prokinetic drugs.
Emetics and antiemetics are used to induce or prevent vomiting. Emetics work centrally in the medulla, peripherally in the stomach, or both. Common emetics include apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha. Antiemetics have various mechanisms of action and include anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant medications. Common antiemetics are hyoscine, promethazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, and corticosteroids. These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes like motion sickness, chemotherapy,
Recent advances in the management of Parkinson's Disease (PD)Sudhir Kumar
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease causing severe disability. In the past 10-15 years, a lot of new medicines and treatments have become successful in helping patients with PD. The current review focuses in all approved treatments for PD
Types of HIV Virus Anti-HIV drugs, classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, contraindications and therapeutic uses
The document discusses biosimilars, which are biologic medicines that are similar but not identical to an original biologic. It describes the complex multi-step process used to develop and test biosimilars. This includes characterizing the original biologic, developing a unique cell line and process, testing for similarity through analytical and non-clinical studies, and clinical trials. Regulatory agencies oversee biosimilars differently than generics due to concerns over safety, substitution, naming, and labeling of the non-identical products.
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and skin cancer. It works by binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to inhibit cell growth. Cetuximab is administered via intravenous infusion weekly, with potential side effects including fatigue, diarrhea, skin problems, low magnesium, and infusion reactions. It requires monitoring of vital signs and electrolyte levels during and after treatment.
IMIPEN® 500 (imipenem/cilastatin) is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic used as empirical monotherapy for serious bacterial infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Common serious infections treated with IMIPEN® 500 in the ICU include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. It is administered intravenously in doses ranging from 500 mg to 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours, depending on infection severity and patient risk factors.
This document discusses nausea, vomiting, and antiemetics. It defines nausea, retching, and vomiting and describes the symptoms and causes of nausea and vomiting. It discusses the anatomy of emesis, including the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center in the brainstem. It outlines the mechanisms of vomiting and describes various types of drug-induced vomiting. It also discusses the therapeutic use of emetic agents and the management of nausea and vomiting, including lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy using various classes of antiemetics, and prokinetic drugs.
Emetics and antiemetics are used to induce or prevent vomiting. Emetics work centrally in the medulla, peripherally in the stomach, or both. Common emetics include apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha. Antiemetics have various mechanisms of action and include anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant medications. Common antiemetics are hyoscine, promethazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, and corticosteroids. These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes like motion sickness, chemotherapy,
Zidovudine (AZT) was the first drug approved to treat HIV/AIDS. It works by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, preventing it from replicating its DNA within human cells. AZT was approved by the FDA in 1987 and is often used in combination with other antiretrovirals. It is administered orally and can cause side effects like anemia, neutropenia, and lactic acidosis. AZT remains an important component of combination antiretroviral therapy due to its effectiveness against HIV.
The document discusses inhaler devices for asthma control. It provides a history of inhaler devices from ancient times to modern devices. It describes different types of inhaler devices including metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, and breath actuated inhalers. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a device including a patient's age, inspiratory flow rate, severity of asthma, and acute situations. The document emphasizes the importance of inhaler technique and ongoing training to ensure proper use.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. It has various etiologies and types based on clinical features. The document discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat asthma including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE antibody. Treatment approaches for acute severe asthma involving nebulized bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids and monitoring are also outlined.
Long-acting local anesthetics - present and futurescanFOAM
A presentation by Joseph Cravero at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All available content from SSAI2017: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Delivered in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI & SFAI.
The document summarizes several pre-clinical studies on anxiolytics. It describes studies using the yohimbine induced convulsion model in mice to test potential anxiolytics. It also describes the maternal aggression model in rats, the light/dark test in rats or mice, and the mCPP induced anxiety model in rats. For each study, it provides details on the animals, chemicals, equipment used and general procedures. The goal is to evaluate potential anxiolytic drugs and establish models to test anxiety-like behavior in animals prior to clinical trials.
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
Antiemetics are drugs that prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the vomiting center of the brain such as H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and 5-HT3 receptors. Common antiemetics include antihistamines like cyclizine for motion sickness, scopolamine for motion sickness, phenothiazines like prochlorperazine for chemotherapy induced vomiting, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron for chemotherapy and radiation induced vomiting. The document discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of antiemetic drugs for conditions like morning sickness, motion sickness, vertigo, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or other illnesses.
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It covers the production and effects of thyroid hormones, diseases related to thyroid hormones like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and therapeutic uses of thyroid drugs including levothyroxine and anti-thyroid drugs.
2. Common anti-thyroid drugs discussed are thioamides like propylthiouracil and methimazole which inhibit hormone synthesis, iodides which block hormone release, and radioactive iodine-131 which destroys thyroid tissue.
3. Adrenergic drugs like propranolol are also used as an adjuvant therapy to relieve symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tremors and palpit
This document provides an overview of opioid agonists and antagonists. It discusses the classification, chemistry, receptors, endogenous peptides, central nervous system effects, pharmacokinetics, tolerance, therapeutic uses, drug interactions, and antagonism of opioids like morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, and diphenoxylate. It also covers opioid receptor antagonists naloxone and naltrexone, which are used to reverse the effects of opioid agonists and treat opioid overdose and addiction.
This document summarizes several antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis including glycopeptides, lipopeptides, polypetides, fosfomycin, cycloserine, oxazolidinones, streptogramins, polymyxins, mupirocin, and fusidic acid. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, linezolid, pristinamycin, colistin, and mupirocin.
This document discusses various immunosuppressant drugs, including their mechanisms of action and uses. It describes how immunosuppressants work by inhibiting T cell activation through mechanisms such as blocking co-stimulatory signals, inhibiting cytokine production or action, and inhibiting purine or pyrimidine synthesis. Common immunosuppressants mentioned include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, corticosteroids, purine synthesis inhibitors like mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine, co-stimulation inhibitors like abatacept, and antibodies against T cell surface molecules. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these
mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus are immunosuppressants that provide an alternative to calcineurin inhibitors for renal transplant patients. They have antiproliferative properties, cause less nephrotoxicity than CNIs, and are associated with lower rates of malignancy, viral infections, and improved renal function when used to convert patients from a CNI-based regimen. However, mTOR inhibitors are less effective at preventing acute rejection when used without a CNI in de novo transplants.
This document contains a suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form used by healthcare professionals in India to voluntarily report adverse reactions to medications. The form collects information about the patient, suspected reaction, suspected medications, actions taken, outcomes, and reporter details. It also provides instructions on what reactions to report, who can report, where to submit reports, how submitted information will be handled confidentially and analyzed to assess medication safety, and mandatory fields required for reporting.
PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELATED TO DRUG ABSORPTIONN Anusha
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen has a large impact on how fast the drug is taken up and how much of it arrives at its destination in an active form.
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
GSTERO-INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
AGE
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It begins by defining pharmacokinetics as what the body does to drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and pharmacodynamics as what the drug does to the body and its effects. It then describes the various processes drugs undergo in the body during pharmacokinetics, noting they must pass through at least two cell membranes. The document focuses on the different mechanisms by which drugs can cross cell membranes, including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and active transport. It provides details on the factors that determine which mechanism a drug will use, such as molecular size, lipid solubility, and concentration gradients.
This document provides an overview of opioids including endogenous opioid peptides, opioid receptors, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, routes of administration, opioid agonists and antagonists, effects of clinically used opioids, and addiction. It discusses topics like the endogenous opioid system, opioid receptor subtypes and signaling, pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of opioids. It also describes various routes of opioid administration and classification of opioids into agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. The effects of opioids in the nervous system and periphery are outlined.
This document discusses pharmacological aspects of pain management. It provides definitions of pain, describes the different types of pain (nociceptive and neuropathic), and outlines the normal pain pathways and sites where analgesics can act in the body. It then categorizes and discusses various classes of analgesics including opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. Specific opioid drugs like morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and others are also summarized in terms of their pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and use in pain management.
This document discusses the key concepts of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs in the body. It describes how drugs are absorbed through membranes and distributed to tissues, metabolized through phases I and II reactions, and eliminated from the body through the kidneys, liver, lungs and bile. First and zero order kinetics of drug elimination are also explained, with examples of how the rates of elimination differ between the two models.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
Lma recidivante refrattaria, quizartinib prolunga la sopravvivenza complessivaMedia For Health, Milano
Il quizartinib è il primo inibitore di FLT3 ad aver dimostrato un miglioramento della sopravvivenza globale, rispetto alla chemioterapia citotossica, in uno studio randomizzato di fase III nei pazienti con leucemia mieloide acuta recidivante/refrattaria con mutazioni FLT3-ITD. Un paziente su 4 con LMA presenta mutazioni FLT3-ITD, una forma molto aggressiva della malattia, associata a un aumentata frequenza di recidiva, a ridotta sopravvivenza complessiva, e con limitate opzioni di trattamento. Attualmente non esistono, infatti, terapie specifiche per questa patologia.
Zidovudine (AZT) was the first drug approved to treat HIV/AIDS. It works by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, preventing it from replicating its DNA within human cells. AZT was approved by the FDA in 1987 and is often used in combination with other antiretrovirals. It is administered orally and can cause side effects like anemia, neutropenia, and lactic acidosis. AZT remains an important component of combination antiretroviral therapy due to its effectiveness against HIV.
The document discusses inhaler devices for asthma control. It provides a history of inhaler devices from ancient times to modern devices. It describes different types of inhaler devices including metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, and breath actuated inhalers. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a device including a patient's age, inspiratory flow rate, severity of asthma, and acute situations. The document emphasizes the importance of inhaler technique and ongoing training to ensure proper use.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. It has various etiologies and types based on clinical features. The document discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat asthma including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE antibody. Treatment approaches for acute severe asthma involving nebulized bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids and monitoring are also outlined.
Long-acting local anesthetics - present and futurescanFOAM
A presentation by Joseph Cravero at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All available content from SSAI2017: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Delivered in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI & SFAI.
The document summarizes several pre-clinical studies on anxiolytics. It describes studies using the yohimbine induced convulsion model in mice to test potential anxiolytics. It also describes the maternal aggression model in rats, the light/dark test in rats or mice, and the mCPP induced anxiety model in rats. For each study, it provides details on the animals, chemicals, equipment used and general procedures. The goal is to evaluate potential anxiolytic drugs and establish models to test anxiety-like behavior in animals prior to clinical trials.
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
Antiemetics are drugs that prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the vomiting center of the brain such as H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and 5-HT3 receptors. Common antiemetics include antihistamines like cyclizine for motion sickness, scopolamine for motion sickness, phenothiazines like prochlorperazine for chemotherapy induced vomiting, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron for chemotherapy and radiation induced vomiting. The document discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of antiemetic drugs for conditions like morning sickness, motion sickness, vertigo, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or other illnesses.
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It covers the production and effects of thyroid hormones, diseases related to thyroid hormones like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and therapeutic uses of thyroid drugs including levothyroxine and anti-thyroid drugs.
2. Common anti-thyroid drugs discussed are thioamides like propylthiouracil and methimazole which inhibit hormone synthesis, iodides which block hormone release, and radioactive iodine-131 which destroys thyroid tissue.
3. Adrenergic drugs like propranolol are also used as an adjuvant therapy to relieve symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tremors and palpit
This document provides an overview of opioid agonists and antagonists. It discusses the classification, chemistry, receptors, endogenous peptides, central nervous system effects, pharmacokinetics, tolerance, therapeutic uses, drug interactions, and antagonism of opioids like morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, and diphenoxylate. It also covers opioid receptor antagonists naloxone and naltrexone, which are used to reverse the effects of opioid agonists and treat opioid overdose and addiction.
This document summarizes several antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis including glycopeptides, lipopeptides, polypetides, fosfomycin, cycloserine, oxazolidinones, streptogramins, polymyxins, mupirocin, and fusidic acid. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, linezolid, pristinamycin, colistin, and mupirocin.
This document discusses various immunosuppressant drugs, including their mechanisms of action and uses. It describes how immunosuppressants work by inhibiting T cell activation through mechanisms such as blocking co-stimulatory signals, inhibiting cytokine production or action, and inhibiting purine or pyrimidine synthesis. Common immunosuppressants mentioned include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, corticosteroids, purine synthesis inhibitors like mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine, co-stimulation inhibitors like abatacept, and antibodies against T cell surface molecules. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these
mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus are immunosuppressants that provide an alternative to calcineurin inhibitors for renal transplant patients. They have antiproliferative properties, cause less nephrotoxicity than CNIs, and are associated with lower rates of malignancy, viral infections, and improved renal function when used to convert patients from a CNI-based regimen. However, mTOR inhibitors are less effective at preventing acute rejection when used without a CNI in de novo transplants.
This document contains a suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form used by healthcare professionals in India to voluntarily report adverse reactions to medications. The form collects information about the patient, suspected reaction, suspected medications, actions taken, outcomes, and reporter details. It also provides instructions on what reactions to report, who can report, where to submit reports, how submitted information will be handled confidentially and analyzed to assess medication safety, and mandatory fields required for reporting.
PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELATED TO DRUG ABSORPTIONN Anusha
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen has a large impact on how fast the drug is taken up and how much of it arrives at its destination in an active form.
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
GSTERO-INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
AGE
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It begins by defining pharmacokinetics as what the body does to drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and pharmacodynamics as what the drug does to the body and its effects. It then describes the various processes drugs undergo in the body during pharmacokinetics, noting they must pass through at least two cell membranes. The document focuses on the different mechanisms by which drugs can cross cell membranes, including passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and active transport. It provides details on the factors that determine which mechanism a drug will use, such as molecular size, lipid solubility, and concentration gradients.
This document provides an overview of opioids including endogenous opioid peptides, opioid receptors, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, routes of administration, opioid agonists and antagonists, effects of clinically used opioids, and addiction. It discusses topics like the endogenous opioid system, opioid receptor subtypes and signaling, pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of opioids. It also describes various routes of opioid administration and classification of opioids into agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. The effects of opioids in the nervous system and periphery are outlined.
This document discusses pharmacological aspects of pain management. It provides definitions of pain, describes the different types of pain (nociceptive and neuropathic), and outlines the normal pain pathways and sites where analgesics can act in the body. It then categorizes and discusses various classes of analgesics including opioids, NSAIDs, local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. Specific opioid drugs like morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and others are also summarized in terms of their pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and use in pain management.
This document discusses the key concepts of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs in the body. It describes how drugs are absorbed through membranes and distributed to tissues, metabolized through phases I and II reactions, and eliminated from the body through the kidneys, liver, lungs and bile. First and zero order kinetics of drug elimination are also explained, with examples of how the rates of elimination differ between the two models.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
Lma recidivante refrattaria, quizartinib prolunga la sopravvivenza complessivaMedia For Health, Milano
Il quizartinib è il primo inibitore di FLT3 ad aver dimostrato un miglioramento della sopravvivenza globale, rispetto alla chemioterapia citotossica, in uno studio randomizzato di fase III nei pazienti con leucemia mieloide acuta recidivante/refrattaria con mutazioni FLT3-ITD. Un paziente su 4 con LMA presenta mutazioni FLT3-ITD, una forma molto aggressiva della malattia, associata a un aumentata frequenza di recidiva, a ridotta sopravvivenza complessiva, e con limitate opzioni di trattamento. Attualmente non esistono, infatti, terapie specifiche per questa patologia.
Patologie ematologiche e sperimentazioni cliniche ASMaD
Presentazione della Dottoressa Elisabetta Abruzzese - "L'infermiere di ricerca: ruoli e responsabilità nella Sperimentazione Clinica" - 11/04/2018 - Ospedale Sant'Eugenio - Roma
Presa in carico del paziente con LMC e gestione della terapia a medio e lungo...ASMaD
This document discusses cardiovascular risk management from the perspective of a vascular surgeon. It summarizes the author's experience treating patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who developed vascular complications. The main points are:
1) Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia often have multi-level vascular disease involving the carotid, renal, mesenteric, and lower extremity arteries.
2) Endovascular interventions had high restenosis and failure rates, while open surgeries resulted in better mid-term patency but higher amputation rates.
3) An aggressive surgical approach along with intensive medical management and follow-up is needed for these high-risk patients due to their underlying disease and risk factors. A multidisciplinary team approach
I meccanismi del danno gastrico e la patologia H. Pylori correlataASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Vincenzo De Francesco - "Malattia da reflussogastroesofageo e infezione da Helicobacter Pylori: old topics?" - Roma 11/05/2019
Ph impedenziometria nella MRGE: quando, come e perchèASMaD
Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Francesca Galeazzi - "Malattia da reflussogastroesofageo e infezione da Helicobacter Pylori: old topics?" - Roma 11/05/2019
This document discusses the classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and challenges in classifying patients. It notes that while some patients with typical GERD symptoms respond to treatment, they remain unclassified and may not actually have GERD. A single classification system based on symptoms and endoscopy does not capture all clinical conditions related to GERD. Patients who do not respond to PPIs should be referred to a gastroenterologist. Some GERD patients have significant esophageal motility issues. Those who do not respond to PPIs may require an esophageal biopsy. Some PPI responders actually have eosinophilic esophagitis. Some GERD patients have multiple gastrointestinal comor
Cambiamenti di popolazione e flussi migratori: cambiano anche le malattie met...ASMaD
Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Migneco Maria Giuseppina - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Tiroide: chi decide quale intervento e per chi?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Bellotti Carlo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Tiroide: Integrazione tra elementi nutriacetici e farmacologia: utile o inutile?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Roberto Cesareo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
L'ecografia tiroidea: strumento cruciale nella gestione clinica?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Guglielmi Rinaldo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Il chirurgo e la tiroide oggi un rapporto in crisi?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Luca Piantoni e del Dottor Francesco Pedicini - "TIROIDE 2018 Nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici" - Roma 24/11/2018
2. L’efficacia di un farmaco è su uno
dei due piatti della bilancia.
Sull’altro piatto troveremo
sempre effetti collaterali,
reazioni avverse, tossicità
3. Lo sviluppo di un farmaco
Scoperta e selezione
delle molecole
Studi su animali
Richiesta autorizzazione
alla sperimentazione
FASE I
(soggetti sani, ~20-80)
FASE II
(pazienti, ~100-200)
FASE III
(pazienti, ~1000-3000)
Richiesta di
commercializzazione
Valutazione delle autorità
sanitarie (EMA)
Studi pre-clinici Studi clinici Fase registrativa
4. “Drug Attrition Rate”
Nuove entità chimiche 8,000-10,000
Farmaci che entrano in sviluppo 12-18
Farmaci che entrano negli studi clinici 6-9
Farmaci che entrano in commercio 1
5. Quanto tempo dura la sperimentazione?
Test preclinici 4 anni
Test clinici fase I 1 anno
Test clinici fase II 2 anni
Test clinici fase III 3 anni
Rev. delle autorità regolatorie 2 anni
Tempo totale 12 anni
6. 1a
FASE
• Caratteristiche farmacodinamiche
– Effetto principale
– Effetti collaterali
– Durata dell’effetto
• Tossicità acuta
– Variazioni dei parametri vitali
– Determinazione DL50
•Stabilità chimica
2a FASE
Parametri farmacocinetici
Assorbimento
Distribuzione
Metabolismo
Eliminazione
Tossicità subacuta e cronica
Alterazioni funzionali
Alterazioni anatomopatologiche
Effetti teratogeni
Effetti sulla fertilità
Effetti sul periodo peri- e post-
natale
Prove di mutagenesi
Prove di cancerogenesi
Tecnica farmacuetica
Formulazione
Dosaggio
Obiettivi degli studi pre-clinici DURATA: 2-3 anni
7. Definizione di “Clinical Trial”
“Qualsiasi forma di esperimento
pianificato che coinvolge persone,
disegnato per chiarire il trattamento
più appropriato per futuri pazienti con
una determinata condizione patologica”
8. Sperimentazioni cliniche di fase I
OBIETTIVI
• Tollerabilità nell’uomo
• Dati di farmacocinetica
• Schema di dosaggio da impiegare nella fase II
SOGGETTI
• Da 20 a 80 volontari sani (o pazienti in caso di
farmaci ad alta tossicità)
DURATA
• 1-2 anni
9. Sperimentazioni cliniche di fase II
OBIETTIVI
• Definizione della efficacia e tollerabilità nei
pazienti
• Individuazione del rapporto dose/effetto
SOGGETTI
• 100-200 pazienti
DURATA
• 1-2 anni
10. Sperimentazioni cliniche di fase II
La fase II è cruciale nello stabilire se continuare o
meno la sperimentazione. Si tratta di capire se il
risultato è così modesto (π < π0) da non meritare
ulteriori studi o sufficientemente buono (π > π1)
da giustificare il passaggio alla fase III.
La fase II spesso viene articolata in due stadi
(denominati IIa e IIb).
11. Dropout rate (from the start of clinical development)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-30%
PHASE I
-37%
PHASE II
-6%
PHASE III
-7%
FDA review
12. Sperimentazioni cliniche di fase III
OBIETTIVI
• Acquisizione di dati di efficacia e tollerabilità su un
ampio campione
• Verifica del significato clinico delle interazioni
farmacologiche prevedibili
• Definizione finale del rapporto dose/effetto
SOGGETTI
• 1000-3000 pazienti
DURATA
• 3-4 anni
13. Sperimentazioni cliniche di fase III
Sperimentazioni non controllate
Sperimentazioni controllate non randomizzate
• con controlli paralleli
• con controlli storici
Sperimentazioni controllate e randomizzate (RCT)
14. I PRIMI “STUDI CLINICI CONTROLLATI”
Nel 1545 Ambrose Parè, chirurgo francese, testa la capacità delle
cipolle di guarire le ferite e le scottature avvolgendo alcune ferite,
lasciandone scoperte altre e altre ancora trattandole con rimedi più
tradizionali.
Nel 1753 James Lind, un chirurgo navale scozzese, sceglie 12 marinai
con lo scorbuto, il più simili possibile fra di loro, e confronta 6
trattamenti diversi per la malattia. I due marinai che ricevettero aranci e
limoni guarirono più velocemente degli altri.
In un testo di medicina del XVI sec si legge una delle più antiche
esperienze farmacologiche fatte sull’uomo. Nell’antico Egitto a due
condannati a morte fu donato da una donna un cedro, lo mangiarono e
le morsicature degli aspidi non furono mortali. Saputa la cosa il re il
giorno dopo diede del cedro ad uno dei due e non all’altro e li fece
accompagnare nello stesso luogo. “quello che non aveva gustato cedro
restò morto e quello che si haveva mangiato uscì vivo”.
Il dilemma della Farmacologia: la verifica dell’efficacia dei farmaci
15. 1948: spartiacque per gli studi clinici
(da un editoriale del BMJ, 1998)
Studio sulla streptomicina sulla tubercolosi polmonare su 107 pazienti
di cui 55 trattati con streptomicina e riposo a letto (Gruppo S) e 52
solo con il riposo a letto (Gruppo C).
Costituzione dello “Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trial Committee” in Inghilterra
Caratteristiche dello studio:
Tubercolosi polmonare acuta progressiva bilaterale
Età compresa fra 15 e 25 anni (in seguito 30)
Randomizzazione nell’assegnazione ai gruppi
Analisi dei risultati dopo 6 mesi
Risultati: Morirono 4 su 55 pazienti del gruppo S e 14 su 52 pazienti
del gruppo C. Il risultato è statisticamente significativo e la probabilità
che sia dovuto al caso è inferiore a 1 su 100.
16. Fino agli anni 30 Trials non controllati
Anni 30-50 Trials controllati non randomizzati
Anni 50-80 Trials controllati randomizzati
Anni 80- Mega trials, Meta-analisi, Review
sistematiche Evidence Based Medicine
L’evoluzione nel tempo delle sperimentazioni cliniche
17. 2003: the
challenge began
…
The implementation of EU directive 2001/20 for
the conduct of clinical trials resulted, besides, to a
substantial rise in administration and
documentation activities.
That led directly to considerable difficulties and
delays for academic research organizations.
18. …Wouldn’t it be nice if
the approval and
monitoring of clinical
research done in the
many, varied, and
everincreasing number
of European countries
could be simplified and
streamlined ?
YES ! However…
“…it is clear that the planned
changes … will not simplify,
and are unlikely to result in
substantial harmonisation of,
the current regulatory
procedures for the conduct of
clinical trials.
There are many new
requirements that
will place an administrative
burden on both sponsors
of clinical trials and on
regulators.”
(2003)
19. • Finalità della ricerca industriale vs quelle della
ricerca accademica …?
• I Reparti universitari e ospedalieri diventano
partner/fornitori per la ricerca industriale ….?
• L’industria arriverà a creare reparti clinici dove
condurre la sua ricerca ?
centro dati
Problematiche emergenti
20. History
The GIMEMA (Italian Group for Haematological
Diseases in Adults) began with a small group (9)
of Italian hematology centers in 1982, inspired
by Prof. Franco Mandelli. He realised that they
could achieve greater scientific results only joining
forces and comparing case studies.
Today GIMEMA is recognized as a non-profit
Foundation gathering the efforts of almost all
hematology centers in Italy and managing
international collaborations as well.
Through a network organization, which also
boasts a complex centralized diagnostic process,
all Italian centers belonging GIMEMA are able to
provide patients with the same diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures regardless of their place
of care.Almost all (150) hematology centers in
Italy
21. GIMEMA Foundation goals
TO GUARANTEE
accurate
diagnosis to all
patients by
funding cutting
edge laboratory
technologies
TO ENSURE
to all patients the
best therapeutic
option through
the use of novel
drugs, often not
available on the
market
TO ENSURE
that all patients
will be cured in
the same
manner all over
the country near
their home
TO FUND
scholarship
grants for young
physicians in all
Italian GIMEMA
affiliated
hematologic
Centers
TO SUPPORT
GIMEMA Data
Center that
ensures scientific
quality and
validity of
research results
TO ORGANIZE
meetings and
training courses to
favor interaction
and share
experiences
between
healthcare
professionals.
22. Working organization
The Lab network carries out
the centralization system of
analysis since 1996. Biological
samples of patients travel from
each Center to one of the labs
operative in the country.
GIMEMA Data Center
Governing
Council
Scientific
Committee
Working Parties
Lab network
Data Center, with a
multidisciplinary staff of over
30 people, coordinates all the
Foundation’s activities to
guarantee that everything is
compliant with the international
regulations of Good Clinical
Practice.
Working Parties: 9, each
focused on a different
hematological diseases. They
include top Italian experts in
each field (KOL) and
coordinate the scientific part of
research projects
23. A Network of Labs
GIMEMA set up a nationwide network of
laboratories for biological analyses.
Depending on the pathology, and requested exams,
patient’s samples travel to one of the adhering
laboratory ensuring standard procedures of analysis
and diagnosis.
Acute Myeloid and Acute Promyelocitic Leukemia
(AML LabNet Network)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML LabNet Network)
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
A city name indicates a city with more than one laboratory
ORBASSANO
MILANO
BERGAMO
ROMA
BARI
PALERMO
NUORO
24. Data Center
The Data Center, situated in the GIMEMA headquarter, is the operating structure
where a multidisciplinary team oversee research activities such as:
Protocol development for
the conduction of clinical
trials, from clinical
hypothesis to statistical
assessment and
management of regulatory
affairs with Ethics
Committees and Hospital
Administrations.
The conduction of
clinical trials:
coordination of
participating centers,
management and
quality check of data
entered from the
centers.
Pharmacovigilance,
statistical analysis of data
and publication of reports
and scientific papers.
Organization of
conferences, events and
professional courses
dedicated mainly to young
people who want to start a
career in the world of
clinical trials.
25. Certification
To comply with international standards of Good Clinical Practice
(GCP), the Data Centre has developed a series of internal
standard operating procedures (SOP). This ensures the
efficiency and consistency of activities. The procedures have been
subjected to a process of validation and the Data Centre obtained in
2002, the UNI EN ISO 9001:2000 certification for the activities of
the “Design, implementation and management of clinical trials.”
Since 2015 GIMEMA is a Certified ECRIN Data Centre.
The ECRIN Data Centre Certification program identifies non-
commercial clinical trial units (CTUs) in Europe demonstrating that
they can provide safe, secure, compliant and efficient management
of clinical research data. The program tests units for compliance
with published ECRIN data standards through on-site audits of
units' data management activities and the information technology
(IT) infrastructure used to support these activities.
26. GIMEMA Data Center: Staff and Studies
In-House HR: 32
QoL Unit: 6
Central Office: 26
1 LAM
1 LAP
6 LMC
3 PTI
3 Altro
4 LLC
1 SMD
25 QoL
12 LAM
4 LAP
7 LMC
4 PTI
7 LLC
3 SMD
14 LAL
44 Observational (41) 51 Clinical Trials (35)
95 Studies (76 ongoing)
Others: 7
Roma Sapienza 1
Bologna 2
Roma Tor Vergata 1
Napoli Federico II 1
Outside consultants: 4
27. Strong impact on
WHO classification
of leukemias
GIMEMA Protocol
LAM99P
For treatment of adult AML,
planned in 1999
Results of academic trials…
29. The first Patient-Centered Prognostic Index for MDS
Patients:
IPSS
Patient’s self-reported fatigue
Number of cytopenias
Cytogenetics
Bone Marrow Blasts (%)
FA-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
High
Fatigue
Low
Fatigue
Patients’ self-reported Fatigue severity
(EORTC QLQ-C30)
x
Low fatigue High fatigue
Patient-reported outcomes enhance the survival prediction of traditional disease
risk classifications: An international study in patients with myelodysplastic
syndromes. Efficace F, Cottone F, Abel G, et al. Cancer 2017 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Results of academic trials…
…a company
comes asking «to
buy» the protocol
… reimbursing
sponsor and
national health
system for whole
expenses…